Automotive and Engine Technology最新文献

{"title":"Development of a method to investigate the influence of engine oil and its additives on combustion anomalies in hydrogen engines","authors":"Kevin Gschiel,&nbsp;Kevin Wilfling,&nbsp;Michael Schneider","doi":"10.1007/s41104-024-00141-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41104-024-00141-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>To counteract the anticipated consequences of climate change, significant efforts are required across all industries. The use of hydrogen in internal combustion engines can make a valuable contribution as a carbon-neutral bridging technology. One challenge in developing a suitable combustion process is the high ignition propensity of hydrogen, impacting combustion stability due to combustion anomalies. Avoiding such combustion phenomena is of utmost relevance to ensure a long-term stable engine operation. Oil entry into the combustion chamber can impact the occurrence of combustion anomalies. Therefore, a specific method for controlled oil entry into the combustion chamber has been developed, and this method is detailed in the following article.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100150,"journal":{"name":"Automotive and Engine Technology","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41104-024-00141-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140967918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Innovative engine test bench set-up for testing of exhaust gas aftertreatment and detailed gas species analysis for CNG-SI-operation","authors":"Sebastian Tomin,&nbsp;Kevin Keller,&nbsp;Uwe Wagner,&nbsp;Patrick Lott,&nbsp;Thomas Koch,&nbsp;Olaf Deutschmann","doi":"10.1007/s41104-024-00140-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41104-024-00140-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>For an efficient reduction of methane slip, a precise understanding of exhaust gas after treatment under real conditions is essential. Since it is not possible to produce catalytic converters in near-series geometry on a laboratory scale, it is necessary to resort to significantly smaller sample catalysts. Therefore, an engine test bench was designed to ensure real operating conditions for such samples with the help of space velocity and temperature control. A comparison between the actual and reference values of the space velocity results in a small deviation of 0.1% on average. Furthermore, the pressure conditions at the catalyst have been measured showing a propagation of pressure oscillations from the engine outlet which in combination with the space velocity regulation show that real conditions could be applied to the catalyst sample. Subsequently, the exhaust gas concentrations were monitored with a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. The catalyst material used is PdO on Al₂O₃, common for methane oxidation. The measurements show that the CH₄ conversion is higher under lean conditions, but is below complete conversion. In a final comparison between purely stoichiometric operation and dithering, the course of the CH₄ conversion rate over the test period is examined more closely. In addition to sampling pre- and post-catalyst, the exhaust gas composition is measured spatially resolved within a catalyst channel using special measurement technology. In the temporal course of the CH₄ emissions, a stabilizing effect due to the change of the operating mode can be seen, showing that dithering seems to prevent further deactivation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100150,"journal":{"name":"Automotive and Engine Technology","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41104-024-00140-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140984320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Endurance results of a refuels fleet test in a real application based on directly comparable truck test pairs","authors":"Olaf Toedter,&nbsp;Thomas Weyhing,&nbsp;Thomas Koch,&nbsp;Markus Fritzsche,&nbsp;Carlos Rodrigues,&nbsp;Sebastian Dörr,&nbsp;Alexander Stöhr,&nbsp;Roland Weissert,&nbsp;Jörg Hübeler,&nbsp;Carmen Behrens","doi":"10.1007/s41104-024-00139-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41104-024-00139-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Synthetic fuels from a renewable base are an essential part of a greenhouse gas-neutral mobility, especially in transport sector. While scaling production of e-fuels (fuels based on electrolysis hydrogen) is ongoing, HVO called paraffinic diesel fuels are already available. Their production is based on the hydrogenation of waste and residues and they are established as diesel substitute in several applications. With regard to the approval of these fuels in German regulation, the question repeatedly arises as to whether they can be used easily and what effects can be achieved. This article describes an application in a real logistics application, in which both the everyday use and the concrete comparability to a refueling with conventional gas station diesel were ensured. The use of several parallel active and different truck pairs has shown that the use of HVO in existing vehicles has achieved the desired CO₂ reduction. A detailed analysis of the engine oil also showed that no undesirable effects could be observed here either. From the perspective of this project, HVO fuels are ready for use for a significant greenhouse gas reduction in logistics.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100150,"journal":{"name":"Automotive and Engine Technology","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41104-024-00139-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140249351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of flexible camshaft technology on dual-fuel engine performance using phenomenological combustion model","authors":"Mina Abaskharon,&nbsp;Sebastian Cepelak,&nbsp;Björn Henke,&nbsp;Karsten Schleef,&nbsp;Bert Buchholz","doi":"10.1007/s41104-023-00138-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41104-023-00138-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The objective of the current study is to investigate the effect of tunable valve timings on the performance and emissions of a dual-fuel marine engine. A simulation model was developed in MATLAB to simulate the valvetrain mechanism. The model generates different valve lift curves depending on the input conditions, and after that, it tests them against any possible collision with the piston. The valid valve lift curves were exported to a two-zone combustion model in AVL CRUISE-M platform. The combustion model depends on the fractal principle and aims to predict the in-cylinder parameters. In addition, it contains sub-models to calculate the ignition delay and emissions formation. Model results were compared against experimental data, as the latter were obtained from a heavy-duty, medium-speed, single-cylinder research engine, which employs natural gas as a main fuel. The results showed good agreement and the model was used for further investigations with other cam pairs. It has been found that the fractal combustion model can effectively represent the combustion behavior in the dual-fuel engine. Furthermore, valve timing has a significant influence on the engine performance and exhaust emissions. Results also revealed that applying Miller cycle can reduce the nitrogen oxides emissions, while the higher valve overlap period had a negative effect on methane slip.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100150,"journal":{"name":"Automotive and Engine Technology","volume":"8 4","pages":"239 - 253"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41104-023-00138-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134795595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Approaches for automated wiring harness manufacturing: function integration with additive manufacturing","authors":"Nico Lorenz,&nbsp;Ralph Mayer","doi":"10.1007/s41104-023-00137-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41104-023-00137-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>With the electrification of powertrains and the progressive implementation of assisted and automated driving functions, the vehicle wiring harness is becoming increasingly important in the automotive industry. The design of the wiring harness is gaining considerable variation and is becoming more and more complex. In order to master this complexity in the manufacturing processes in a reliable manner, new approaches are required for the progressive automation of the wiring harness production. Additive manufacturing processes have not yet been used in the production of vehicle wiring harnesses. The development of additive processing of conductive materials therefore creates a new basis for the development of automation solutions to produce vehicle wiring harnesses. With the approach of function-integrated multi-material application, the possibility of using electrically conductive polymers in the vehicle wiring harness is specified in detail. A fundamental study was carried out to determine the values of electrical conductivity that can be achieved in the field of plastics. Based on these findings, the research question being addressed is whether polymers can be made electrically conductive to an extent that is suitable for use in a vehicle’s wiring harness. The materials of electrically conductive components from conventional vehicle electrical systems serve as a reference. A specially developed test set-up for measuring the electrical conductivity of polymers provided the required measured values. The quantitative evaluation of the measurements clearly shows that the use of conductive polymers as a conductive material in the vehicle wiring harness is only possible to a limited extent. The major benefit of the study identified the use of electrically conductive polymers for the automatable production of electrical connections.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100150,"journal":{"name":"Automotive and Engine Technology","volume":"8 4","pages":"227 - 237"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41104-023-00137-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79628485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of an ejector for passive hydrogen recirculation in PEM fuel cell systems by applying 2D CFD simulation","authors":"Gerald Singer,&nbsp;Rebekka Köll,&nbsp;Patrick Pertl,&nbsp;Alexander Trattner","doi":"10.1007/s41104-023-00133-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41104-023-00133-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The anode subsystem is a major energy consumer of polymer-electrolyte-membrane (PEM) fuel cell systems. A passive hydrogen recirculation system, like an ejector, is an excellent solution to maximize hydrogen utilization while maintaining low parasitic losses. However, high development efforts are necessary to maximize the performance of the ejector for the entire operating range. This research paper provides part of a toolchain for ejector development, consisting in particular of a multi-parameter simulation based on rotational symmetric 2D CFD. The 2D CFD greatly helps optimize the design of the ejector, reducing development effort, and increasing accuracy. In addition, the main correlations between thermodynamic states and geometry on the entrainment ratio are evaluated. Subsequently, an ejector is designed for a PEM fuel cell application using 2D CFD and the results show in which operating range a single ejector can be applied. This toolchain enables rapid design and optimization of ejector geometry, saving development time and cost while increasing accuracy and extending the operating range.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100150,"journal":{"name":"Automotive and Engine Technology","volume":"8 3","pages":"211 - 226"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41104-023-00133-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50528775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optical spray investigations and 3D-CFD numerical analysis of the nozzle flow of a methanol HPDI injector for maritime applications","authors":"Petra Rektorik,&nbsp;Florian Schmid,&nbsp;Johann Wloka,&nbsp;Bert Buchholz","doi":"10.1007/s41104-023-00135-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41104-023-00135-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This article presents results of the optical spray investigations of a methanol high-pressure direct injector for maritime applications. The injector is a two-in-one fuels injector, with a diesel path to inject diesel centrally for the diesel mode or to inject a small pilot amount of diesel for igniting methanol. The methanol will be injected via three nozzles, which are placed around the central diesel needle. The experimental studies were performed at a pressurized injection chamber with three different injection pressures, two fuels and three nozzle designs to evaluate first the basic spray characteristics of the spray of this two-in-one fuel’s injector concept with four needles as well as the impacts of the varied parameters. For the injection analysis, ethanol was used instead of methanol due to the extensive safety requirements for methanol. Furthermore, a 3D-CFD numerical analysis of the nozzle flow of the methanol path is presented in this article. Correlations between the calculated nozzle flow and the experimental measured spray data are given.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100150,"journal":{"name":"Automotive and Engine Technology","volume":"8 3","pages":"193 - 209"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50512928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An experimental study on aging effects of the air–fuel ratio swing on modern gasoline three-way catalysts","authors":"René Eickenhorst,&nbsp;Thomas Koch","doi":"10.1007/s41104-023-00132-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41104-023-00132-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Today’s governmental legislations require region specific emission standards for passenger vehicles. Continuously increasing legal requirements demand the development of more complex exhaust gas after treatment systems to further reduce harmful gases like carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC) and nitrogen oxides (NO_<i>x</i>). Due to specific load profiles and other boundary conditions, the efficiency of the aftertreatment system declines over lifecycle, so that the emissions might increase. Consequently, the durability of the system becomes a critical design parameter with upcoming legislation demanding emissions stability over the vehicle life cycle. Within this publication, catalyst aging effects due to air–fuel ratio (AFR) swing are analyzed experimentally. To create catalyst aging conditions, a modern eight-cylinder turbocharged engine was modified and specific aging cycles with a variation of AFR swing amplitude and frequency were conducted. Light-off curves were used to depict the negative impact of the AFR swing on the aging catalyst systems. A higher swing frequency resulted in an increased temperature amplitude within the entrance area of the catalyst, while an elevated amplitude lead to more exothermic heat release and stronger aging over the complete catalyst, as visualized via conversion maps. A theoretical calculation of thermal loads by Arrhenius equation supports the results and indicates the direction of supplementary experimental approaches.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100150,"journal":{"name":"Automotive and Engine Technology","volume":"8 3","pages":"177 - 192"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41104-023-00132-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50499781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Computer aided derivation of vehicle modules and functions from use cases in order to create user orientated vehicle interior concepts","authors":"Angus Riddoch,&nbsp;Arne Twer,&nbsp;Christian Raulf,&nbsp;Tobias Roß,&nbsp;Christian Sieg,&nbsp;Hendrik Gronau,&nbsp;Ferit Küçükay,&nbsp;Thomas Vietor,&nbsp;Frank Mantwill","doi":"10.1007/s41104-023-00134-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41104-023-00134-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Trends such as autonomous driving, non-driving related activities and digitalisation are contributing to a revolution in vehicle concept design. An aspect of this is the consideration of future use cases in shaping vehicle architectures. Future user scenarios can help identify relevant use cases, from which the user needs and system requirements can be derived. The derived requirements need to be matched to vehicle functions and architectural modules that can fulfil them. However, the optimal combination of functions and modules can be difficult to identify due to the numerous possibilities. The aim of this paper is to apply a matrix-based methodology that enables the systematic matching of requirements to vehicle functions and/or modules, as well as the identification of an ideal module/function combination for all the considered requirements. An example is presented that considers a requirement specification that has been derived from predetermined user needs. The requirements are matched to suitable functions/modules and the best possible combinations are determined using the proposed matrix-based methodology. Two optimal combinations are selected, one for a vehicle in the entry level segment and the other for a premium vehicle. The results indicate it is possible to determine an optimal combination for both vehicle segments considered, as well as the substantial influence the rating parameters have on the end result. Lastly, it is shown how the results can be applied by concept designers in order to draft tailored, user-orientated interior concepts.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100150,"journal":{"name":"Automotive and Engine Technology","volume":"8 3","pages":"153 - 176"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41104-023-00134-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50492890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Accuracy requirements for the road friction coefficient estimation of a friction-adaptive automatic emergency steer assist (ESA)","authors":"Tim Ahrenhold,&nbsp;Jannes Iatropoulos,&nbsp;Roman Henze","doi":"10.1007/s41104-023-00131-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41104-023-00131-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The number of traffic accidents resulting in personal injury and property damage is increasingly being reduced by effective advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS). Nevertheless, many traffic accidents still cannot be prevented today because they are due to wet, snow- and ice-covered roads. For this reason, the Institute of Automotive Engineering (IAE) of the Technical University of Braunschweig is investigating the road friction coefficient sensitivity and adaptation of advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) currently in series production from 2018 to 2021 as part of the ‘Road Condition Cloud’ research project funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG) to increase driving safety, particularly on wet, snow- and ice-covered roads. In this article, the road friction coefficient sensitivity and adaptation of an automatic emergency steer assist is simulatively investigated. This assist overrides the driver to automatically execute an evasive maneuver. The driving maneuver used is a standardized obstacle-avoidance maneuver that is simulatively repeated on a dry, wet, snow- and ice-covered road. The road friction coefficient sensitivity shows that this test is already failed on a wet road because the simulated vehicle does not pass the second lane without errors. Subsequently, a road friction coefficient adaptation of the emergency steer assist is investigated. This adaptation varies the maximum lateral acceleration of the evasive trajectory depending on an estimated value of the road friction coefficient in order not to exceed the maximum adhesion coefficient of the wheels during the evasive maneuver. Ideally, the estimated value matches the true road friction coefficient so that the second lane is passed without errors even on a wet, snow- and ice-covered road. In contrast, an existing difference determines whether the second lane is reached. Finally, the necessary accuracy requirements of the road friction coefficient estimation are determined in an novel estimation error diagram. A road friction coefficient adaptation increases the driving safety of driver advanced assistance systems (ADAS) that are in series production today and future highly automated driving functions (HAF) and is necessary for automated driving because the driver is not present as a fallback level. The described results were presented before in [1].</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100150,"journal":{"name":"Automotive and Engine Technology","volume":"8 3","pages":"141 - 151"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41104-023-00131-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50475316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}