Automotive and Engine Technology最新文献

{"title":"Experimental quantification and assessment of combustion anomalies under defined operating conditions of a heavy-duty hydrogen engine","authors":"Peter Kappacher,&nbsp;David Kapeller,&nbsp;Paul Christoforetti,&nbsp;Eberhard Schutting,&nbsp;Helmut Eichlseder","doi":"10.1007/s41104-025-00161-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41104-025-00161-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Hydrogen internal combustion engines have the potential to become a key zero-emission propulsion system of the future. Especially the use in heavy-duty applications seems promising. However, some challenges remain, one of them being the tendency of these engines towards combustion anomalies. The present paper proposes a methodology for the quantification and evaluation of combustion anomalies occurring under varying operating conditions on an engine test bench. For this, a test procedure is defined to detect irregularities in a systematic way. The classification of the anomalies is conducted through a post-processing routine, which utilizes appropriate parameter limit values. The findings of this study indicate that engine anomaly behavior is strongly influenced by ambient conditions, most notably by elevated charge air and coolant temperatures. Furthermore, ignition timing exerts a significant additional effect. This paper also addresses the reproducibility and validity of the test procedure for real-life operation. All research activities conducted in this paper were performed under the scope of the COMET project Hylley.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100150,"journal":{"name":"Automotive and Engine Technology","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41104-025-00161-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145675267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Control strategy for a hydrogen combustion engine with lean and stoichiometric combustion system","authors":"Katrin Himmelseher,&nbsp;Alexander Lampkowski,&nbsp;Stefan Sterlepper,&nbsp;Volker Müller,&nbsp;Carole Querel,&nbsp;Joschka Schaub,&nbsp;Dennis Lorei,&nbsp;Olaf Brüning,&nbsp;Claudia Conée,&nbsp;Helmut Ruhland,&nbsp;Marco Günther,&nbsp;Stefan Pischinger","doi":"10.1007/s41104-025-00160-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41104-025-00160-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Hydrogen presents a promising opportunity for the reduction of CO₂ emissions in combustion processes. Due to its wide ignition limits, operation in lean mode is possible, which significantly reduces NO_<i>x</i> emissions. However, this lean operation also leads to a reduction in the resulting torque. In contrast, stoichiometric operation increases maximum power output but leads to increased NO_<i>x</i> emissions. In particular, a cost-effective three-way catalyst can be used in stoichiometric operation, enabling effective emission control. This investigation proposes an innovative approach that involves lean-burn operation at part load conditions and switching to stoichiometric operation at full load. The transition between these two modes has a considerable impact on overall NO_<i>x</i> emissions. To optimize this process, new functions were developed that implement countermeasures such as lambda control, ignition timing adjustment, catalyst purging, and shortening the switching range through the use of variable valve timing and variable turbine geometry. The results show that nitrogen oxide (NO_<i>x</i>) emissions downstream of the three-way catalyst are kept below <span>({text{c}}_{{{text{NO}}_{x} }} = 100,{text{ppm}})</span> in the lean operating range and below <span>({text{c}}_{{{text{NO}}_{x} }} = 30;{text{ppm}})</span> in the stoichiometric operating range. By optimizing the transition between the two operating modes and using advanced emission control technologies, it is possible to reduce NO_<i>x</i> emissions by 84% while maintaining power efficiency under different load conditions. In addition, the almost torque-neutral switching between the two operational modes ensures that the vehicle’s drivability is not impaired. By incorporating additional dosing of a urea-water solution in an active SCR system, a significant improvment in NO_<i>x</i> reduction is attained, achieving levels comparable to those of diesel internal combustion engines. This dual-mode operation strategy improves the feasibility of hydrogen as a viable fuel alternative in future energy systems.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100150,"journal":{"name":"Automotive and Engine Technology","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41104-025-00160-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145675194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental investigation into transient operating strategies of a turbocharged lean-burn hydrogen ICE and comparison to diesel performance","authors":"Paul Christoforetti,&nbsp;Peter Kappacher,&nbsp;Eberhard Schutting,&nbsp;Helmut Eichlseder","doi":"10.1007/s41104-025-00159-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41104-025-00159-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Hydrogen fuelled internal combustion engines (H₂-ICEs) are a promising zero-carbon propulsion solution. Although their steady-state performance has been investigated widely, sufficient transient performance is still challenging, especially for lean-burn, turbocharged configurations. This paper presents an experimental investigation into the transient behaviour and identifies key parameters for engine response and emission behaviour of a lean-burn turbocharged H₂-ICE. The engine control unit features dedicated strategies for transient operation: an acceleration enrichment function that temporarily allows a richer <span>(lambda)</span> hence more fuel mass to improve engine response and an ignition retard function to mitigate combustion anomalies. Both functions are activated based on the difference between requested and calculated actual torque. These functions were the enabler to create calibrations with different transient performance. Besides known Non-Road Transient Cycle and World Harmonized Transient Cycle the transient performance was evaluated using a custom test cycle consisting of load steps at various engine speeds. The engine response time from the beginning of the load step until 70% of the full load torque was reached—the t_70%—was used as a key metric. The results highlight the trade-off between fast torque response and emission control and demonstrate the importance of transient engine control. Especially the difference to diesel transient performance shows the need for further development. All tests were conducted within the COMET Research Project Hylley.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100150,"journal":{"name":"Automotive and Engine Technology","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41104-025-00159-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145561141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fuel cell air compressor concepts to enhance the efficiency of FCEV","authors":"Christian Frühwirth,&nbsp;Eberhard Schutting,&nbsp;Helmut Eichlseder","doi":"10.1007/s41104-025-00158-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41104-025-00158-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The thermal management system and the balance-of-plant (BoP) in fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV) are characterized by a particularly high level of complexity and a number of interfaces. Optimizing the efficiency of the overall vehicle is of special importance to maximize the range and increase the attractiveness of this technology to customers. This paper focuses on the optimization potential of the air supply system in the BoP, whereby the charging concepts of the electric supercharger (ESC) and the electrically assisted turbocharger (EAT) as well as the integration of water spray injection (WSI) at the compressor inlet are investigated in the framework of an FCEV complete vehicle co-simulation. As a benchmark for the integration of these optimization measures, the complete vehicle co-simulation is designed for a fuel cell electric passenger car of the current generation. Here, thermo-hydraulic fluid circuits in the thermal management software KULI are coupled with mathematical-physical models in MATLAB/Simulink. Applying advanced simulation methodologies for the components of fuel cell, powertrain and vehicle cabin enables the mapping of the effects of realistic operating conditions on the FCEV characteristics. The EAT offers the advantage over the ESC that, due to the arrangement of an exhaust gas turbine, a part of the exhaust gas enthalpy flow downstream of the fuel cell stack can be recovered, which reduces the electrical compressor drive power. Moreover, an additional reduction of this power consumption can be achieved by WSI, as the effect of evaporative cooling lowers the initial compression temperature. For analysis and comparison, these concepts are again modeled with high degree of detail and integrated into the benchmark overall vehicle simulation. The results indicate considerable reductions in the electric compressor drive power of the EAT compared to the ESC, with noteworthy potential for reducing the vehicle’s hydrogen consumption. At an operating point in Worldwide harmonized Light Duty Test Cycle (WLTC) under 35 <span>(^{circ })</span>C ambient temperature and 25 % relative humidity, the electrical compressor drive power shows a reduction potential of −40 %, which corresponds to a vehicle-level hydrogen consumption reduction of up to −3 %. In addition, the results also highlight the effect of the WSI in both charging concepts, whereby its potential to reduce the hydrogen consumption on the overall vehicle level is relatively small. In WLTC, at 35 <span>(^{circ })</span>C ambient temperature and 25 % relative humidity, the compressor drive power reduction potential for ESC and EAT averages −5 %, while the effect on hydrogen consumption is only around −0.25 %.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100150,"journal":{"name":"Automotive and Engine Technology","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41104-025-00158-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145352340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Method for multi-criteria and mission-specific component dimensioning for heavy-duty fuel cell trucks","authors":"Maximilian Pietruck,&nbsp;Theo Koch,&nbsp;Lutz Eckstein","doi":"10.1007/s41104-025-00153-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41104-025-00153-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Heavy-duty fuel cell trucks are a promising approach to reduce the CO₂ emissions of logistic fleets. Due to their higher powertrain energy density in comparison to battery-electric trucks, they are especially suited for long-haul applications while transporting high payloads. Despite these great advantages, the fleet integration of such vehicles is made difficult due to high costs and limited performance in thermally critical environmental conditions. These challenges are addressed in the European Union (EU) funded project <i>ESCALATE</i>, which aims to demonstrate high-efficiency zero-emission heavy-duty vehicle (zHDV) powertrains that provide a range of 800 km without refueling or recharging. Powertrain components and their corresponding thermal components account for a large part of the production costs. For vehicle users, higher costs are only acceptable if a significantly higher benefit can be achieved. Therefore, it is important to size these components for the actual vehicle mission to avoid oversizing. In this paper, an optimization method, which determines the optimum component sizes for a given mission scenario under consideration of multiple criteria (e.g. costs, performance, and range), is presented.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100150,"journal":{"name":"Automotive and Engine Technology","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41104-025-00153-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145256052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Methanol cold start procedure for a serial hybrid powertrain","authors":"Frank Atzler,&nbsp;Ronny Werner,&nbsp;Maximilian Dobberkau","doi":"10.1007/s41104-025-00156-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41104-025-00156-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Green methanol is a renewable fuel with many advantages when used in a spark ignition combustion process. Methanol has a comparatively high enthalpy of vaporization, leading to lower combustion temperatures (compared to gasoline combustion) and, hence, lower wall heat losses as well as a reduced tendency to pre-ignition. Therefore, a brake efficiency of more than 40% and, furthermore, minimal emissions are possible. The serial combination of a combustion engine with an electric powertrain provides a disconnection of the load demand of the powertrain and the operating point of the combustion engine. In this case, a high volumetric and gravimetric power density, easy energy storage, and a very cost effective already existing infrastructure of fuel distribution is combined with electric driving, high efficiencies, minimal emissions and a closed carbon cycle for the energy provision. Nevertheless, the high flash point of methanol at 11 °C indicates a challenging cold start. Heating the fuel or intake air or blending lightly boiling components are feasible solutions, but are related to additional expenses regarding packaging and cost. The described procedure enables the cold start of pure methanol down to −20 °C, without the necessity for additional engine components, when using a serial hybrid propulsion system. Besides, a serial hybrid powertrain offers the possibility of preheating the exhaust aftertreatment in addition to a reliable methanol cold start, while the vehicle is already running on its electric power train.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100150,"journal":{"name":"Automotive and Engine Technology","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41104-025-00156-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144918486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fast-NO emission analysis of different mixture formation strategies in a hydrogen single-cylinder heavy-duty engine","authors":"Manuel Bucherer,&nbsp;Hans Felix Schmid,&nbsp;Theodor Lanzer,&nbsp;Heiko Kubach,&nbsp;Thomas Koch","doi":"10.1007/s41104-025-00155-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41104-025-00155-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigates nitrogen oxide emissions (NO<span>(_x)</span>) in a heavy-duty hydrogen engine by comparing Port Fuel Injection (PFI) with two Direct Injection (DI) configurations under various load conditions. A fast chemiluminescence detector (CLD) enables cycle-resolved nitrogen monoxide emission (NO) measurements, providing detailed insights into the emission characteristics of each injection strategy. The findings reveal that the PFI configuration consistently results in the lowest NO<span>(_x)</span> emissions due to superior air–fuel mixture homogenization. Additionally, it exhibits minimal cycle-to-cycle variations in both pressure traces and NO emissions. The indicated efficiency of the PFI setup is also higher compared to DI, likely due to the higher charge air pressures required to maintain a constant air–fuel ratio and reduced wall-heat losses. Conversely, the DI configurations, especially the 4-hole cap design, produce significantly higher NO<span>(_x)</span> emissions and show considerable variability between cycles. A strong exponential correlation between NO emissions and peak cylinder pressure (p<span>(_{max})</span>), which directly influences in-cylinder temperature, is observed across all configurations. The DI setups exhibit faster combustion, driven by increased turbulent kinetic energy from the hydrogen jet, leading to higher in-cylinder pressures and temperatures. This rapid combustion process complicates emission control by increasing NO<span>(_x)</span> formation. Despite similar combustion behavior and efficiency between the 1-hole and 4-hole DI setups, the latter generates much higher NO<span>(_x)</span> emissions, highlighting the crucial role of mixture homogenization. Cycle-based analysis further indicates that DI configurations, particularly the 4-hole cap design, experience single-cycle NO emissions spikes, making consistent emission control more challenging. While PFI presents clear advantages in emission reduction and efficiency, DI setups provide comparable power output with lower charge air pressure requirements. However, challenges in mixture formation must be addressed to optimize DI strategies for hydrogen engines. Overall, the study underscores the significance of optimizing mixture formation to mitigate NO<span>(_x)</span> emissions in hydrogen engines.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100150,"journal":{"name":"Automotive and Engine Technology","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41104-025-00155-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145163588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"AMC materials for lightweight construction applications in vertical dynamics","authors":"Max Meyer,&nbsp;Ralph Mayer","doi":"10.1007/s41104-025-00154-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41104-025-00154-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Sustainability strategies and lightweight construction measures are central to current and future product development processes. In the best case, creating a direct dependency between both is possible. In the project, “RePro AMC” components of a vehicle damper are specifically substituted and replaced with aluminum matrix composite (AMC). In this scenario, silicon carbide is used as a reinforcing component with a proportion of up to 15 percent by volume. The advantage here is not only the lower mass of aluminum over steel but also the fact that AMC can also be produced from so-called secondary aluminum (recycled aluminum). The following section reports on the realization of the AMC components and their significance for vehicle dynamics. A twin-tube damper is installed on the rear axle of an SUV, serving as a demonstrator.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100150,"journal":{"name":"Automotive and Engine Technology","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41104-025-00154-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145166679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of surfaces of different chemical composition and topology on the interaction between a fuel-spray and an oil-wetted wall","authors":"Celine Krnac,&nbsp;Jan Reimer,&nbsp;Malki Maliha,&nbsp;Heiko Kubach,&nbsp;Thomas Koch","doi":"10.1007/s41104-025-00152-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41104-025-00152-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The combustion anomaly of pre-ignition presents a particular challenge, especially in downsized engines. The interaction between the injected fuel and the oil-wetted cylinder wall plays a central role in the formation of reactive deposits, which are suspected of promoting pre-ignition. This paper investigates the influence of different tribological cylinder surfaces on this interaction. Plates with different surface properties are used and analysed using laser-induced fluorescence and optical measurements. The results will help to understand how surface properties influence the fuel-oil interaction and thus the probability of pre-ignition.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100150,"journal":{"name":"Automotive and Engine Technology","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41104-025-00152-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145171503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Objective ride quality evaluation of a multi-link torsion axle for battery electric vehicles","authors":"Tobias Niessing,&nbsp;Xiangfan Fang","doi":"10.1007/s41104-025-00149-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41104-025-00149-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this work, the ride quality of the novel multi-link torsion axle (MLTA) was experimentally evaluated. The kinematic topology of this suspension concept is designed to maximise the coherent package space in the underbody of small- to medium-sized battery electric vehicles (BEVs) to offer an increased installation space for the traction battery. Because of this suspension design, several compromises concerning longitudinal and vertical behaviour dynamics must be made. This work transfers the relevant kinematic and compliance characteristics on the suspension level to the full-vehicle ride comfort. Therefore, a full vehicle equipped with the novel MLTA as well as a conventional twist-beam axle (TBA) was tested on different uneven roads and single obstacles. As a result, the level of discomfort on the driver and on the chassis was assessed according to the international standards and best practices established in the literature. It was found that in its current state, the vehicle variant with MLTA has a higher level of discomfort in the vertical direction than the variant with TBA. However, the difference is in a tuneable range. Also, it was found that the MTLA offers a significant improvement for longitudinal chassis acceleration when driving over cleat-type obstacles.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100150,"journal":{"name":"Automotive and Engine Technology","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41104-025-00149-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143902790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}