Automotive and Engine Technology最新文献_第3页

“Evaluation of an electromagnetically actuated drum brake concept” “电磁驱动鼓式制动器概念的评估”

Automotive and Engine Technology Pub Date : 2023-04-26 DOI: 10.1007/s41104-023-00130-2

Lennart Guckes, Jens Hoffmann, Malte Schrimpf, Hermann Winner

{"title":"“Evaluation of an electromagnetically actuated drum brake concept”","authors":"Lennart Guckes, Jens Hoffmann, Malte Schrimpf, Hermann Winner","doi":"10.1007/s41104-023-00130-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41104-023-00130-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In publications and conferences on the subject of wheel brakes, different concepts of electromechanically actuated wheel brakes can be found, as well as investigations into their suitability for the use in passenger cars. The vast majority of these brakes are disc or drum brakes, which are actuated by an electric motor. In the present publication, a brake concept is considered, that combines an electromagnetically actuated full-pad disc brake with a 10″ duo-duplex drum brake. The brake concept is researched in a project regarding brakes for autonomous shuttles and thus dimensioned using vehicle data of an example shuttle. The electromagnet was designed using finite element methods and the overall brake prototypically realized. The validation of the system design is carried out in component and system tests. The results show the suitability of the concept for the selected vehicle in terms of dynamics, installation space and energy requirements. However, there is a strong dependence of the braking torque output on the frictional sliding speed. Using hypothesis-based testing, electromagnetic effects like eddy currents are ruled out as a possible cause and the friction coefficient within the full-pad disc brake is identified as the main cause for the loss in torque. Consequently, the associated development conflict is identified and lies in the double function of the flux-carrying material in the electromagnet, which also acts as a friction partner for the braking disc.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100150,"journal":{"name":"Automotive and Engine Technology","volume":"8 2","pages":"127 - 140"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41104-023-00130-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50514958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Production cost modeling for permanent magnet synchronous machines for electric vehicles 电动汽车用永磁同步电机的生产成本建模

Automotive and Engine Technology Pub Date : 2023-04-18 DOI: 10.1007/s41104-023-00128-w

Jonas Hemsen, Nikita Nowak, Lutz Eckstein

{"title":"Production cost modeling for permanent magnet synchronous machines for electric vehicles","authors":"Jonas Hemsen, Nikita Nowak, Lutz Eckstein","doi":"10.1007/s41104-023-00128-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41104-023-00128-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A cost model for the estimation of production costs of permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSM) is presented, which allows to alter design choices such as wire technology, winding layout, cooling system, materials and more. With the goal to make results reproducible by others, the methods are explained in detail and used data and assumptions are given. The developed model helps to understand the interaction between the design of PMSM, manufacturing methods and the resulting costs. With it, different PMSM technologies and materials can be evaluated regarding its influence on the production costs, which is a perquisite to find the best compromise between performance and costs. Production volume is shown to be the most decisive factor for the resulting production costs. Between minimum and maximum assumed volumes, an average cost per unit reduction of 67% could be observed. Furthermore, the results imply that the winding production is responsible for the greatest part of the overall costs, followed by the rotor assembly (including rare earth magnets). When using the model to compare different wire types, it can be stated that up to a production volume of roughly 150,000 units/year, hairpin wires are more expensive to produce. Above this volume, hairpin windings will get cheaper than round wire windings due to its higher grade of automation of the production process. Through the conducted investigations and the presented results, it is demonstrated that the cost model can serve to evaluate technologies with regards to costs in the early development stage. This way a more holistic assessment of technologies for PMSM is possible, helping to find the ideal compromises between costs and performance and to increase the attractiveness of sustainable mobility.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100150,"journal":{"name":"Automotive and Engine Technology","volume":"8 2","pages":"109 - 126"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41104-023-00128-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50491883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Experimental investigation of thermal swing piston insulation at single cylinder gasoline engine 单缸汽油机摆动活塞隔热性能的试验研究

Automotive and Engine Technology Pub Date : 2023-03-30 DOI: 10.1007/s41104-023-00129-9

Danny Weßling, Hermann Rottengruber, Jens Achenbach, Torsten Fischer

{"title":"Experimental investigation of thermal swing piston insulation at single cylinder gasoline engine","authors":"Danny Weßling, Hermann Rottengruber, Jens Achenbach, Torsten Fischer","doi":"10.1007/s41104-023-00129-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41104-023-00129-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The reduction of carbon dioxide emissions and the corresponding increase in gasoline engine efficiency are crucial in engine development. Wall heat losses are a major cause of efficiency loss, accounting for 15–30% of the total fuel energy. One promising solution is the use of \"thermal swing\" coatings at the combustion chamber walls because of offering the possibility that the surface wall temperature following the working gas temperature, whereby the wall heat transfer can be reduced at any time during the engine cycle. This type of coating material is characterized by low thermal conductivity and, at the same time, low heat capacity. Based on the idea of the “thermal swing” coatings, yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) was selected as the coating material for the piston surface and its efficiency potential was experimentally investigated on a single-cylinder gasoline engine. The use of highly dynamic temperature probes in the piston allowed precise analysis of cycle-based temperature fluctuations, especially on the piston surface. The transmission of the piston temperatures was cable-based and accomplished through the use of a lever system in the engine. The measurement results confirmed the minimal impact on the efficiency that was determined in preliminary simulations. However, the effect of the coating could be established through the measurements.\u0000</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100150,"journal":{"name":"Automotive and Engine Technology","volume":"8 2","pages":"95 - 107"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41104-023-00129-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50526733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Experimental investigation of swirl motion of in-cylinder flow in CI engine under firing condition due to preinjection using PIV and POD techniques 利用PIV和POD技术对燃烧条件下CI发动机缸内流动预喷射涡流运动的实验研究

Automotive and Engine Technology Pub Date : 2023-02-16 DOI: 10.1007/s41104-023-00126-y

Saad Aljarf, Hardeep Singh, V. Baiju, Mitsuhisa Ichiyanagi, Takashi Suzuki

{"title":"Experimental investigation of swirl motion of in-cylinder flow in CI engine under firing condition due to preinjection using PIV and POD techniques","authors":"Saad Aljarf, Hardeep Singh, V. Baiju, Mitsuhisa Ichiyanagi, Takashi Suzuki","doi":"10.1007/s41104-023-00126-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41104-023-00126-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The swirling motion of the intake air creates a flow field within the engine’s cylinder, which enhances the mixing of air and fuel, as well as combustion and emissions. Moreover, swirl formations in the cylinder and their subsequent breakdown into turbulence kinetic energy reflect the importance of in-cylinder flow structures. This study combined the PIV technique with the POD method to investigate the velocity fields in a single-cylinder diesel engine. The experiments were conducted at various pressure conditions and different engine rpm. Based on the obtained results, the average flow velocities from expansion to exhaust strokes were reduced in comparison with intake strokes. In all engine pressure and speed conditions, compression and exhaust strokes showed a significant change in flow patterns with changes in pressure and speed. At various crank angles, the POD modes demonstrated flow properties of the swirling motion, along with a dissimilarity feature and evolution of the in-cylinder flow.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100150,"journal":{"name":"Automotive and Engine Technology","volume":"8 2","pages":"73 - 93"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41104-023-00126-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50486792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Psychoacoustic characteristics of different brake creep groan classes and their subjective noise annoyance in vehicle and half-axle tests 车辆和半轴试验中不同制动爬行呻吟等级的心理声学特性及其主观噪声干扰

Automotive and Engine Technology Pub Date : 2023-02-14 DOI: 10.1007/s41104-023-00127-x

Severin Huemer-Kals, Máté Tóth, Jurij Prezelj, Martin Zacharczuk, Peter Fischer, Karl Häsler

{"title":"Psychoacoustic characteristics of different brake creep groan classes and their subjective noise annoyance in vehicle and half-axle tests","authors":"Severin Huemer-Kals, Máté Tóth, Jurij Prezelj, Martin Zacharczuk, Peter Fischer, Karl Häsler","doi":"10.1007/s41104-023-00127-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41104-023-00127-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Brake creep groan is a severely annoying noise and vibration phenomenon. Especially on the Asian market, customer feedback about creep groan is common, indicating creep groan’s impact towards the quality impression of a car. Hence, treatment of these stick–slip-related creep groan phenomena is necessary. As numerous design conflicts exist for brake and axle, a complete mitigation of the phenomenon is often not possible. A reduction of creep groan’s annoyance by changing the noise’s level and characteristics is therefore typically aspired. One approach towards this goal could include the usage of psychoacoustics: This work deals with psychoacoustic characteristics of different creep groan classes. Low-frequency groan, high-frequency groan, and transition groan classes are compared regarding loudness, sharpness, roughness, fluctuation strength, and tonality. Standard statistic methods as well as machine learning approaches are applied on signals from vehicle tests and half-axle tests. Test results depict the different characteristics of each creep groan class. By mapping the results to the subjective rating of trained test drivers, the annoyance of different classes is compared. Low-frequency groan, dominated by longitudinal axle vibrations, is found to be least annoying. This low annoyance is best depicted by the psychoacoustic parameters loudness and roughness. Presented results allow an optimization of brake system design to reduce creep groan’s annoyance, leading to higher customer satisfaction and a more goal-oriented treatment of this NVH problem.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100150,"journal":{"name":"Automotive and Engine Technology","volume":"8 1","pages":"55 - 71"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41104-023-00127-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50479632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

HSS-measurements, high-speed sensitivity measurements, HSS-measurements: a test procedure of tire cornering stiffness measurements at high speeds HSS测量、高速灵敏度测量、HSS测量：高速下轮胎转弯刚度测量的测试程序

Automotive and Engine Technology Pub Date : 2023-01-28 DOI: 10.1007/s41104-022-00125-5

Larissa Grabbe, Ralph Mayer

{"title":"HSS-measurements, high-speed sensitivity measurements, HSS-measurements: a test procedure of tire cornering stiffness measurements at high speeds","authors":"Larissa Grabbe, Ralph Mayer","doi":"10.1007/s41104-022-00125-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41104-022-00125-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A new tire measurement procedure needs to be developed due to the optimization of the predictable recommendation of tire validity with regard to high-speed sensitivity (HSS). The high-speed sensitivity of tires describes the robustness, stability and controllability of a vehicle against disturbances at high speeds up to 200 kph. The high-speed sensitivity can be roughly estimated using the tire cornering stiffness. The definition of a new tire test procedure for cornering stiffness measurements at 200 kph aims to map a realistic driver profile [driver profile: average driving behavior of car drivers (no trained drivers).] and driving behavior as well as handling characteristics including a real test track without violating the tire validity limits (temperature, friction, etc.). Attention has to be paid to the short duration of the test procedure. A new tire test procedure is introduced which was developed for cornering stiffness measurements at high speeds up to 200 kph to better predict the high-speed behavior of tires on the test bench (here: external drum test bench).</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100150,"journal":{"name":"Automotive and Engine Technology","volume":"8 1","pages":"43 - 53"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41104-022-00125-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50519974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Development of a Motion Control for a highly dynamic, self-propelled driving simulator 用于高动态自推进驾驶模拟器的运动控制器的开发

Automotive and Engine Technology Pub Date : 2023-01-18 DOI: 10.1007/s41104-022-00124-6

Meike Ottensmeier, Günther Prokop

{"title":"Development of a Motion Control for a highly dynamic, self-propelled driving simulator","authors":"Meike Ottensmeier, Günther Prokop","doi":"10.1007/s41104-022-00124-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41104-022-00124-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The new concept of the self-propelled driving simulator comprises a hexapod, a yaw joint and a wheel-based motion platform with four individually steerable wheels. This concept provides a theoretically unlimited motion range, which especially enables highly dynamic drive maneuvers. To ensure an omnidirectional motion, the motion platform has to accelerate instantly in any direction. This requirement leads to the main challenges in the control system of the simulator: taking into account the nonlinear and transient tire characteristics and generating the target accelerations as expected by the driver. According to these requirements, the <i>Motion Control</i> is only for controlling the horizontal dynamics of the motion platform. The <i>Motion Control</i> presented in this paper includes various model definitions, especially regarding the essential tire characteristics considered within an extended HSRI (Highway Safety Research Institute) tire model. The <i>Motion Control</i> as Two-Degrees-of-Freedom control contains a <i>Feedforward</i> for generating target body forces, a <i>Control Allocation</i> for an optimal force distribution to the wheels, a <i>Single Wheel Control</i> as a specific control of the tire forces, and a <i>Compensation Control</i> on acceleration level. Investigation of this control by simulation, using a simplified reference model, already revealed a high controller performance regarding accuracy and quality. The optimal force distribution leads to an equal adhesion utilization and the <i>Compensation Control</i> compensates the remaining <i>Single Wheel Control</i> deviations. Difficulties only occur for the steering angle in the case of low velocity up to a standstill. Due to the exact input–output linearization, the <i>Single Wheel Control</i> leads to a singularity and instability. Therefore, the steering angle requires exceptional control in this case.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100150,"journal":{"name":"Automotive and Engine Technology","volume":"8 1","pages":"17 - 42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41104-022-00124-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50493121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Concept evaluation of a P2 MHEV SUV: application for possible EU7 boundaries P2 MHEV SUV的概念评估：可能的EU7边界的应用

Automotive and Engine Technology Pub Date : 2023-01-02 DOI: 10.1007/s41104-022-00123-7

Hannes Wancura, Gabriel Kühberger, Eberhard Schutting

{"title":"Concept evaluation of a P2 MHEV SUV: application for possible EU7 boundaries","authors":"Hannes Wancura, Gabriel Kühberger, Eberhard Schutting","doi":"10.1007/s41104-022-00123-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41104-022-00123-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this work, the experimental results that appeared in the recent published article “Current experimental developments in 48 V-based CI-driven SUVs in response to expected future EU7 legislation” are used to create a proper system simulation model with the simulation platform AVL CRUISE<span>(^text {TM})</span> M. This simulation model is then used to perform a system validation in order to evaluate the configuration with a straight-four compression ignition (CI) engine and the selected exhaust aftertreatment system (EAS). The mild hybrid electric vehicle (MHEV) has an 48 V P2 architecture and an 8-gear dual-clutch transmission (DCT) as a powertrain configuration. In addition to evaluating the 48 V potential, the simulation is performed with a conventional 12 V configuration, but also including an electrically heated catalyst (EHC). As boundary conditions for the simulation, we use the different engine operating mode (EOM) calibrations from the test bed to trigger the dedicated operation modes of the internal combustion engine (ICE). For the exhaust aftertreatment system (EAS), an optimization loop is performed to obtain a layout which will be near a serial production. This includes optimizing the heat losses and reducing the thermal mass of the canning. Beside the plant models, a hybrid control unit (HCU) is used, which includes an exhaust aftertreatment system coordinator (EASC). With these functionalities, the EOMs, electrically heated catalyst (EHC), electric machine (EM) and dosing control unit (DCU) are optimized to obtain the lowest possible nitrogen oxides (NO<sub>x</sub>) with an carbon dioxide (CO<span>(_{2})</span>) reduction potential. The targets for the emission limits are defined on the basis of the available information from the Consortium for ultra-Low Vehicle Emissions (CLOVE) and International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT) proposals.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100150,"journal":{"name":"Automotive and Engine Technology","volume":"8 1","pages":"1 - 16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41104-022-00123-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50440116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Numerical modeling of diesel and polyoxymethylene dimethyl ether spray in a high pressure chamber using the fischer primary breakup model 高压室内柴油和聚甲醛二甲醚喷雾的fischer初裂模型数值模拟

Automotive and Engine Technology Pub Date : 2022-10-29 DOI: 10.1007/s41104-022-00120-w

Tim Beutler, Niklas Prchal, Michael Günthner

{"title":"Numerical modeling of diesel and polyoxymethylene dimethyl ether spray in a high pressure chamber using the fischer primary breakup model","authors":"Tim Beutler, Niklas Prchal, Michael Günthner","doi":"10.1007/s41104-022-00120-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41104-022-00120-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In the strive for the climate-neutral and ultra-low emission vehicle powertrains of the future, synthetic fuels produced from renewable sources will play a major role. Polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers (POMDME or “OME”) produced from renewable hydrogen are a very promising candidate for zero-impact emissions in future CI engines. To optimize the utilisation of these fuels in terms of efficiency, performance and emissions, it is not only necessary to adapt the combustion parameters, but especially to optimize the injection and mixture formation process. In the present work, the spray break-up behavior and mixture formation of OME fuel is investigated numerically in 3D CFD and validated against experimental data from optical measurements in a high pressure/high temperature chamber using Schlieren and Mie scattering. For comparison, the same operating points using conventional diesel fuel were measured in the optical chamber, and the CFD modeling was optimized based on these data. To model the spray-breakup phenomena reliably, the primary break-up model according to Fischer is used, taking into account the nozzle internal flow in a detailed calculation of the disperse droplet phase. As OME has not yet been investigated very intensively with respect to its chemico-physical properties, chemical analyses of the substance properties were carried out to capture the most important parameters correctly in the simulation. With this approach, the results of the optical spray measurement could be reproduced well by the numerical model for the cases studied here, laying the basis for further numerical studies of OME sprays, including real engine operation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100150,"journal":{"name":"Automotive and Engine Technology","volume":"7 3-4","pages":"409 - 426"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41104-022-00120-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50524315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Lightweight design approach of an LFT-metal multi-material vehicle door concept LFT金属多材料车门概念的轻量化设计方法

Automotive and Engine Technology Pub Date : 2022-10-20 DOI: 10.1007/s41104-022-00121-9

Danshi Li, Xiangfan Fang

引用次数: 0