A.K. Milku , F. Attiogbe , C. Atombo , N.S.A. Derkyi , E.L. Asuako
{"title":"Evaluating the categorical effect of vehicle characteristics on exhaust emissions","authors":"A.K. Milku , F. Attiogbe , C. Atombo , N.S.A. Derkyi , E.L. Asuako","doi":"10.1016/j.aftran.2024.100008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aftran.2024.100008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The study assessed the categorical effect of <em>vehicle age, frequency of maintenance and emission technology</em> on vehicle emissions. Concentrations of carbon dioxide, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxide samples were taken from one thousand and two (1002) light-duty gasoline vehicles at three vehicle inspection centers in the city of Accra. Vehicle age was positively related to CO and HC emissions. The use of emission technology was negatively related to CO and HC emissions, but positively related to NO<sub>x</sub>. Vehicle maintenance had a significant negative relationship with HC but no significant relationship with CO, CO<sub>2</sub>, or NO<sub>x</sub>. Categorically, moderate and over-aged vehicles were positively related to CO and HC with over-aged vehicles being more so. Furthermore, 2-way and 3-way converter were negatively related to exhaust emissions, but 2-way converter was positively related to NO<sub>x</sub>. However, the coefficient value of the significant relationship between 3-way converter and CO (β = −0.374) as well as HC (β = −0.460) emissions was higher than 2-way converter. Regular maintenance of vehicles showed significant negative relations with HC, with insignificant relation with CO, CO<sub>2</sub> and NO<sub>x</sub> emissions. The findings suggest that vehicle age, regular maintenance and use of emission technology are critical factors to consider when reducing vehicle emissions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100058,"journal":{"name":"African Transport Studies","volume":"2 ","pages":"Article 100008"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2950196224000073/pdfft?md5=c8442b346f0b0e56a82a81c30fd5be48&pid=1-s2.0-S2950196224000073-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141639375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Evelyn Amekudzi , Emmanuel Amponsah , Michael Poku-Boansi , Obaa Yaa Aninwaa Anin-Yeboah , Michael Osei Asibey
{"title":"Decarbonizing Ghanaian cities through the lens of sustainable transportation planning: Policy and institutional response","authors":"Evelyn Amekudzi , Emmanuel Amponsah , Michael Poku-Boansi , Obaa Yaa Aninwaa Anin-Yeboah , Michael Osei Asibey","doi":"10.1016/j.aftran.2024.100013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aftran.2024.100013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The global emphasis on decarbonization has intensified in response to urban struggles with climate change. The growing demand for mobility in urban areas intensifies climate change crisis, requiring a reevaluation and transformation of current transportation systems. This study investigates the role of policy frameworks and institutional responses in the connection between sustainable transportation planning and decarbonization in Ghanaian cities. The study relied on both primary and secondary data sources. Primary data was obtained from eight respondents from the Development Planning Department, and the Transport Department of the Kumasi Metropolitan Assembly, Department of Urban Roads and the Environmental Protection Agency through face-to-face interviews. The findings showed that the existing policy landscape of Ghana does not sufficiently provide for transport decarbonization. Consequently, this neglect of the policies and other socio-cultural issues holistically constrains efforts by the institutional structures to decarbonize the city's transportation system. A holistic approach combining policy innovation, institutional capacity building, and community engagement is crucial for effectively decarbonizing Ghanaian cities and developing a more sustainable and resilient urban environment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100058,"journal":{"name":"African Transport Studies","volume":"2 ","pages":"Article 100013"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142705571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kwasi Kwafo Adarkwa, Michael Ayertey Nanor, Michael Osei Asibey, Gideon Adu Sarfo Atta
{"title":"The contribution of cargo tricycles to the urban economy of Ghanaian cities; A case study of greater Kumasi metropolitan area","authors":"Kwasi Kwafo Adarkwa, Michael Ayertey Nanor, Michael Osei Asibey, Gideon Adu Sarfo Atta","doi":"10.1016/j.aftran.2024.100005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aftran.2024.100005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The introduction of cargo tricycles into the modal mix has significantly impacted the movement of freight in Ghana's large and medium-sized towns. However, this has not been adequately studied. In this paper, we explore the operations of freight hauliers using cargo tricycles within the Greater Kumasi Metropolitan Area (GKMA), and their contribution to the city's economy. Surveys of 173 cargo tricycle operators, 105 patrons or end-users, relevant institutions (the Driver and Vehicle Licensing Authority [DVLA], the Urban Transport Department of the Kumasi Metropolitan Assembly and the Roads Department of the Asokore-Mampong Municipal Assembly), and operator unions were undertaken. These category of respondents were selected and interviewed at five identified tricycle head stations, using semi-structured questionnaires and interview guides. The surveys revealed that cargo tricycles grew at a rate of nearly 13% per annum over the 2015–2021 period. Nearly 40% of these tricycles had a total round-trip length of between 10 and 30 km with seven round trips per day while transporting an average of between 480 and 600 kg of different types of freight including foodstuffs, construction materials, machinery, and refuse. The study estimated that they contribute about GH₵ 205 million annually, to the local economy while employing nearly 3000 operators and assistants. The average value of freight hauled was also estimated at GH₵ 693 million annually. The tricycles offered cheaper means of transport, were convenient, and manoeuvred easily to difficult destinations. However, they posed major safety challenges in the study area, which require prudent interventions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100058,"journal":{"name":"African Transport Studies","volume":"2 ","pages":"Article 100005"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2950196224000048/pdfft?md5=4292292281bd30d0769f4ba9c71c07ad&pid=1-s2.0-S2950196224000048-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141481479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Macroeconomic impacts of African transport transitions: on the case of electric two-wheelers in Kenya","authors":"Emmanuel Uzim , James Dixon","doi":"10.1016/j.aftran.2024.100009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aftran.2024.100009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The impact of the e-mobility transition on a national economy will depend strongly on that nation's set of fiscal policies regarding vehicle, fuel and electricity taxation. Here, we present a framework and online open-access tool to evaluate the macroeconomic impacts of vehicle electrification in any national context. By applying the framework to the booming electric two-wheeler sector in Kenya, we provide a set of context-specific recommendations regarding the impacts of transport electrification on Kenya's fiscal position, given a set of scenarios relating to vehicle market size and fiscal policy. It was found that in the Kenyan case, the e-mobility transition is unlikely to result in a significant black hole in government finances: for a given two-wheeler market size, it is predicted that the loss in revenue resulting from a business-as-usual shift to electric two-wheelers would result in the loss of only 3% of government revenue from the sector by 2040, totalling approx. KSh1.4bn (under 0.1% of Kenyan GDP in 2023). However, carbon taxation is a significant source of government revenue when applied to polluting technologies such as petrol-powered two-wheelers, potentially doubling the revenue returned from the Kenyan two-wheeler sector by the mid-2030s, relative to what it would be without carbon taxation, if IMF recommendations regarding carbon tax are followed. However, revenue from carbon taxation will dry up as the transition to e-mobility hastens. Of course, any intervention regarding taxation, including carbon tax, must be subject to careful policy analysis. Taxation policy should direct consumers towards desired behaviours (in this case, the uptake of electric over internal combustion-powered two-wheelers) and allow the redistribution of wealth to those most affected by transport poverty.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100058,"journal":{"name":"African Transport Studies","volume":"2 ","pages":"Article 100009"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2950196224000085/pdfft?md5=c3a9ca797ba0966d7cbb11052c05546c&pid=1-s2.0-S2950196224000085-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141984711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kwame Kwakwa Osei , Zakari Abdul Karim Awini , Williams Ackaah
{"title":"Modelling lane flow distribution on multi-lane highways: Insights from built-up and non-built-up areas","authors":"Kwame Kwakwa Osei , Zakari Abdul Karim Awini , Williams Ackaah","doi":"10.1016/j.aftran.2024.100011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aftran.2024.100011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigated lane flow distribution on selected sections on the Kumasi – Accra multilane highway, with a specific focus on a section located in a built-up area, characterized by side frictions and driveways, and another in a non-built up area, characterized by flat terrain with no access or side friction. The study sought to (1) explore the lane flow distribution patterns under varying traffic conditions and roadway environmental types (urban and non-urban), and (2) investigate the combined effect of roadway and traffic conditions on lane flow distribution. Traffic volume data was extracted from video recordings made at the two study sites for two days. At the same time, vehicular speeds were measured with the use of a radar speed gun. The data were explored descriptively, after which multiple linear regression was employed to model the lane flow distribution in the median lane. The results indicated pronounced disparities in lane utilization between the two sites with different vehicle categories exhibiting distinct lane preferences. The model suggested that roadway environment type, proportion of motorcycles in the traffic stream, and total link flow significantly determine the proportion of traffic flow that travel in the median lane whereas the proportion of trotros and the average link speed have marginal influence. The findings emphasize the importance of considering local contextual factors and driver behaviors in modelling lane flow distribution, particularly in developing countries with heterogeneous roadway and traffic conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100058,"journal":{"name":"African Transport Studies","volume":"2 ","pages":"Article 100011"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142529695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Elvis Kyere-Gyeabour , Aruna Sivakumar , Samuel Agyei-Mensah
{"title":"Transit and fairness: Exploring spatial equity in Accra's public transport system","authors":"Elvis Kyere-Gyeabour , Aruna Sivakumar , Samuel Agyei-Mensah","doi":"10.1016/j.aftran.2024.100012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aftran.2024.100012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Globally, millions of individuals access services and opportunities on a daily basis using different modes of motorized and non-motorized transportation. However, in the global south, the role of public transport in providing access to services is relatively under-researched due to non-functional public transport services and poor infrastructure. This paper uses data from the Greater Accra Metropolitan Area (GAMA) to empirically contribute to the discourse on how public transport availability varies across different residential locations and assess if there is equitable access to Public Transport Infrastructure and Services (PTIS) across urban and peri-urban areas. A household questionnaire survey was designed to collect data on public transport access based on socioeconomic, socio-cultural, personal preferences/experiences and residential location in the Greater Accra Metropolitan Area (GAMA). A sample size of 1340 respondents, consisting of males and females between the ages of 18 and 70 residing in GAMA, was achieved. The paper also used data from the public and open databases. The Three-Step Floating Catchment Area (3SFCA) and geospatial methods were used to estimate spatial accessibility.</div><div>The study found a significantly high disparity in accessibility to public transport in the Greater Accra Metropolitan Area (GAMA). There is also significant spatial inequality in the level of access to Public Transport Infrastructure and Services (PTIS) in GAMA. The study revealed that the planning and provisioning of public transport infrastructure in GAMA has left areas with inequitable access to transport services. There is the need for increased investment in public transport infrastructure in EAs where Public Transport Infrastructure and Services (PTIS) were found to be very low or low in GAMA.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100058,"journal":{"name":"African Transport Studies","volume":"2 ","pages":"Article 100012"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142529696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
George Ukam , Charles Adams , Atinuke Adebanji , Williams Ackaah
{"title":"Characterizing paratransit travel time variability and the causes of day-to-day variation","authors":"George Ukam , Charles Adams , Atinuke Adebanji , Williams Ackaah","doi":"10.1016/j.aftran.2024.100003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aftran.2024.100003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The study analyzes paratransit travel time<span> variability and investigates the effects of determining factors. Data collection was done through a travel time survey onboard paratransit vehicles on a chosen route in Kumasi. Key statistical metrics were used to describe the travel time distribution (TTD) in varying departure time windows, and various distributions were fitted to describe travel time variability. The backward stepwise regression analysis approach was used to determine the predictive variables of daily variation in travel times. The TTD did not change by narrowing the departure window in the study route's outbound direction, where a typical paratransit station is operational. The Generalized Extreme Value and Burr<span> distributions were the best fit for the dataset. Dwell time, segment length, signal delay, and the recurrent congestion index on a given segment contributed to the daily variation in paratransit travel times.</span></span></div></div>","PeriodicalId":100058,"journal":{"name":"African Transport Studies","volume":"1 ","pages":"Article 100003"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143305524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Stephen Agyeman , Philip Kofi Alimo , Lawrencia Agen-Davis
{"title":"Determinants of school bus service satisfaction in private schools in Ghana: Managerial implications","authors":"Stephen Agyeman , Philip Kofi Alimo , Lawrencia Agen-Davis","doi":"10.1016/j.aftran.2024.100002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aftran.2024.100002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Although School Bus Transportation Services (SBTS) enhance safe and supervised travel that impacts educational outcomes, there is a growing service decline in some private schools in Ghana. Given the dearth of research on SBTS satisfaction in Africa's private schools, policymakers and education administrators are unable to find managerial solutions. This study investigates the determinants of school bus service satisfaction in the Sunyani Municipality, Ghana, using a survey of 403 schoolchildren and 40 staff members from twenty private schools. Multivariate analyses<span> showed that the frequency of bus breakdowns is a critical determinant of ridership, whereas cost is insignificant. Satisfaction depends on bus service information, serviceability, drivers' empathy towards riders, safety/security, the physical appearance of crew and buses, and responsiveness/reliability of services. Notably, there is no transport policy or department regulating SBTS management in Ghana's private schools. Stakeholders can use the findings of this study to create a policy framework to improve the management of SBTS.</span></div></div>","PeriodicalId":100058,"journal":{"name":"African Transport Studies","volume":"1 ","pages":"Article 100002"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143305521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Swappable green hydrogen trailers as an additional energy source to electric minibus taxis","authors":"J.H. Giliomee , T. Zenner , M.J. Booysen","doi":"10.1016/j.aftran.2023.100001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aftran.2023.100001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In light of global net-zero emission ambitions, the potential electrification of Sub-Sahara Africa's (SSA) paratransit with an electric alternative to the traditional minibus taxi (MBT) has received increased attention in recent studies. However, this has mainly focused on urban paratransit. As the same vehicle is used for long-distance paratransit on a weekly basis, the planning for the electrification thereof needs to include all aspects of the vehicle's use. In this paper, we focus exclusively on evaluating long-distance paratransit for electrification. Various routes between the Western Cape and Eastern Cape region in South Africa are analysed to determine their suitability for electrification. To address battery-electric minibus taxis' (eMBTs) extended charging time and limited range, we suggest a supplementary energy source to the vehicle: a hydrogen trailer (eMBT+H2). This addition, equipped with a swappable hydrogen tank and fuel cell, both increases range and enables swift energy replenishment. To address environmental concerns, green hydrogen used by this system is to be produced by an electrolyser using solar power. In contrast to conventional internal combustion engine MBTs with trailers, the new suggested model leads to a 2% reduction in travel time, while also reducing the number of required stops by up to 66%. In addition, operational emissions are 100% eliminated. The results indicate the possibility of electrifying long-haul paratransit by delving into a supplementary energy reservoir, without the need to acquire dedicated electric vehicles designed for long-distance purposes. Furthermore, the integration of solar energy renders this shift not only achievable but also a promoter of eco-friendly operations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100058,"journal":{"name":"African Transport Studies","volume":"1 ","pages":"Article 100001"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143305522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Unlocking economic opportunities: Libya as a maritime gateway for landlocked African countries","authors":"Ibrahim Badi , Ali Abdulshahid","doi":"10.1016/j.aftran.2024.100004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aftran.2024.100004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Seaports are crucial for global trade and economic activity, connecting countries and facilitating the movement of goods and people. This paper explores Libya's potential as a maritime gateway for landlocked African countries, focusing on effective strategies to unlock economic opportunities. Using a hybrid multi-criteria decision-making approach, the study identifies obstacles faced by Libyan free trade zones in serving as a seaport gateway. Political instability and weak regulations are the main barriers, while streamlining regulations and improving security emerge as the most effective strategies. The findings draw on qualitative and quantitative data, including expert interviews and economic/regulatory analysis. This study emphasizes Libya's potential as a gateway and highlights the need for targeted interventions to overcome current obstacles. It offers valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders in unlocking economic opportunities in this important region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100058,"journal":{"name":"African Transport Studies","volume":"1 ","pages":"Article 100004"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143305523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}