The contribution of cargo tricycles to the urban economy of Ghanaian cities; A case study of greater Kumasi metropolitan area

The introduction of cargo tricycles into the modal mix has significantly impacted the movement of freight in Ghana's large and medium-sized towns. However, this has not been adequately studied. In this paper, we explore the operations of freight hauliers using cargo tricycles within the Greater Kumasi Metropolitan Area (GKMA), and their contribution to the city's economy. Surveys of 173 cargo tricycle operators, 105 patrons or end-users, relevant institutions (the Driver and Vehicle Licensing Authority [DVLA], the Urban Transport Department of the Kumasi Metropolitan Assembly and the Roads Department of the Asokore-Mampong Municipal Assembly), and operator unions were undertaken. These category of respondents were selected and interviewed at five identified tricycle head stations, using semi-structured questionnaires and interview guides. The surveys revealed that cargo tricycles grew at a rate of nearly 13% per annum over the 2015–2021 period. Nearly 40% of these tricycles had a total round-trip length of between 10 and 30 km with seven round trips per day while transporting an average of between 480 and 600 kg of different types of freight including foodstuffs, construction materials, machinery, and refuse. The study estimated that they contribute about GH₵ 205 million annually, to the local economy while employing nearly 3000 operators and assistants. The average value of freight hauled was also estimated at GH₵ 693 million annually. The tricycles offered cheaper means of transport, were convenient, and manoeuvred easily to difficult destinations. However, they posed major safety challenges in the study area, which require prudent interventions.