Mashael H. Albuqami, Evgeniya Kovalska, Ana I. S. Neves, Saverio Russo, Monica F. Craciun
{"title":"Long-Term Stability of WS2-Coated Textile-Based Triboelectric Sensors for Self-Powered Sweat Detection","authors":"Mashael H. Albuqami, Evgeniya Kovalska, Ana I. S. Neves, Saverio Russo, Monica F. Craciun","doi":"10.1002/adsr.70192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/adsr.70192","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Reliable self-powered wearable sensors are essential for sweat monitoring but often face challenges in long-term stability under physiological conditions. This study reports a WS<sub>2</sub>-functionalised textile triboelectric nanogenerator for self-powered sweat sensing, focusing on ageing and environmental robustness of the sensing layer. The device is fabricated via scalable ultrasonic spray coating of two-dimensional WS<sub>2</sub> nanosheets onto polyester, forming a flexible sensing interface capable of converting mechanical energy into electrical signals. Systematic evaluation under ambient ageing, humidity, and exposure to phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) as a sweat-mimicking fluid, conducted over timescales ranging from hours to months after fabrication, reveals that sensing performance depends on the counter-triboelectric material, with WS<sub>2</sub>/ polyethylene-terephthalate (PET) interface exhibiting superior stability. While freshly prepared devices show variable responses, short-term ageing stabilises the electrical output, enabling reproducible sensing. Upon exposure to PBS, the WS<sub>2</sub>/PET interface demonstrates consistent, volume-dependent reduction in electrical output, confirming its capability for self-powered sweat detection. Morphological, compositional, and wettability analyses reveal that long-term performance is governed by progressive oxidation of WS<sub>2</sub> and a transition from hydrophobic to hydrophilic surface states. These findings provide critical design guidelines for material selection and interfacial stability, informing the design of robust, self-powered textile-based biosensing systems for long-term wearable applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":100037,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Sensor Research","volume":"5 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/adsr.70192","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148752788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Biomimetic Starfish-Inspired Magnetic Soft Robot with Ultrasound Monitoring for Targeted Inflammatory Bowel Disease Therapy","authors":"Ziheng Xu, Ruomeng Xu, Ieng Ieng Leong, Zehao Wu, Qingsong Xu","doi":"10.1002/adsr.70186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/adsr.70186","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) management requires long-term, localized drug delivery to mitigate the severe side effects of systemic treatments. Bridging this gap, we present a biomimetic, starfish-inspired magnetic soft robot for precise navigation, secure attachment, and sustained therapy within the gastrointestinal tract. Mimicking <i>Acanthaster planci</i>, our robot features a multi-arm structure with inward-facing microspines, enabling a wide grasping range and firm adhesion to intestinal tissue. Fabricated from a polymer-magnetic composite and engineered with prestressed joints, the robot is actuated by a programmable magnetic field to perform complex locomotion, including rolling and walking, for targeted site navigation. Upon arrival, it firmly attaches to deploy a localized drug payload over an extended period. The entire treatment process is monitored by position sensing of the magnetic soft robot using ultrasound (US) imaging technique. The US images facilitate real-time navigation and accurate localization of the soft robot at designated target locations. Moreover, biosafety was confirmed via zebrafish embryo assays, while drug release kinetics were characterized across different hydrogel membranes. Ex vivo demonstrations in porcine intestines validated the robot's capabilities in targeted residency and targeted sustained drug delivery. This platform represents a remarkable step toward intelligent, minimally invasive systems for automated and personalized IBD treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":100037,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Sensor Research","volume":"5 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/adsr.70186","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148752595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Design of Hetero-Core Fiber-Optic SPR Sensor for Reliable Detection of Geothermal Scale Deposition","authors":"Airi Suka, Ai Hosoki, Sakurako Satake, Fatemeh Abrishamian, Heejun Yang, Akira Ueda, Amane Terai, Hideki Kuramitz","doi":"10.1002/adsr.70173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/adsr.70173","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Scale formation caused by the precipitation of inorganic minerals is a major operational challenge in geothermal systems, compromising heat transfer and causing equipment fouling. This study is the first to report a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor based on a hetero-core fiber-optic architecture for the real-time monitoring of geothermal scale formation. Its fiber-optic configuration enables highly reproducible sensor fabrication without manual cladding removal, ensuring consistent sensor performance. The reproducibility and refractive-index sensitivity of the proposed sensor are evaluated and compared with those of a conventional unclad-fiber sensor. The sensor exhibits significantly reduced signal variability and enhanced sensitivity. When tested through the laboratory-scale deposition of representative geothermal scale species, it produces clear, reproducible SPR peak shifts. Field tests at three geothermal sites demonstrate its practical advantages. Notably, silica-dominant scale species, which cannot be quantitatively evaluated using conventional fiber sensors, are successfully detected through SPR peak shifts under field conditions. In addition, scale deposition rates, which are evaluated within approximately 15 h using conventional gravimetric methods (∼8.7 mg cm<sup>−2</sup> h<sup>−1</sup>), are assessed within only a few hours using the SPR sensor. Thus, the hetero-core fiber-optic SPR sensor is an effective platform for the rapid in situ monitoring of geothermal scale formation.</p>","PeriodicalId":100037,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Sensor Research","volume":"5 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/adsr.70173","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148752628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Youngjun Lee, Seokkyoon Hong, Jinheon Jeong, Dong Rip Kim, Chi Hwan Lee, Rachel K. Surowiec
{"title":"A Sensor-to-Algorithm Framework for Respiration Monitoring: Stretchable Strain Sensors Coupled With Machine Learning Feature Optimization","authors":"Youngjun Lee, Seokkyoon Hong, Jinheon Jeong, Dong Rip Kim, Chi Hwan Lee, Rachel K. Surowiec","doi":"10.1002/adsr.70188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/adsr.70188","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Reliable classification of respiration states is essential for wearable technologies and clinical monitoring, yet robust methods for distinguishing subtle waveform differences across breathing conditions remain limited. This study aims to develop a machine learning (ML)–optimized framework for accurately classifying shallow, normal, and deep respiration patterns from a stretchable strain sensor. Respiration waveforms were transformed into feature representations derived from both handcrafted ML features and convolutional neural network (CNN)-based latent embeddings. Multiple classifier families were evaluated using ten-fold stratified cross-validation. Random forest achieved the strongest overall performance, yielding 95.0% accuracy for shallow versus normal breathing (59/60 and 55/60 correctly classified), 99.2% accuracy for shallow versus deep (60/60 and 59/60 correct), and 91.7% accuracy for normal versus deep (56/60 and 54/60 correct). Shapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) analysis and hierarchical clustering confirmed that high-ranking features consistently reflected amplitude variability and signal-energy differences across breathing states. These results demonstrate that combining strain sensor waveforms with ML models enables preliminary and interpretable classification of respiratory patterns. Unlike prior respiration-classification approaches, our framework explicitly links breathing-induced strain-sensor deformation to interpretable waveform features through SHAP-guided model optimization, enabling a physically grounded and explainable pathway from material response to classifier decision.</p>","PeriodicalId":100037,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Sensor Research","volume":"5 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/adsr.70188","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148752596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rashid Khan, Mohammad Abrar Uddin, Yi Jae Lee, Taeil Kim
{"title":"Advancements in Enzymatic Biofuel Cells for Wearable Electrochemical Biosensors: Powering Point-of-Care Health Monitoring","authors":"Rashid Khan, Mohammad Abrar Uddin, Yi Jae Lee, Taeil Kim","doi":"10.1002/adsr.70187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/adsr.70187","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Enzymatic biofuel cells (EBFCs) are a promising source of energy that utilize enzymes as biocatalysts to convert chemical energy into electrical energy, from biofuels such as glucose, lactate or ethanol. Biofuel cells (BFCs) can provide sufficient power for wearable and implantable bioelectronic enabling continuous operation under mild conditions. Although significant contributions have been made to advancing these enzymatic biofuel cells, major challenges remain to address associated problems, such as low power performance, short lifespan, and poor biocompatibility. To overcome these limitations in the field of bioenergy harvesting, this review highlights recent advances in novel electrode designs and the integration of EBFCs with other energy-harvesting technologies such as TENGs (triboelectric nanogenerators), PENGs (piezoelectric nanogenerators) and TEGs (thermoelectric generators). The focus lies on advanced enzyme immobilization strategies and the hybrid integration of mechanical and thermal energy-harvesting systems within EBFCs to improve power density and operational stability for biomedical device applications. Finally, this review outlines prospects for lab-on-a-chip integration and hybrid EBFC–supercapacitor system interfaces.</p>","PeriodicalId":100037,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Sensor Research","volume":"5 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/adsr.70187","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148652404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Flexible 3D Tactile Sensor With Cube-Shaped Microstructure for Multimodal Force-Temperature Decoupled Perception for Soft Robotic Hands","authors":"Ziwei Liang, Ziheng Wang, Xingwei Zhao, Ruiping Zhang, Jiahui Cheng, Xu Cheng, Qian Zhao, Jun Wu, Ying Chen, Yihao Chen, Yinji Ma, Xue Feng","doi":"10.1002/adsr.202600003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/adsr.202600003","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Realizing human-like tactile perception is a long-standing goal for robotic research. Benefiting from advances in materials science, normal-force and pressure sensing have enabled robots to perform various complex tasks, whereas friction perception, essential for precise grasping and intelligent object recognition, remains insufficient in most existing tactile sensors. Restricted by conventional structures, most devices can only detect normal forces and fail to distinguish multi-directional loads. Herein, a miniaturized integrated flexible tactile sensor with a three-dimensional sensing-unit layout is proposed to address these challenges, with an overall dimension of 1.5 mm × 1.5 mm × 1 mm. Owing to its cube-shaped microstructure design, the sensor achieves accurate quantitative decoupling and measurement of three-dimensional forces in different directions, as well as effective decoupled perception of force and temperature signals, which is theoretically analyzed and experimentally validated. The realized friction-sensing capability endows robots with enhanced intelligent functions. When integrated into a soft prosthetic hand, the sensor enables monitoring of grasping states and discrimination of different surface textures, demonstrating its promising potential for intelligent soft robotic applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":100037,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Sensor Research","volume":"5 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/adsr.202600003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148616473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eugenio De Nardo, Simone Martellone, Valentina Bugliarelli, Davide Molino, Giuseppe Ferraro, Stefania Lettieri, Pietro Zaccagnini, Marco Etzi, Erik Piatti, Mattia Bartoli, Andrea Lamberti, Candido Fabrizio Pirri, Angelica Monica Chiodoni, Sergio Bocchini
{"title":"CO2 Detection Using Potentiometric Sensors Based on PIM-1/DES Membranes","authors":"Eugenio De Nardo, Simone Martellone, Valentina Bugliarelli, Davide Molino, Giuseppe Ferraro, Stefania Lettieri, Pietro Zaccagnini, Marco Etzi, Erik Piatti, Mattia Bartoli, Andrea Lamberti, Candido Fabrizio Pirri, Angelica Monica Chiodoni, Sergio Bocchini","doi":"10.1002/adsr.70184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/adsr.70184","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Polymers of Intrinsic Microporosity (PIMs) are a class of polymers characterized by a native microporous network resulting in a high surface area. PIMs also display a highly tunable and efficient gas permeability, attracting a lot of attention in several electrochemical applications. In this work. PIM-1 was combined with a deep eutectic solvent (DES) for the production of a potentiometric sensor for CO<sub>2</sub>. This study reports the synthesis of both components, the fabrication of composite membranes via solvent casting and impregnation, and their evaluation as CO<sub>2</sub> responsive materials together with a comprehensive characterization. The PIM-1/DES materials demonstrated efficient CO<sub>2</sub> capture and release behavior with open-circuit voltage responses recorded under controlled CO<sub>2</sub> exposure and adsorption–desorption cycling with full recovery. The membrane exhibited a response of 29 s in pure CO<sub>2</sub> with a recovery time of 240 s. The sensors followed a logarithmic correlation between CO<sub>2</sub> concentration and voltage variation and it showed a sensitivity of up to 9.6 mV/%CO<sub>2</sub>. These findings indicate that the developed sensor offers high reproducibility, fast response, and reliable detection of variable CO<sub>2</sub> levels, underscoring its strong potential for practical implementation in environmental and industrial monitoring applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":100037,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Sensor Research","volume":"5 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/adsr.70184","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148616113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Design Software for Helical Origami Wearable Devices Fitting Body Shapes Utilizing Parametric Design","authors":"Yugo Takashima, Haruki Higoshi, Satoshi Motoyama, Hiroki Shigemune","doi":"10.1002/adsr.70182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/adsr.70182","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study presents a parametric design framework for paper-based helical origami wearable sensors that autonomously conform to body shapes using a paper self-folding technology. By combining inkjet-printed self-folding patterns with forward and inverse parametric design, the workflow generates three-dimensional helical structures on demand from two-dimensional paper layouts. The model incorporates helix radius, total rotation angle, axial length, and surface coverage ratio, together with fabrication constraints such as minimum printable line and gap widths and paper fiber orientation. Paper anisotropy is systematically evaluated, and aligning printing lines parallel to the paper fiber direction is identified as a guideline to improve geometric accuracy and reproducibility. A Grasshopper-based software tool automatically outputs printable patterns and a three-dimensional preview, reducing trial-and-error in fabrication. Inverse design enables target-driven sensor generation for different body parts, including fingers and forearms, with geometric errors typically within ±5% of design values. Copper tape electrodes are integrated through a sequential process of unfolding, laminating, and refolding to form electrodes that conform to the body without adhesives. The resulting devices capture triboelectric signals and galvanic skin response with performance comparable to conventional strap-based sensors. These results provide a scalable and environmentally friendly platform for personalized, disposable wearable sensors.</p>","PeriodicalId":100037,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Sensor Research","volume":"5 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/adsr.70182","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148616071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Z. Viskadourakis, M. Orfanou, A. Pitilakis, O. Tsilipakos, E. Κoudoumas, G. Kenanakis
{"title":"CNC-Printed Metasurface-Based Device for Potential Application in pH Sensing","authors":"Z. Viskadourakis, M. Orfanou, A. Pitilakis, O. Tsilipakos, E. Κoudoumas, G. Kenanakis","doi":"10.1002/adsr.70179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/adsr.70179","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In the current study, a microwave device based on a metasurface is investigated regarding its potential application as a pH sensor. The device was developed on a typical double-sided, Cu−coated FR-4 slide, utilizing the mechanical engraving method. It was electromagnetically characterized in the microwave band, i.e., 1–5 GHz. Furthermore, theoretical simulations were performed to confirm the measured electromagnetic response. Moreover, the fabricated device was tested against standard buffer solutions, such as those used for the calibration of conventional potentiometric pH meters, as well as against home-made acidic and basic aqueous solutions, with pH levels ranging from 2 up to 12. By analyzing the corresponding electromagnetic response, it is evident that the aforementioned pH device demonstrates a gradual response in varying pH levels. Furthermore, it exhibits adequate quality factor, sensitivity, and figure of merit values, indicating a measurable and application-relevant electromagnetic performance. Considering the above, it is evidently shown that the proposed metasurface−based device could be potentially used for the detection of pH levels in aqueous solutions.</p>","PeriodicalId":100037,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Sensor Research","volume":"5 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/adsr.70179","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148616072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}