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{"title":"Recent advances in MXene, MOF, and COF based NH₃ gas sensors for environmental monitoring: sensing mechanisms, analytical performance, and future perspectives.","authors":"Khursheed Ahmad, Chellakannu Rajkumar, Tae Hwan Oh, Mohd Shabbir","doi":"10.1007/s00604-026-08447-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-026-08447-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The increasing use of ammonia (NH₃) in agriculture, refrigeration, chemical processing, and energy applications has increased concerns over its toxicity and corrosiveness. This suggest the need for sensitive NH₃ monitoring under practical conditions. This review critically evaluates recent advances in MXene, metal-organic framework (MOF), and covalent organic framework (COF) based NH₃ sensors. MXenes are promising for room-temperature sensing because of their high conductivity and efficient charge transport, but oxidation, restacking, and humidity interference continue to hinder stable and reproducible performance. In contrast, MOFs provide molecular-sieving capability, high porosity, and Lewis-acidic adsorption sites, but their poor conductivity and limited stability necessitate integrating it with semiconductors, polymers, or carbon-based materials. Similarly, COFs exhibit tunable pore structures, ordered transport pathways, and good chemical stability. Despite these advantages, their application in NH₃ sensing remains relatively limited. The analytical performance of MXene, MOF, and COF based NH₃ sensors has been critically discussed with the underlying sensing mechanisms. The key challenges, future perspectives, and emerging research directions are also discussed. Unlike earlier reviews that discuss these materials separately, this review compares MXene, MOF, and COF based NH₃ sensors using the same performance criteria, providing a clearer view of their strengths and remaining limitations. We believe that this review will provide a useful overview for researchers developing MXene, MOF, and COF based NH₃ sensors.</p>","PeriodicalId":705,"journal":{"name":"Microchimica Acta","volume":"193 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149226926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An interstitial fluid-like NICHE-chip for neural stem cell niche modeling and nanoscale neurotrophic delivery.","authors":"Surim Shim, Yejin Lee, Hyun Lee, Nayoung Lee, Da Eun Kim, Jongsoo Han, Kang Moo Huh, Hyun-Do Jung, Kisuk Yang","doi":"10.1186/s40580-026-00584-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40580-026-00584-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Neural stem cells (NSCs) reside in anatomically confined niches, where three-dimensional (3D) geometry and interstitial fluid (ISF) flow collectively regulate NSC behavior. However, in vitro platforms that simultaneously recapitulate size-controlled 3D architecture, ISF-like dynamics, and nanoscale therapeutic delivery remain limited. Here, we present a 3D printing-based platform with multi-sized microwells, termed the Neural-Inspired Culture for a Hydrodynamic Environment (NICHE)-chip, which incorporates an osmosis-driven flow system to generate ISF-like flow. The NICHE-chip enabled stable formation of uniform human neural stem cell (hNSC) neurospheres across defined microwell sizes. Under ISF-like flow, hNSC neurospheres showed enhanced viability, reduced apoptosis, and increased self-renewal and differentiation marker expression, particularly in 100 μm microwells. ISF-like flow also promoted laminin-rich extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition and cell-cell interactions, suggesting niche-like remodeling of the 3D microenvironment. In the ISF-integrated 100 μm neurosphere model, amyloid-β (Aβ) was introduced to establish an Alzheimer's disease (AD)-like neurotoxicity model, which was then used to evaluate nanoparticle-mediated neurotrophic factor delivery using brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles. BDNF-loaded PLGA nanoparticles (BDNF-NPs) enabled sustained BDNF delivery, attenuated Aβ-induced neuronal marker loss, and counter-regulated a subset of Aβ-induced transcriptional alterations associated with neuroprotection. Overall, the NICHE-chip provides an ISF-integrated 3D neurosphere culture platform for NSC niche modeling, AD-like neurotoxicity assessment, and nanoscale neurotrophic factor delivery.</p>","PeriodicalId":712,"journal":{"name":"Nano Convergence","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149226887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modulating the WNK1-SPAK/OSR1-KCC2 Pathway: Acupuncture’s Therapeutic Potential in Mitigating Muscle Hypertonia in Ischemic Stroke Rats","authors":"Tian-Yi Sun,&nbsp;Liang-Xiao Ma,&nbsp;Wen-Xu Zhang,&nbsp;Si-Biao Lu,&nbsp;Jing-Yun Xiu,&nbsp;Meng-Yu Chen","doi":"10.1007/s11064-026-04927-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11064-026-04927-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigated the therapeutic effects of acupuncture on post-stroke muscle hypertonia (PSMH) in rats, focusing on the WNK1-SPAK/OSR1-KCC2 pathway to elucidate its underlying mechanisms and support clinical translation. Behavioral, electrophysiological, TTC staining, AChE staining, and transmission electron microscope analyses were used to assess the efficacy of acupuncture. RT-qPCR, Western blot, and immunofluorescence were used to evaluate the expression of the medullary WNK1-SPAK/OSR1-KCC2 pathway. Pharmacological modulation using WNK463 and Gabazine suggested the involvement of WNK kinase activity. Acupuncture reduced neurological deficits and spasticity, enhanced motor recovery, suppressed spinal motor neuron hyperexcitability, and ameliorated neuromuscular dysfunction and muscular structural abnormality. Mechanistically, it downregulated WNK1, SPAK, and OSR1 and increased membrane KCC2 expression in the medulla oblongata. WNK463 partially mimicked acupuncture’s effects, while Gabazine partially reversed them. Acupuncture alleviates muscle hypertonia and enhances locomotor recovery in rats with PSMH, potentially by inhibiting the medullary WNK1-SPAK/OSR1 pathway and thereby upregulating KCC2 expression and membrane localization.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":719,"journal":{"name":"Neurochemical Research","volume":"51 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149219429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spinorphin Attenuates Acute Experimental Seizures and Associated Neurochemical Alterations: Possible Involvement of Opioid Receptors","authors":"Ibrahim Ethem Torun,&nbsp;Yasemin Baranoglu Kilinc,&nbsp;Erkan Kilinc,&nbsp;Seyit Ankarali","doi":"10.1007/s11064-026-04923-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11064-026-04923-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Spinorphin, an endogenous enkephalinase inhibitor, enhances physiological opioid signaling by preventing the degradation of endogenous enkephalins, however, its anticonvulsant potential has not previously been investigated. This study evaluated the effects of spinorphin on seizure activity and associated neurochemical alterations in two complementary acute experimental seizure models. The effects of spinorphin on seizure activity were investigated in pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)- and penicillin-induced acute seizure rat models. Behavioral seizure parameters, passive avoidance memory, electrocorticographic activity, cortical and hippocampal glutamate, GABA, c-Fos, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), inflammatory cytokines, and oxidative stress biomarkers were evaluated. Nalmefene was used to determine the contribution of opioid receptor signaling. Spinorphin significantly attenuated behavioral seizures, reduced cortical epileptiform spike frequency, and improved passive avoidance retention performance. It attenuated PTZ-induced alterations in cortical and hippocampal glutamate and GABA concentrations and reduced tissue levels of c-Fos and CGRP, together with changes in inflammatory and oxidative stress-related biomarkers in both the cortex and hippocampus. These effects were substantially attenuated by nalmefene, suggesting a possible contribution of endogenous opioid signaling, although the incomplete reversal indicates that additional opioid-independent mechanisms may also be involved. Spinorphin attenuates seizure activity and associated biochemical alterations in experimental seizure models. By enhancing the regional availability of endogenous enkephalins rather than directly activating opioid receptors, spinorphin may exert its anticonvulsant effects partly through endogenous opioid signaling, while additional opioid-independent mechanisms may also contribute. These findings provide a basis for further investigation of enkephalinase inhibition in experimental seizure models.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":719,"journal":{"name":"Neurochemical Research","volume":"51 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149219430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adolescent M-CSF Administration Provides Durable Protection Against Trauma-Induced PTSD-Like Phenotypes in Male Mice Through Microglia-Dependent Mechanisms","authors":"Fu Li,&nbsp;Minxiu Ye,&nbsp;Lijuan Tong,&nbsp;Chao Huang,&nbsp;Xing Xu,&nbsp;Jie Peng","doi":"10.1007/s11064-026-04915-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11064-026-04915-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a severe psychiatric condition for which effective preventive strategies are lacking. Innate immune preconditioning has shown promise for the prevention of PTSD, yet the transient nature of such protection when induced in adulthood poses a substantial limitation. Using male C57BL/6J mice, we tested whether administration of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF, 100 µg/kg, intraperitoneally) during adolescence, a developmental period characterized by heightened microglial plasticity, could establish enduring resilience against trauma-induced PTSD-like behaviors. Mice received a single M-CSF injection at postnatal day 28 (PND28) and were subsequently subjected to single prolonged stress (SPS/FS) at 4, 16, or 32 weeks thereafter, with behavioral and molecular assessments conducted at PND70, PND154, and PND266, respectively. Our results showed that adolescent M-CSF exposure substantially prevented SPS/FS-induced anxiety-like behaviors assessed by the elevated plus maze and open field test, and SPS/FS-induced fear-like behaviors evaluated by contextual and cued fear conditioning tests, at all three post-administration intervals. Concurrently, M-CSF pretreatment prevented SPS/FS-induced interleukin-1β (<i>Il-1β</i>), <i>Il-6</i>, and tumor necrosis factor-α (<i>Tnf-α</i>) mRNA expression within the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex across all time points examined. These protective phenotypes were eliminated when microglial function was pharmacologically inhibited or when microglia were depleted before M-CSF administration, establishing that microglial integrity at the time of adolescent immune challenge is required for the establishment of long-term resilience. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that a single developmental immune intervention confers lifelong protection against SPS/FS-induced PTSD-like behaviors through microglia-dependent mechanisms, introducing a vaccine-like paradigm for the prevention of PTSD.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":719,"journal":{"name":"Neurochemical Research","volume":"51 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149219410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electronic properties of poly (triazine imide) distance-controlled of the NH and BH substitutions and their impacts on the photocatalytic descriptors.","authors":"Letícia C S Faria, Bárbara M Brum, Letícia M S V Queiroz, Josiane R C Silva, Francisco B C Machado, Leonardo T Ueno, Luiz F A Ferrão","doi":"10.1007/s00894-026-07005-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00894-026-07005-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Context: </strong>The development of efficient photocatalysts for water splitting using carbon-nitrogen materials, such as poly (heptazine imide) and poly (triazine imide), shows promise due to the stability, cost, and visible light absorption of these materials. However, their low light absorbance and high recombination (low charge transfer) pose key challenges that limit their application and require further development. One way to address these limitations is through dual functionalization, which is tailored to increase absorbance and charge transfer. In this context, we characterize dually modified poly(triazine imide) (PTI) systems in which one fragment contains a nitrogen site functionalized with a hydrogen atom (herein referred to as NH functionalization), while another fragment contains a nitrogen atom replaced by a BH group (herein referred to as BH substitution). In particular, we investigate how the spatial distance between these modified sites modulates the electronic properties of the PTI systems. The results reveal a clear exponential dependence of these properties on substitution distance, reflecting the short-range nature of electronic interactions in π-conjugated systems. Furthermore, a detailed thermodynamic analysis indicates that only structures with short substitution distances satisfy the rigorous potential requirements for driving both hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions. These findings provide critical microscopic insights for the rational design and structural optimization of PTI-based materials for enhanced photocatalytic performance.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Geometry optimizations and vibrational frequency analyses were performed using DFT with the ωB97X-D functional, which should effectively describe local and charge- transfer excitations in conjugated organic structures, combined with the def2-SV(P) basis set. Vertical excitations were calculated using TD-DFT with the same methodology. We evaluated ionization energy, charge-transfer character, electrophilicity (Δω^±), and the ε³ stability index. Regression models were used to evaluate the relationship between substitution distance and the electronic properties of the studied structures.</p>","PeriodicalId":651,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Molecular Modeling","volume":"32 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149226900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Bernhard Blümich: On the Occasion of His 70th Birthday","authors":"Matthew Augustine,&nbsp;Peter Blümler,&nbsp;Jeffrey Reimer","doi":"10.1007/s00723-026-01866-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00723-026-01866-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":469,"journal":{"name":"Applied Magnetic Resonance","volume":"57 11-12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149222699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nonequivalent Macrophase Separation and Polyelectrolyte Complex Formation in the Lignosulfonate–Chitosan System","authors":"T. N. Lugovitskaya,&nbsp;U. R. Sharipova,&nbsp;D. Yu. Berseneva,&nbsp;M. A. Gladysheva,&nbsp;D. A. Rogozhnikov","doi":"10.1134/S1061933X26600594","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S1061933X26600594","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The interpolymer interaction in the lignosulfonate (LS)–chitosan (ChTS) system, in which ChTS is dissolved in aspartic acid (ChTS·Asp), has been studied, and the colloid-chemical regularities of macrophase separation accompanied by the formation of a water-insoluble polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) have been determined. The data on the concentration dependences of molar conductivity and pH have been used to show that LS and ChTS·Asp solutions exhibit polyelectrolyte properties. On the basis of the potentiometrically controlled dosed mixing of polyelectrolyte solutions in two different orders, the cloud points have been determined and an empirical phase state diagram has been plotted for the LS–ChTS·Asp systems. It has been found that, when the LS solution is added to the ChTS·Asp solution, the turbidity onset is observed at conditional analytical ratio <i>n</i>(<span>({text{SO}}_{3}^{ - })</span>)/<i>n</i>(<span>({text{NH}}_{3}^{ + })</span>) = 0.015–0.567, i.e., in the region of an analytical excess of ChTS amino groups. At the reverse mixing order, when the ChTS·Asp solution is added to the LS solution, the initial turbidity is recorded at ratio <i>n</i>(<span>({text{SO}}_{3}^{ - })</span>)/<i>n</i>(<span>({text{NH}}_{3}^{ + })</span>) = 6.30–7.03, which corresponds to an analytical excess of LS sulfonate groups. Hence, the transition of the system to the macrophase separation is not caused by the achievement of a conditional charge equivalence of the functional groups and essentially depends on the order of component addition, the local composition of the medium, and the concentration and kinetic factors. Water-insoluble PEC has been isolated from the LS–ChTS·Asp systems and characterized using FTIR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. Taken together, the obtained data indicate the formation of an LS–ChTS interpolymer complex with involvement of electrostatic interactions between <span>({text{SO}}_{3}^{ - })</span> groups of LS and <span>({text{NH}}_{3}^{ + })</span> groups of protonated ChTS, as well as hydrogen bonding. It has been found that the phase behavior of the system is governed not only by the charge ratio of the components, but also by the mixing order and the conformational and associative features of the natural polyelectrolytes in an aqueous medium.</p>","PeriodicalId":521,"journal":{"name":"Colloid Journal","volume":"88 5","pages":"763 - 775"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149222689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Secondary Flows and Hydraulic Resistance in a Rectangular Channel with Spatially Inhomogeneous Discrete Roughness","authors":"R. R. Shakirov,&nbsp;I. A. Davletshin,&nbsp;N. I. Mikheev","doi":"10.1134/S1063785026700926","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S1063785026700926","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Spanwise heterogeneous surface roughness can induce secondary flows of Prandtl’s second kind, which significantly affect momentum and heat transfer. Despite a large number of numerical studies of such flows, experimental data remain rather limited. In this paper, an experimental study of turbulent flow in a rectangular channel with walls formed by alternating smooth sections and strips of discrete roughness is performed. The fields of mean velocities and turbulence characteristics are obtained using the SIV method, and the structure of secondary flows is reconstructed. Measurements of hydraulic resistance are carried out for various surface configurations and Reynolds numbers. It is shown that heterogeneous roughness leads to the formation of large-scale secondary flows in the form of counter-rotating vortices with a transverse velocity of up to 5% of the main flow velocity. A correlation between the intensity of secondary flows and the hydraulic resistance coefficient is revealed, indicating a significant role of secondary circulation in momentum transfer mechanisms in the channel.</p>","PeriodicalId":784,"journal":{"name":"Technical Physics Letters","volume":"52 9","pages":"476 - 483"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149222773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bidirectional Regulatory Mechanisms of T cell-microglia Interactions in Cerebral Ischemic Disease: Molecular Crosstalk, Experimental Techniques and Therapeutic Implications","authors":"Yuxiao Zheng,&nbsp;Jialin Cheng,&nbsp;Fawei Li,&nbsp;Zilin Ren,&nbsp;Congai Chen,&nbsp;Zehan Zhang,&nbsp;Xin Lan,&nbsp;Chuxin Zhang,&nbsp;Yang Zhao,&nbsp;Jinhua Han,&nbsp;Jiaming Li,&nbsp;Fafeng Cheng,&nbsp;Qingguo Wang,&nbsp;Changxiang Li,&nbsp;Xueqian Wang","doi":"10.1007/s11064-026-04916-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11064-026-04916-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Cerebral ischemic diseases, such as ischemic stroke (IS) and vascular dementia (VaD), are major causes of neurological disability and mortality. Neuroinflammation acts as a pivotal driver of secondary brain injury, mediated by intricate bidirectional interactions between peripheral T cells and central nervous system (CNS)-resident microglia. This review delineates the molecular mechanisms underlying T cell-microglia crosstalk in cerebral ischemia, emphasizing their dual roles in exacerbating neurotoxicity and promoting repair. Direct interactions involve antigen presentation via MHC-TCR engagement and co-stimulatory checkpoints (e.g., CD80/CD86-CD28, PD-L1-PD-1), which regulate T cell activation and microglial polarization. Direct signaling through cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-17, IL-10) further modulates microglial phenotypes: Th1/Th17 cells drive pro-inflammatory M1 polarization via STAT1/NF-κB pathways, while Tregs/Th2 cells induce anti-inflammatory M2 states through STAT6/SMAD signaling. Spatial transcriptomics and single-cell omics reveal spatiotemporal dynamics of these interactions, identifying STAT1/STAT6 imbalance as a critical determinant of neuroinflammatory outcomes. Advanced methodologies, including two-photon intravital microscopy and microfluidic blood-brain barrier (BBB) models, enable real-time visualization of immune cell trafficking and synaptic communication. Therapeutically, targeting immune checkpoints (CTLA-4, PD-1) or cytokine pathways (e.g., IL-4 mimetics) shows promise in recalibrating neuroimmune responses. However, challenges such as blood-brain barrier impermeability to biologics and interspecies immune heterogeneity necessitate innovative delivery strategies. This review integrates molecular, cellular, and technological insights to propose a framework for precision immunomodulation. By elucidating context-dependent signaling nodes and leveraging emerging tools, the study underscores the potential of harnessing T cell-microglia crosstalk to mitigate neuroinflammation and enhance neural repair, offering transformative avenues for stroke and dementia therapy.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":719,"journal":{"name":"Neurochemical Research","volume":"51 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149219465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}