Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification最新文献

{"title":"Enhancing hydrogen production in Pd-based membrane reactors via bioethanol autothermal reforming: Turbulence promoters and multitubular designs","authors":"Lei Zhang ,&nbsp;Yuyao Lou ,&nbsp;Liwei Meng ,&nbsp;Tianxiang Li ,&nbsp;Tongxun Liu ,&nbsp;Xue Han ,&nbsp;Yafei Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.cep.2025.110688","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cep.2025.110688","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pd-based membrane reactors (PMRs) offer a promising approach for on-board bioethanol reforming hydrogen production in fuel cell vehicles (FCVs). However, the model of the palladium membrane reactor (PMR) is urgently needed for on-board hydrogen supply. This study developed a kinetic model for single-tube Pd membrane reactors (PMRs) with autothermal reforming (ATR) to systematically evaluate key parameters: reactor length-to-diameter ratio (L/D), gas hourly space velocity (GHSV = 1, 000–3, 000 h^-1), membrane insertion ratio (20–80 %), and catalyst stacking ratio (Volumetric catalyst stacking per unit palladium film area) (2–5 mL/cm²). When membrane insertion ratios ranged from 40 % to 50 %, hydrogen yield (∼5.7 mol/mol), hydrogen recovery (∼96 %), and hydrogen production rate (1.24 g/h) simultaneously reached peak values. In a 7-tube PMR configuration, the hydrogen production rate increased to 7.7 g/h, but hydrogen yield and recovery decreased. The incorporation of baffle plates as turbulence promoters enhanced hydrogen recovery from 80 % to 91 %. In the optimized four-layer PMR design with 37 tubes, the hydrogen production rate reached 41.3 g/h. Furthermore, the conceptual full-scale PMR for fuel cell vehicles is more compact than conventional high-pressure hydrogen storage tanks. This integrated ATR approach with multitubular designs and turbulence promoters enables efficient compact on-board hydrogen production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9929,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification","volume":"220 ","pages":"Article 110688"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145880887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of secondary flow and Bézier curve-polygon micromixing structure in Christmas tree-shaped concentration gradient chips","authors":"Zhiying Dai,&nbsp;Huanhuan Shi,&nbsp;Weizheng Xu,&nbsp;Xuanhao Jia,&nbsp;Zhengxian Dan,&nbsp;Jiacong Liao,&nbsp;Chenyang Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.cep.2025.110668","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cep.2025.110668","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Concentration gradient chip is indispensable in drug screening, efficacy evaluation, and related biomedical research. However, the traditional Christmas tree-shaped concentration gradient chip has inherent limitations. Its laminar flow mixing efficiency is low, and the operating flow rate range is narrow, which seriously hinders its application and development in drug screening. To address these technical bottlenecks, this study proposes two novel micromixers: a micromixer based on two-dimensional secondary flow and three-dimensional rectangular structure (TSTR-S), and a micromixer based on Bézier curves and three-dimensional polygonal structure (BCTP-S). These micromixers are used to replace the micromixing channels in the traditional Christmas tree model. The research adopts a method of theoretical modeling, numerical simulation to systematically explore the impact of the novel structures on concentration gradient generation. The results show that compared with the traditional structure, the two-dimensional secondary flow structure significantly improves the laminar flow mixing efficiency and effectively broadens the applicable flow rate range. The optimized Bézier curve configuration and irregular polygonal three-dimensional structure further enhance the fluid eddy effect and improve the mixing performance. The improved chip can stably generate a linear concentration gradient within a wide flow rate range of Reynolds number <em>Re</em> = 0.1–30, and the concentration error is obviously reduced. This study provides an innovative solution for improving the performance of concentration gradient chips, offers a more accurate and efficient platform for drug screening, and benefits the development of microfluidic technology in drug research and development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9929,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification","volume":"220 ","pages":"Article 110668"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145881378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimal design and performance comparison of reaction-coupled extractive distillation processes for acetonitrile-tert-butanol-water system","authors":"Zhishan Zhang,&nbsp;Kunao Zhu,&nbsp;Siyuan Li,&nbsp;Yuqing Meng,&nbsp;Min Li,&nbsp;Yixin Ma,&nbsp;Jun Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.cep.2025.110669","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cep.2025.110669","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the chemical and pharmaceutical industries, a large amount of wastewater containing acetonitrile (ACN) and tert‑butanol (TBA) is generated. The effective separation of the ACN/TBA/water system poses a significant challenge due to the presence of multiple azeotropes. To overcome the limitations of high energy consumption and low efficiency of conventional extractive distillation (CED), this study proposes three reaction-coupled extractive distillation processes—reactive distillation followed by extractive distillation (RD-ED), extractive distillation followed by reactive distillation (ED-RD), and reactive-extractive distillation (RED). During the process optimization aimed at the total annual cost (TAC) and CO₂ emissions, since the azeotropes of ACN/water and ACN/TBA are pressure-sensitive, the pressure of ACN extractive distillation column is optimized, resulting in significant energy savings. These processes are comprehensively compared in terms of economy, environmental impact, energy, and exergy efficiency. The results indicate that compared with the CED, the reaction-coupled extractive distillation processes have achieved significant optimization effects in multiple aspects. Among them, the RED process exhibits the optimal comprehensive performance: the TAC is reduced by 33.82 %, CO₂ emissions are decreased by 40.44 %, the total energy consumption is lowered by 41.55 %, and the thermodynamic efficiency is increased to 27.93 %.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9929,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification","volume":"220 ","pages":"Article 110669"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145837814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and comparison of triple-column extractive distillation and novel double-column distillation for separating ternary azeotrope containing isomers","authors":"Shisheng Liang ,&nbsp;Guangle Bu ,&nbsp;Lingdi Huang ,&nbsp;Jia Li","doi":"10.1016/j.cep.2025.110661","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cep.2025.110661","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Separation process intensification of ternary azeotropes has consistently been a focal point of research. This study, using the separation of isobutanol/n-butanol/m-xylene mixture as an example, investigated the performance of conventional triple-column extractive distillation and novel double-column distillation process. For triple-column extractive distillation process, the universal quasi-chemical (UNIQUAC) thermodynamic model was employed. By comparing the effectiveness of different entrainers, glycerol was selected as the entrainer, as it successfully eliminates the azeotropic phenomenon in ternary mixture. The process was then designed and optimized using sequential iterative algorithm, followed by an analysis of the liquid-phase composition distribution in the optimized flowsheet. The novel double-column distillation process utilizes method of pressurization to break the azeotropes. It features a simplified flowsheet requiring only two columns and no recycle streams, while also enabling heat integration. Calculations of the total annual cost (TAC) and CO₂ emissions for triple-column extractive distillation and double-column distillation processes revealed that the heat-integrated double-column distillation offers significant advantages in both economic viability and environmental benefits. Compared to triple-column extractive distillation process, its TAC was reduced by 18.3 % and CO₂ emissions were reduced by 25.3 %. The methodology presented in this study provides valuable insights for separation of similar ternary azeotropes containing isomers and meets the requirements of process intensification.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9929,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification","volume":"220 ","pages":"Article 110661"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145789026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Axial dispersion in air-pulsed column with non-staggered circular slotted plates: A CFD study","authors":"Anshuman Sharma ,&nbsp;Nirvik Sen ,&nbsp;K.K. Singh","doi":"10.1016/j.cep.2025.110615","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cep.2025.110615","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A 2D axisymmetric Euler–Euler two-fluid CFD model is reported to estimate axial dispersion in a pulsed non-staggered circular slotted plate column (PNCSPC). Periodic steady-state velocity and pressure fields are obtained by solving the mass and momentum conservation equations for both phases along with equations of turbulence model. At discrete time instants within the pulsing cycle (snap-shots), steady-state equations for the first and second moments of species residence time distribution (RTD) are solved using the frozen flow field. This enables estimation of mean residence time and continuous-phase Peclet number (Pe) without solving conventional transient species transport equations. CFD predictions show 12.15 % average absolute relative deviation against experimental Pe data reported for classical pulsed disc-and-doughnut column (PDDC). The technique reported is faster than conventional one (∼90 times). Validated model is used to quantify effects of geometrical parameters - slot width, inter-plate spacing and fractional opening area – on Pe. An increase in fractional open area and inter-plate spacing increases Pe while an increase in slot width reduces Pe. 3-factor-3-level Box Behnken simulation design along with ANOVA study is used to identify the most influential parameter. A one-on-one comparison of PNCSPC vis-à-vis classical PDDC in terms of local flow structures and Pe is reported.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9929,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification","volume":"220 ","pages":"Article 110615"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145880883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ionic liquid enhanced extractive distillation for the separation of n-pentane/1-pentene","authors":"Haoyang Xu,&nbsp;Mingcheng Zheng,&nbsp;Xiaoping Chen,&nbsp;Hui Tian","doi":"10.1016/j.cep.2025.110678","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cep.2025.110678","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The efficient separation of olefin/paraffin mixtures is a key challenge in the petrochemical industry. Conventional extractive distillation processes often suffer from high extractant circulation rates and excessive energy consumption, making the development of new extractants with superior performance crucial for reducing process costs and enhancing separation efficiency. This study addresses the separation challenge of the n-pentane/1-pentene system. It systematically evaluates extractant selection and the extractive distillation process by integrating thermodynamic modeling, experimental measurements, and process simulation. First, the extraction performance of six commonly used organic solvents was simulated and compared using Aspen Plus software. Based on relative volatility analysis, N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) was selected as the baseline extractant. Building on this, the COSMO-RS theoretical model was employed to predict the solubility and selectivity of various ionic liquids (ILs). Eventually, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([EMIM][NTF₂])—with a selectivity of 3.01—was chosen as a co-extractant to be used in combination with DMF. Subsequently, liquid-liquid equilibrium (LLE) experiments were conducted for two ternary systems: n-pentane–1-pentene–[EMIM][NTF₂] and n-pentane–DMF–[EMIM][NTF₂]. The experimental data were correlated using the NRTL activity coefficient model to obtain reliable binary interaction parameters, and the model accuracy was verified by comparing predicted values with experimental results. Based on the obtained thermodynamic parameters, the extractive distillation processes using the pure DMF solvent system and the DMF-[EMIM][NTF₂] mixed solvent system were simulated in Aspen Plus, followed by a comparative analysis of their energy consumption. The results show that compared with the conventional DMF process, the mixed solvent system reduces the total reboiler heat load by 11.81% and the condenser heat load by 23.92%, while significantly decreasing the extractant circulation rate from 600 kg/h to 310 kg/h. These findings provide important theoretical guidance and experimental evidence for the separation of olefin/paraffin mixtures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9929,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification","volume":"220 ","pages":"Article 110678"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145881304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental and kinetic study of the microwave-assisted catalytic conversion of glucose","authors":"Syed Ejaz Haider ,&nbsp;Joseph Install ,&nbsp;Miia Kokkonen ,&nbsp;Timo Repo ,&nbsp;Ville Alopaeus","doi":"10.1016/j.cep.2025.110667","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cep.2025.110667","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microwave technology offers rapid, selective, and efficient heating, making it a valuable tool for process intensification. In this context, this study employed microwave energy for rapid reaction optimization and reliable kinetic analysis for the catalytic conversion of glucose. Dehydration (DeH) and retro-aldol condensation (RAC) are two main routes for the catalytic conversion of glucose into valuable platform chemicals such as levulinic acid, methyl lactate, and other byproducts. Both DeH and RAC reactions were analyzed together in this study, taking into account their competitive nature. The experimental investigation focused on examining the effects of solvent composition (0–100 % H₂O with methanol as cosolvent), reaction temperature (140–180 °C), and catalyst-to-feed molar ratios (0.05–0.21) on the parallel Deh (HMF, levulinic acid, and methyl levulinate) and RAC (lactic acid and methyl lactate) reactions with the modern automated Chemspeed Swing synthesis apparatus equipped with a Biotage microwave reactor. The homogeneous Lewis acid (SnCl₄·5H₂O) was selected as a catalyst through our initial screening due to its activity for both DeH and RAC reactions. The experiments, conducted for 15 min under microwave irradiation, revealed that the highest yield of levulinic acid (50.5 mol %) was achieved in pure water at 180 °C, while the highest yield of methyl lactate (75.9 mol%) was obtained in a solvent mixture comprising 7.5 % water and 92.5 % methanol at 180 °C. Subsequently, rate models based on the power law kinetics were proposed, and the numerical values of the model parameters were determined from the screening experimental data using non-linear regression analysis with Aspen Plus software. These model parameters were further fine-tuned with additional time-resolved experiments performed under the optimal conditions identified for levulinic acid and methyl lactate. The model responses were in very good agreement with the experimental results. The rate equations with the kinetic parameters can be used for the reactor modeling, simulation, and optimization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9929,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification","volume":"220 ","pages":"Article 110667"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145838173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Boosting CO2 mineralisation reaction with a spiral internal draft tube reactor: from concept to continuous operation","authors":"Khush Karan Gadra,&nbsp;Gaurav Ashok Bhaduri","doi":"10.1016/j.cep.2026.110695","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cep.2026.110695","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ex-situ CO₂ mineralisation is limited by slow CO₂ hydration rates and inefficient separation of precipitated carbonates, often requiring multiple reaction and solid–liquid handling steps. In this study, a Spiral Internal Draft Tube Reactor (SIDTR) is developed to intensify CO₂ mineralisation by integrating carbonation and CaCO₃ precipitation within a single hydrodynamic system. The reactor features an external spiral channel that establishes controlled circulation and pH zoning, enabling in-situ precipitation and settling of CaCO₃ while maintaining continuous CO₂ hydration in the draft-tube riser. The influence of spiral configuration, gas flow rate, and CO₂ concentration was systematically investigated. The six-turn spiral configuration (6SIDTR) yielded the highest mineralisation rate, achieving effective conversion even at 10% CO₂, representative of flue gas conditions. In continuous operation, the 6SIDTR achieved a 27.7 ± 0.08 % mineralisation efficiency, representing a 3.6-fold enhancement compared to a conventional bubble column under identical conditions. This reactor design reduces the conventional three-step mineralisation process to two units and offers a scalable route for process-intensified CO₂ mineralisation systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9929,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification","volume":"220 ","pages":"Article 110695"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145880886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"One-step microfluidic synthesis of active nanostructured Pt/C electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction","authors":"I.O. Nechitailova ,&nbsp;Yu.A. Pankova ,&nbsp;M.E.A. Eid ,&nbsp;D.Yu. Molodtsov ,&nbsp;A.A. Tereshchenko ,&nbsp;I.V. Pankov ,&nbsp;A.V. Soldatov ,&nbsp;A.A. Guda ,&nbsp;A.A. Alekseenko ,&nbsp;A.D. Zagrebaev","doi":"10.1016/j.cep.2025.110665","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cep.2025.110665","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Carbon-supported platinum nanoparticles are highly efficient catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), yet their conventional synthesis suffers from batch-to-batch variability and scalability limitations. In this work we develop an environmentally friendly and simple microfluidic synthesis of Pt nanoparticles and their deposition on a carbon support during the growth inside a flow reactor. A stable flow was achieved in segmented gas/liquid regime using a pressurized reactor, and ultrasonic treatment was applied to prevent the sedimentation of the carbon particles in the droplet generator. Pt reduction in ethylene glycol in microfluidic conditions results in the formation of nanoparticles with a narrow size distribution (3 ± 1.1 nm) on the surface of carbon for elevated reaction temperatures 115–125 °C. The obtained materials demonstrate electrochemical performance comparable to that of the commercial Pt/C catalyst and surpass it in terms of stability. This work establishes microfluidic process intensification as a scalable, continuous alternative to batch synthesis of nanostructured materials on Pt-based for hydrogen energy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9929,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification","volume":"220 ","pages":"Article 110665"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145837854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Balancing recovery efficiency and environmental impact in microwave-assisted leaching of rare earth elements from red mud","authors":"Sajjad Ebrahimi-Moghaddam ,&nbsp;Seyedeh Kimiya Chavoshi ,&nbsp;Seyedmehdi Sharifian ,&nbsp;Ehsan Vahidi ,&nbsp;Fereshteh Rashchi","doi":"10.1016/j.cep.2025.110649","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cep.2025.110649","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Red mud, a hazardous byproduct of alumina production, represents a critical secondary resource for rare earth elements (REEs) but poses significant extraction challenges due to its complex mineralogy and high iron content. Conventional REEs recovery from red mud relies on unselective leaching with sulfuric acid, which suffers from complex post-leaching treatments to reduce the impurities. This study introduces an environmentally balanced microwave-assisted leaching (MWAL) process employing formic acid, a green alternative, to selectively recover REEs in just 5 min (Nd, Pr, Y) while minimizing the co-dissolution of Fe and Ti. Under optimized conditions (600 W, 5 min, 1 % solid-to-liquid ratio), the process achieved exceptional recovery of 100 % Nd, 91.65 % Pr, and 60.21 % Y, with &lt;4 % Fe leaching – significantly enhancing selectivity compared to conventional sulfuric acid treatment, and organic acids like malic acid and acetic acid. Microstructural investigations using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analyses revealed that microwave irradiation induces particle fragmentation and increases porosity and surface area, thereby enhancing acid accessibility. This porous residue (activated red mud) can be repurposed as an adsorbent, turning the process into a zero-waste system. Thermodynamic simulations (using PHREEQC software) further identified pH and temperature as critical parameters for mineral stability, with acidic conditions (pH &lt; 3) maximizing the dissolution rate. The efficient internal heating through microwave irradiation combined with REEs complexation by formic acid, renders this approach a low-impact and effective way to recover REEs from red mud.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9929,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification","volume":"220 ","pages":"Article 110649"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145736617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}