Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification最新文献

{"title":"Effect of reboiler placement on energy and cost in intensified reactive-extractive distillation","authors":"Fauzi Yusupandi ,&nbsp;I Gede Pandega Wiratama ,&nbsp;Zong Yang Kong ,&nbsp;Agus Saptoro ,&nbsp;Lusi Ernawati ,&nbsp;Basil T. Wong ,&nbsp;Jaka Sunarso","doi":"10.1016/j.cep.2026.110744","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cep.2026.110744","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Double-column reactive extractive distillation (DCRED) is widely used for separating water-containing azeotropic mixtures, and numerous studies have explored process intensification to enhance its energy and economic performance. Thermally coupled (TC) configurations are an established intensification strategy in distillation systems. However, when applied to DCRED (TC-DCRED), energy and cost reductions are not consistently achieved, and the underlying causes remain unclear. This study investigates the effect of reboiler placement in TC-DCRED using the tetrahydrofuran (THF)/methanol (MeOH)/water system as a case study. Two configurations are examined: TC-DCRED-FCR, where the reboiler is located in the reactive–extractive distillation column, and TC-DCRED-SCR, where the reboiler is placed in the conventional distillation column. The TC-DCRED-FCR configuration leads to a 44.75 % increase in reboiler duty and a 100.82 % increase in total annual cost (TAC) relative to conventional DCRED. In contrast, TC-DCRED-SCR achieves 10.41 % energy savings and a 2.38 % reduction in TAC. These differences arise from interactions among side-draw flow, internal vapor flow, operating pressure, and bottom-product composition, which significantly affect reflux ratio, boil-up rate, and column geometry. Overall, TC-DCRED-SCR demonstrates energy and economic advantages, particularly for the THF/MeOH/water system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9929,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification","volume":"222 ","pages":"Article 110744"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146186710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanochemical dephosphorization and ultrasound-intensified leaching of rare earths from low-thorium monazite ore","authors":"Azadeh Khoshoei ,&nbsp;Sachin Samarakone ,&nbsp;Sasan Fazeli ,&nbsp;Aurélien Bréant ,&nbsp;Ahmed Bouajila ,&nbsp;Daria C. Boffito","doi":"10.1016/j.cep.2026.110723","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cep.2026.110723","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The recovery of rare earth elements (REEs) from monazite ore was studied using ultrasound-assisted leaching (UL) and compared with silent leaching (SL). The UL experiments were conducted using a 40-mm diameter Monel alloy horn at 20 kHz, with power densities of 142 - 232 W/L. SL with H₂SO₄ yielded &lt;3% recovery for all REEs, whereas UL enhanced dissolution within 10 min, (8.5% Ce, 7.0% Nd, 8.8% La) via cavitation-induced particle breakdown, confirmed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Using 62% H₂SO₄, optimization achieved maximum recoveries: 20.5% Ce, 17.2% Nd, 22.0% La, 16.3% Pr, and 17.9% Sm. Recovery increased with ultrasound power density up to 206 W/L (26.2% La) and decreased at higher values due to cavitation shielding and nuclei removal.</div><div>NaOH pretreatment via dry ball milling removed ⁓ 95% of phosphate with minimal REE loss. Among acids tested under SL (6 mol L^-1, 60 °C, 30 min), HNO₃ achieved &gt; 95% recovery from phosphate-free monazite, compared to &lt;10% for crude ore. Applying ultrasound to phosphate-free monazite accelerated leaching, yielding 55–92% recovery of Ce-Sm in 10 min and 72–94% after 30 min. Enhanced kinetics arising from improved ore disintegration, phosphate removal, and optimized acid conditions provide a rapid, scalable REEs recovery strategy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9929,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification","volume":"222 ","pages":"Article 110723"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146186756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical study on the flow and mixing characteristics of T-type micromixer with periodic 45° oblique helical groove","authors":"Xin Dong,&nbsp;Chong Dong,&nbsp;Ying Feng,&nbsp;Dongmao Yan,&nbsp;Jianwei Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.cep.2026.110728","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cep.2026.110728","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The mixing effect of a micromixer can be enhanced by the oblique helical flow, which is crucial for the application of passive micromixers in biopharmaceutical preparations. The T-type micromixer with periodic 45° oblique helical groove is proposed to improve the mixing performance. The effects of different Reynolds numbers and groove structure on vortex evolution and mixing performance of the micromixer is investigated by numerical simulation. The mixing performance of T-type micromixer with oblique helical groove is compared with conventional baffle and cylindrical obstacle mixers. The flow behavior, mixing uniformity, and pressure drop are analyzed. The results show that the stable annular vortices are induced by oblique helical groove, and the steady chaotic convection is formed at low Reynolds number (<em>Re</em> &lt; 15). The Dean vortices superimpose in the same direction and scour the corners of the channel by the optimized four-wall helical groove, that the stagnant wake area effectively reduces. The mixing uniformity of T-type micromixer with oblique helical groove reaches 0.95 at <em>Re</em> = 15. The pressure drop and mixing uniformity of T-type micromixer with oblique helical groove are superior to the conventional micromixers. With the progressive flow transition mechanism, the energy utilization efficiency of the micromixer with oblique helical groove is effectively improved.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9929,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification","volume":"222 ","pages":"Article 110728"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146186709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization of propylene yield in the oxidative dehydrogenation of propane with series membrane reactors using CFD simulation and multivariate analysis","authors":"Tomás E. Rodríguez ,&nbsp;Hugo Pérez-Pastenes ,&nbsp;Mario E. Cordero ,&nbsp;Leo Alvarado-Perea ,&nbsp;Luis Ricárdez-Sandoval","doi":"10.1016/j.cep.2026.110742","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cep.2026.110742","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>An optimization study of the propylene yield in the oxidative dehydrogenation of propane (ODHP) using series-connected packed bed membrane reactors (PBMR) was performed. A set of experiments involving changes in oxygen dosage percentages per stage (10–80 %), propane feed molar flow (4.04 × 10^–4 - 3.04 × 10^–3 mol s⁻¹), oxygen/propane ratio (0.5 - 4), and reactor temperature (673.15 - 773.15 K) were considered in this study. A two-dimensional, steady-state, isothermal computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of the PBMR over a reported kinetics of a V/MgO catalyst was used to obtain the data for this system (4320 tests in total). Multivariate analysis techniques such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression were implemented to gain new insights into the PBMR operation and to predict the optimal conditions. The optimization results provided a maximum propylene yield of 52.3 %, revealing that decreasing oxygen concentration from the first to the second reactor improved the overall process performance. Moreover, this study showed that finding optimal operating conditions for this system are important for increasing propylene yield since these results were obtained between low to moderate propane feed flow, an oxygen/propane ratio of 0.5, and a moderate temperature of 720.26 K.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9929,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification","volume":"222 ","pages":"Article 110742"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146186759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated pretreatment–membrane systems for water and wastewater treatment: A critical review on fouling control and combined process efficiency","authors":"Shikha Jha ,&nbsp;Aditya Tripathi,&nbsp;Brijesh Kumar Mishra","doi":"10.1016/j.cep.2026.110722","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cep.2026.110722","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Membrane technologies such as microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, and reverse osmosis are widely used for water and wastewater treatment due to their high separation efficiency of pollutants. However, membrane fouling remains the inherent challenge, leading to reduced flux, higher energy demand, and frequent chemical cleaning. Pretreatment plays an important role in controlling fouling, improving membrane lifespan, and maintaining stable operation. This review presents a comprehensive overview of state-of-the-art pretreatment approaches, ranging from conventional methods such as coagulation–flocculation, sedimentation, and adsorption to advanced processes like electrocoagulation, oxidation, biological pretreatment, and others. Particular emphasis is given on how different pretreatment methods target specific foulants, such as suspended solids, organic and inorganic matter, colloids, and biofilm-forming microorganisms, and reduce the type of pollutants. The effectiveness of each strategy in combination with the membrane filtration process is critically discussed in enhancing pollutant removal, reducing fouling propensity, and improving overall sustainability of the system. Further, the review discusses a rationale behind choosing a pretreatment process based on types of water, environmental sustainability, cost-effectiveness, and other factors. It concludes with the future research directions aimed at developing energy-efficient, cost-effective, and environmentally sustainable pretreatment technologies for the membrane filtration process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9929,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification","volume":"222 ","pages":"Article 110722"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146102465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancement of thin-film composite membrane properties and performance by using modified silicon dioxide for forward osmosis process","authors":"Dhiyaa A. Hussein Al-Timimi ,&nbsp;Maryam Y. Ghadhban ,&nbsp;Afraa H. Kamel ,&nbsp;Qusay F. Alsalhy ,&nbsp;Amir Jangizehi ,&nbsp;Seyed Abdollatif Hashemifard ,&nbsp;Alireza Shakeri ,&nbsp;Christoph Bantz ,&nbsp;Michael Maskos ,&nbsp;Sebastian Seiffert","doi":"10.1016/j.cep.2026.110726","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cep.2026.110726","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The economic and environmental costs are one of the important factors to take into account before any membrane separation-based method is commercialized. Achieving this objective depends partially on the role that fabrication and operating factors play. For the water desalination purpose, we presented a methodical study for the construction of thin-film composite (TFC)-forward osmosis (FO) membranes. Meanwhile, the surface properties of the manufactured TFC membranes were inspected through a series of characterization methods. The influence of incorporating polyethyleneimine (PEI)-modified silicon dioxide (SiO₂) nanoparticles into the substrate, m-phenylenediamine (MPD) aqueous solution, and trimesoyl chloride (TMC) organic phase was analyzed. To optimize the FO membrane performance, the PES substrate porous structure were manipulated via the polymer concentration and fixed amount of modified SiO₂ nanoparticles. Likewise, the influence of membrane orientation, feed solution concentration, draw solute, and flow rate on the FO process were systematically investigated. The outcomes revealed that the modified NPs and the host polymer composition of the porous structure-substrate membrane significantly impacted the potential to customize the TFC-FO performance in terms of permeability and reverse salt flux. For substrate membrane with 16% PES and 0.7% modified nanoparticles (M1), the water flow enhanced by about 700% (reach 151.7 ±2.2 (liter/m² hr) LMH than the pristine membrane M0, which had a value of 20.1 ±3.1 LMH). Similarly, for AL-FS orientation, the water flux for the TFC1 (16% PES and 0.7% modified nanoparticles for substrate) membrane reported an enhancement by about 200% with about the same reverse salt flux (RSF), that reach 12.71 LMH and an RSF of 1.6 gMH, comparing with pristine membrane TFC0 (16% PES and without modified nanoparticles for substrate) that has just 3.9 LMH and RSF of 1.5 gMH. These results reveal an excellent potential for SiO₂-PEI on tailored membrane performance and considerably outperform those achieved by pure PES substrate membrane.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9929,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification","volume":"222 ","pages":"Article 110726"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146186758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Photooxidation of citronellol to rose oxide intermediate in a visible LED-based photomicroreactor","authors":"You Ma ,&nbsp;Mohsin Pasha ,&nbsp;Yuhan Wang ,&nbsp;Guozhi Qian ,&nbsp;Saier Liu ,&nbsp;Xiao Xue ,&nbsp;Minjing Shang ,&nbsp;Yuanhai Su","doi":"10.1016/j.cep.2026.110739","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cep.2026.110739","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rose oxide is a valuable fragrance compound, and its synthesis via citronellol photooxidation represents a greener route than traditional methods. However, this reaction is limited by inefficient mass and photon transfer in conventional reactors. In this work, a visible LED-based photomicroreactor system was designed to intensify citronellol photooxidation process. Initially, an investigation was carried out to study the effects of various parameters, including flow rate ratio, residence time, TPP loading, LED input power and microreactor inner diameter. After eliminating the mass transfer limitations, the reaction mechanism of citronellol photooxidation was discussed, and an intrinsic kinetic model was established. The photon flux was characterized by chemical actinometry. From this, the absorbed photon equivalent (<em>APE</em>) was determined and identified as the key factor controlling the citronellol photooxidation. Guided by this kinetic model, the process scale-up was achieved with a diols yield of 89.1% and a photochemical space-time yield (<em>PSTY</em>) of 1.51 mol·W⁻¹·h⁻¹ through the increase of substrate concentrations. Excellent operational stability over 300 min was demonstrated for such a photomicroreactor system, further presenting a phenomenal process intensification and scale-up potential for its application on photochemical transformations.</div></div><div><h3>Statement of Novelty and Significance</h3><div>Photomicroreactors have high specific interfacial area that provides uniform irradiation of reaction mixtures and ensures process intensification for various photochemical transformations. In this work, we used TPP as photosensitizer, pure oxygen as source of oxygen atom, and Vis-LED as light source to investigate the photooxidation process of citronellol in the photomicroreactor. Photon flux in the photomicroreactor was characterized by a chemical actinometry. Reaction mechanism of the citronellol photooxidation was discussed and reaction kinetic model was established. It should be note that the kinetic investigation on this photochemical transformation has not been executed yet. Based on the research of operating conditions and the reaction kinetics model, the yield of diols reached 89.1 % within a residence time of 2.5 min at a high substrate concentration of 1.2 M, achieving a photochemical space-time yield of 1.51 mol·W⁻¹·h⁻¹. This outcome significantly outperformed the reaction performance within a batch reactor (78 % yield in 30 min). Such photomicroreactor systems present a high level of reaction efficiency, controllability and stability for photooxidation processes, showing potential on industrial applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9929,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification","volume":"222 ","pages":"Article 110739"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146186754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards energy-efficient spray drying: Geometric optimization of an ACLR nozzle for atomizing concentrated feeds","authors":"Miguel Ángel Ballesteros Martínez ,&nbsp;Benedikt Heider ,&nbsp;Volker Gaukel","doi":"10.1016/j.cep.2026.110745","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cep.2026.110745","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Spray drying is a key method for large-scale production of food powders but remains among the most energy-intensive processes in the food industry. Increasing the solids content of liquid feeds can lower thermal energy demand; however, higher viscosities complicate atomization. The Air-Core-Liquid-Ring (ACLR) nozzle presents a promising approach, as it enables atomization of viscous feeds at low pressures (&lt;0.8 MPa) and low air-to-liquid ratios (&lt;1). Nevertheless, existing ACLR designs suffer from internal flow instabilities, leading to fluctuations in liquid lamella thickness and broad droplet size distributions. This study applies a validated CFD model to systematically investigate the influence of key geometric parameters on lamella stability for feeds with up to 54% wt. dry matter (1.33 Pa·s viscosity). The results indicate that a shorter outlet length, a larger chamber inclination, and rounded internal edges promote thinner and more stable lamellas. An optimized design incorporating these features was manufactured and experimentally evaluated, yielding a narrower droplet size distribution than the reference design, even at operating pressures and air-to-liquid ratios reduced by 40%. These findings demonstrate the energetic (of up to 45% when compared to a pressure-swirl nozzle) and operational savings when applying the ACLR nozzle at industrial scale.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9929,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification","volume":"222 ","pages":"Article 110745"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146186708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multistep continuous flow synthesis of 4-amino-1-naphthol hydrochloride in a microreactor system","authors":"Jinhua Shi ,&nbsp;Zhiwei Zhang ,&nbsp;Bingxin Zhu ,&nbsp;Taotao Fu ,&nbsp;Zheng Wang ,&nbsp;Guobing Li ,&nbsp;Qingzhao Liu ,&nbsp;Yancong Yin ,&nbsp;Kaihao Li ,&nbsp;Zhiqiang Qin ,&nbsp;Fumin Wang ,&nbsp;Xubin Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.cep.2026.110747","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cep.2026.110747","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>4-Amino-1-naphthol hydrochloride has attracted significant attention as a potential pharmaceutical intermediate. Traditional batch synthesis processes face challenges such as harsh reaction conditions, low space-time yield, and safety concerns. An efficient continuous-flow microreaction system was proposed to achieve efficient production of 4-amino-1-naphthol hydrochloride. Optimal reaction conditions were determined, with the total residence time controlled within 20 min, achieving a solid yield of 82.6% and a space-time yield of 16.9 <em>g</em>·L⁻¹·h⁻¹. Kinetic study of aniline diazotization was conducted. Detailed experimental analysis and DFT theoretical verification were conducted to address abnormal phenomena during the optimization of diazotization and diazo coupling reactions. Stability analysis of Na₂S₂O₄ in NaOH aqueous solutions was conducted to facilitate their application in industrial continuous production. Through appropriate design and optimization, this micro-reaction system can be further applied to the continuous synthesis of other molecules containing amino functional groups.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9929,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification","volume":"222 ","pages":"Article 110747"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146186760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sono-deagglomeration of zeolites: Kinetic and energy analysis","authors":"Matthias Adams ,&nbsp;Georgios D. Stefanidis ,&nbsp;Tom Van Gerven","doi":"10.1016/j.cep.2026.110743","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cep.2026.110743","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The performance of zeolites is linked to their particle size distribution, making control over particle size critically important. This work investigates the sono-deagglomeration behavior of NaZSM-5 and NaY, focusing on the energy-size reduction relationship and process kinetics using Kapur functions. Both zeolites were successfully deagglomerated, and the energy-size reduction relationship was independent of the input power. However, the exact relationship appeared to be compound specific. The influence of the ultrasonic device type was examined by comparing a plate and horn transducer. The horn outperformed the plate due to its ability to generate stronger acoustic streaming. For both devices, the energy-size reduction relationship remained independent of power. Tests with three solid loadings (5, 10, and 20 w/w%) showed that higher loadings are energetically more favorable. Additionally, these tests indicated that the specific breakage rate scales with power raised to an exponent between 0.3 and 0.5. Lastly, three ultrasonic modes (continuous, pulsed, variable power) were evaluated. All modes followed the same energy-size reduction trend, indicating the ultrasound mode does not influence deagglomeration. In conclusion, size reduction is governed by the total calorimetric energy input and device choice, rather than power or mode.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9929,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification","volume":"222 ","pages":"Article 110743"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146186707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}