Cement & concrete composites最新文献

{"title":"Mechanistic insights into lattice activation in improving high-temperature performance of alkali-activated fly ash geopolymers","authors":"Wenbin Yuan ,&nbsp;Hui Li ,&nbsp;Dawang Zhang ,&nbsp;Tiancheng Pan ,&nbsp;Yanzhi Li","doi":"10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2025.106305","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2025.106305","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To promote the high-temperature application of Alkali Activated Fly Ash Geopolymer (AAFA), a \"lattice activation\" method was employed to prepare AAFA. The microstructure and morphology of the supernatant and precipitation during the lattice activation process were systematically analyzed. In addition, the nanostructure, chemical composition and pore structure evolution of AAFA slurry exposure to different temperatures were characterized. The results revealed that the crystal structure of mullite and quartz in FA is changed by lattice activation, and 83 % mullite is activated and transformed into amorphous phase. After exposure to 1000 °C, the residual compressive strength of the lattice activation method increased by 73.4 %, reaching 43.7 MPa, compared to the conventional paste. Furthermore, the activation mechanism of mullite during lattice activation and the roles of the supernatant and precipitation in the polymerization process were deeply investigated. These findings demonstrate that the lattice activation method effectively enhances the utilization of crystalline and amorphous phases in fly ash, improves the thermal stability of the gel structure, and significantly optimizes the high-temperature performance of AAFA. This study provides new insights into the development of thermally durable, low-carbon cementitious materials and highlights the potential of lattice activation as an innovative strategy in the field of alkali-activated materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9865,"journal":{"name":"Cement & concrete composites","volume":"165 ","pages":"Article 106305"},"PeriodicalIF":13.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144906207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of hybrid recycled polypropylene and natural kenaf fibres on spalling prevention of ultra-high performance concrete at elevated temperatures","authors":"Kevin Jia Le Lee ,&nbsp;Kang Hai Tan","doi":"10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2025.106304","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2025.106304","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The diverse thermal responses of polymer and natural fibres have often been exploited to mitigate explosive spalling of ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) in the literature. The effectiveness of these fibres is largely attributed to their ability to increase permeability – an important factor that governs the spalling behaviour of UHPC at elevated temperatures. With an increasing emphasis on sustainable solutions for advanced building materials, this study investigates the combined effects of recycled polypropylene (PP) fibres and natural kenaf fibres on the workability, spalling behaviour, residual permeability, compressive and flexural strengths of UHPC exposed to elevated temperatures. In addition, thermal analyses and microscopic observations were performed to elucidate the mechanisms behind the influence of hybrid fibres on the spalling behaviour and material properties of UHPC at elevated temperatures. The test results gathered from sixteen UHPC mixes containing different recycled PP (0, 2, 4 and 6 kg/m³) and kenaf fibre (0, 4, 8 and 12 kg/m³) contents showed that explosive spalling of UHPC could be completely mitigated with low contents of hybridised fibres. This effective approach was due to the complementary actions of these two fibres: shrinkage of kenaf fibres forming cavities and fissures, and expansion and melting of PP fibres creating microcracks and empty channels. These synergistic effects significantly enhanced permeability, facilitating vapour migration at high temperatures, while the hybrid fibres also improved spalling resistance, preserving residual compressive and flexural strengths of UHPC. Overall, an optimal hybrid fibre combination of 6 kg/m³ of recycled PP fibres and 4 kg/m³ of kenaf fibres was recommended, striking a balance between workability in the fresh state and spalling resistance at elevated temperatures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9865,"journal":{"name":"Cement & concrete composites","volume":"164 ","pages":"Article 106304"},"PeriodicalIF":13.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144901910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Three-dimensional rotating rigid-body structure fabricated with engineered cementitious composites for enhanced auxetic behavior and energy absorption","authors":"Zhanqi Cheng ,&nbsp;Jia Kang ,&nbsp;Panpan Zhu ,&nbsp;Peiying Wang ,&nbsp;Hu Feng","doi":"10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2025.106300","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2025.106300","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, a three-dimensional rotating rigid-body structure (3D-RR) was designed and successfully fabricated using engineered cementitious composites (ECC) via indirect 3D printing. Experimental tests and numerical simulations were conducted to systematically evaluate the compressive mechanical performance, including the deformation modes, stress–strain behavior, evolution of Poisson's ratio, and energy-absorption capacity. The auxetic behavior of the 3D-RR structure resulted from the rotation of its internal cubes. Under compression along the X, Y, and Z directions, it reached maximum strains of 33.5 %, 28.7 %, and 22.4 %, respectively, which were significantly higher than those of the 2D-RR structure (19.3 %), indicating superior deformability. The specific energy absorption (<span><math><mrow><mi>S</mi><mi>E</mi><mi>A</mi></mrow></math></span>) of 3D-RR also exceeded that of 2D-RR by 319.7 %, 27.7 %, and 142.6 % in the X, Y, and Z directions, respectively. Under impact loading, the 3D-RR exhibited excellent energy dissipation, with the <span><math><mrow><mi>S</mi><mi>E</mi><msub><mi>A</mi><mi>v</mi></msub></mrow></math></span> in the X direction reaching 185.20 <span><math><mrow><mi>J</mi><mo>/</mo><msup><mrow><mi>m</mi><mi>m</mi></mrow><mn>3</mn></msup></mrow></math></span>, while the Y and Z directions achieved 97.32 <span><math><mrow><mi>J</mi><mo>/</mo><msup><mrow><mi>m</mi><mi>m</mi></mrow><mn>3</mn></msup></mrow></math></span> and 98.02 <span><math><mrow><mi>J</mi><mo>/</mo><msup><mrow><mi>m</mi><mi>m</mi></mrow><mn>3</mn></msup></mrow></math></span>, respectively. These results highlight the 3D-RR's outstanding performance under both static and dynamic conditions. In summary, the 3D-RR structure's outstanding deformability and energy-absorption performance offer a scalable blueprint for high-performance, multifunctional cement-based infrastructure components, including multidirectional seismic isolators, vibration-damping high-speed-rail tracks, and impact-protection modules, and even paves the way for smart energy-harvesting devices via anisotropic auxetic strain coupling.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9865,"journal":{"name":"Cement & concrete composites","volume":"164 ","pages":"Article 106300"},"PeriodicalIF":13.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144896207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gas permeability of concrete under compressive creep during drying–wetting cycles","authors":"Robin Cartier,&nbsp;Jérôme Verdier,&nbsp;Hugo Cagnon,&nbsp;Thierry Vidal","doi":"10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2025.106302","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2025.106302","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Gas permeability is used as an indicator of concrete durability due to its strong correlation with material porosity. However, permeability is typically measured on unloaded specimens or under loading conditions that are not representative of actual structural applications. This experimental investigation aims to enhance the understanding of the impact of mechanical stress on the gas permeability and, by extension, concrete durability, under conditions approaching those of structural applications. For this purpose, a novel experimental setup was designed to measure radial gas flow through hollow concrete specimens under compressive creep loading. The setup was validated by comparing the measured gas permeabilities to those obtained using a Cembureau constant-head permeameter. The impact of two levels of compressive creep on the gas permeability of initially saturated concrete specimens was investigated over a 150-day drying period at 20 °C and 50 % relative humidity. Subsequently, the specimens were immersed in water until constant mass was reached and then dried a second time under identical hygro-mechanical conditions, in order to distinguish the effect of water saturation from that of hygro-mechanical cracking. The results show that sustained loading to 30 % of the concrete compressive strength has no significant impact on gas flow. However, loading concrete to 60 % of its compressive strength leads to a tenfold increase in measured gas permeability, compared to unloaded specimens. Monitoring the mass of the specimens revealed that the studied stress levels do not significantly impact drying kinetics. Therefore, the observed increase in gas permeability is attributed to hygro-mechanical damage.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9865,"journal":{"name":"Cement & concrete composites","volume":"165 ","pages":"Article 106302"},"PeriodicalIF":13.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144901911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Probing the micromechanical properties of seawater-mixed alkali-activated slag: Insights from nano-indentation and EDX","authors":"Keke Sun ,&nbsp;Xiang Gao ,&nbsp;Hafiz Asad Ali ,&nbsp;Ran Li ,&nbsp;Long Li ,&nbsp;Yamei Cai ,&nbsp;Dongxing Xuan ,&nbsp;Chi Sun Poon","doi":"10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2025.106301","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2025.106301","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Limited research has been conducted to elucidate the micro-scale strength degradation of seawater-mixed alkali-activated slag (AAS). In this study, the effects of the primary salts (e.g., NaCl, MgCl₂, CaCl₂ and Na₂SO₄) in seawater on the micro-mechanical properties of the AAS were evaluated by a combination of nanoindentation and quantitative BSE-EDS image analysis. The results showed that the sea salts could react with silicates from the activator, decreasing the content of silicates, which is necessary for strength development. In a low alkali system, the various salts in seawater caused severe strength degradation on the AAS, and the Mg ion was identified as a primary factor contributing to the deterioration of the modulus and hardness properties of the C-(A)-S-H gels. When a high alkali content was used, the micro-mechanical properties of the AAS were less vulnerable. Additionally, chloride in seawater preferentially reacted with dissolved Al to form Friedel's salt rather than hydrotalcite, as observed in the AAS prepared with deionized water. The formation of additional hydrotalcite and Friedel's salt in seawater-mixed AAS resulted in the improvement of the micro-mechanics of the gels around a dark rim of reaction products surrounding the slag particles observed in BSE-SEM images. This investigation provided guidance for using seawater as mixing water in AAS.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9865,"journal":{"name":"Cement & concrete composites","volume":"164 ","pages":"Article 106301"},"PeriodicalIF":13.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144903865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How does the crystal structure of MgO influence the hydration rate, phase composition, and performance of clay-based magnesium silicate hydrate cements?","authors":"Xiaowen Zhang ,&nbsp;Yi Xiang ,&nbsp;Nick Pourhashemi ,&nbsp;Juan Pablo Gevaudan","doi":"10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2025.106294","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2025.106294","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The crystal structure of magnesia (MgO) as a precursor for MgO-based cements (MBCs) is not often considered, which results in variable hydration rates and performance data for this promising class of alternative cements. Current literature reports a wide range of calcination temperatures (500°C-1000 °C) in the preparation of reactive MgO from Mg-rich carbonates or hydroxides, resulting in MgO powders with important differences in morphology, crystallography, and reactivity. This study investigates how the thermochemical conversion of hydrous magnesium carbonates (Mg₅(CO₃)₄(OH)₂•5H₂O) and brucite (Mg(OH)₂) at different temperatures (350°C–600 °C) yields MgO with distinct crystal structures and morphologies that influence hydration pathways in MBCs. Early hydration kinetics reveal that MBCs with hydroxide-derived MgO show increased initial dissolution with rising calcination temperature, while carbonate-derived MgO develops a dormant stage at higher temperatures. Analysis of XRD crystallite size evolution suggests different hydration behaviors: hydroxide-derived MgO shows complete loss of the MgO (111) reflection with concurrent appearance of Mg(OH)₂ (0001) peaks, while carbonate-derived MgO retains the (111) plane with only modest size reduction. These structural differences correlate with mechanical performance, as MBCs formulated with carbonate-derived MgO at 450 °C demonstrate 25 % higher compressive strength and improved water resistance (0.16 % expansion after immersion) compared to reference MBCs. These findings highlight the importance of MgO crystal structure in determining MBC hydration pathways and performance, while demonstrating that lower calcination temperatures can reduce energy consumption while maintaining or improving cement properties.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9865,"journal":{"name":"Cement & concrete composites","volume":"164 ","pages":"Article 106294"},"PeriodicalIF":13.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144907426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of novel antimicrobial air-entraining admixtures for biocorrosion control of concrete","authors":"Weichao Ying,&nbsp;Hailong Ye","doi":"10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2025.106296","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2025.106296","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microbially induced concrete corrosion poses a significant threat to the durability of concrete structures in sewage systems. Conventional antimicrobial agents often fail to provide prolonged protection and to address structural degradation of concrete caused by biogenic sulphate acids. This study proposes a novel approach by developing antimicrobial air-entraining admixtures (AAEAs) that combine the bactericidal properties with the air-entraining capabilities for accommodating deleterious expansive reaction in sulphate attacks, to enhance concrete resistance to biocorrosion. Two types of AAEAs were synthesized using dodecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (DTAC) as the active ingredient, with montmorillonite and activated carbon as carriers. The synthesized admixtures were characterized for their chemical structures, and their effects on concrete workability, mechanical properties, air void structure, and cement hydration were evaluated. Simulated biocorrosion tests demonstrated that the AAEAs reduced biocorrosion depth by up to 17.4 % and suppressed bacterial activity by up to 30.4 %. Immobilization on carriers drastically reduced DTAC leaching rates from 30-90 % to 1–20 % in cement paste, ensuring sustained efficacy. Notably, the controlled release of DTAC in acidic environments further optimized its bactericidal performance, minimizing ineffective leaching and prolonging protective effect. This study provides a promising solution to enhance the durability of concrete in corrosive environments, offering tailored options for regions with specific conditions, such as coastal or cold areas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9865,"journal":{"name":"Cement & concrete composites","volume":"164 ","pages":"Article 106296"},"PeriodicalIF":13.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144867112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Knowledge-driven machine learning for predicting corrosion rate of steel in mortar","authors":"Haodong Ji ,&nbsp;Zushi Tian ,&nbsp;Yong Xia ,&nbsp;Hailong Ye","doi":"10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2025.106299","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2025.106299","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Existing machine learning (ML) models for predicting the corrosion rate of steel in concrete are typically trained on data collected under steady state conditions, since the micro-environments around the steel under real world conditions are dynamic and difficult to monitor in real time. Capturing these dynamics for robust ML prediction remains a major challenge. In this work, corrosion experiments under cyclic drying-wetting conditions were conducted to replicate dynamic chloride ingress induced corrosion processes in reinforced concrete. By integrating mass transport modeling, sensor measurements, and experimental analysis with ML methods, a knowledge-driven ML model was developed. The results indicate that the use of the convection-diffusion equation effectively simulated chloride transport, providing time-varying chloride profile data around the steel. The chloride-to-hydroxide ratio and corrosion potential exhibit a strong correlation with the corrosion rate, highlighting their significance in corrosion prediction. Among the tested ML algorithms, the random forest model achieved the highest accuracy, further improving when time data was included as an input feature. Furthermore, model performance declined when training and evaluation were conducted using time-series based data partitioning rather than random partitioning, underscoring the strong temporal dependency of corrosion rate prediction. These findings demonstrate that incorporating time-dependency and physical insights alongside data-driven approaches can significantly enhance prediction accuracy and robustness, providing a promising pathway for reliable corrosion rate prediction in dynamic environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9865,"journal":{"name":"Cement & concrete composites","volume":"164 ","pages":"Article 106299"},"PeriodicalIF":13.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144867114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carbonation of ettringite and monosulfate: Product evolution, microstructure, and comparison","authors":"Hang Yang ,&nbsp;Yangyang Zhang ,&nbsp;Siqi Ding ,&nbsp;Qingxin Zhao ,&nbsp;Jun Chang ,&nbsp;Chi Sun Poon","doi":"10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2025.106297","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2025.106297","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) using cement-based materials offers significant potential for CO₂ sequestration. Integrating CCUS with calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA) cement, a promising low-carbon alternative, presents distinct advantages. However, the understanding of the carbonation mechanisms for ettringite (AFt) and monosulfate (AFm), the primary hydration products in CSA cement, remains inadequate. In this study, the carbonation processes of pure AFt and AFm minerals were systematically investigated, with a comparative analysis of their carbonation products. Both phases exhibited decreasing pH, size, and content, alongside increasing total pore volume over carbonation time. However, distinct carbonation mechanisms were observed. The carbonation of AFt proceeded rapidly, forming well-crystalline calcite and abundant plate-like gypsum, with a uniform pore volume distribution. In contrast, AFm carbonation progressed more slowly, forming larger quantities of CaCO₃, primarily as vaterite and amorphous calcium carbonate. Gypsum was formed as a secondary, later-stage product with prismatic morphology during AFm carbonation. Crucially, XRD, TG, FTIR and Raman analyses revealed that no crystalline or microcrystalline aluminum hydroxide (AH₃) was formed. The AH₃ with an amorphous nature was confirmed by TEM and ²⁷Al NMR characterizations, with both its content and disorder degree increasing progressively during carbonation. These findings illuminate the different carbonation behaviors of AFt and AFm and the microstructure of carbonation-derived AH₃, providing fundamental insights for advancing CCUS implementation in CSA cement systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9865,"journal":{"name":"Cement & concrete composites","volume":"164 ","pages":"Article 106297"},"PeriodicalIF":13.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144885421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reactions between BOF slag and acidic phosphate: shifting acid-base reaction towards hydration","authors":"Yanjie Tang ,&nbsp;Katrin Schollbach ,&nbsp;Sieger van der Laan ,&nbsp;Wei Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2025.106298","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2025.106298","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The growing demand for sustainable cement alternatives, coupled with the underutilization of Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF) slag in high-value applications, underscores the need for innovative binder solutions to reduce CO₂ emissions and waste. This study addresses the challenge of limited hydration in BOF slag, which restricts its use as a cement-free binder in conventional alkaline activation. A novel approach using monopotassium phosphate (MKP) at dosages below 10 wt% is proposed to activate the latent hydraulic phases of BOF slag, specifically dicalcium silicate (C₂S) and brownmillerite (C₂(A,F)), at ambient temperature. The microstructure and strength development of BOF slag pastes were examined using a multi-technique approach, including quantitative XRD, SEM/EDX with phase mapping, TGA, calorimetric measurements, MIP, etc. The dosage of MKP is pivotal in modulating the transition from acid-base reactions to sustained hydration in BOF slag-based binders. Findings demonstrate that MKP enhances C₂S and C₂(A,F) hydration, producing hydrotalcite, pyroaurite, C-S-H gel, hydrogarnet, and hydroxyapatite-like phases. An optimal MKP dosage of 5 wt% achieves maximum strength at both 7 and 28 days (19.9 and 44.5 MPa), while 2.5 wt% MKP affects slightly 7-day hydration but promotes 28-day hydration. Conversely, excessive MKP (10 wt%) triggers rapid early reactions, forming large pores that impair strength. These results underscore the critical need for balanced phosphate dosages to optimize hydration and mechanical performance, offering a viable strategy for valorizing BOF slag in sustainable construction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9865,"journal":{"name":"Cement & concrete composites","volume":"164 ","pages":"Article 106298"},"PeriodicalIF":13.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144867111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}