Cement & concrete composites最新文献

{"title":"Insight into the mechanism of sulfate and magnesium ions on chloride diffusion and phase assemblage in limestone calcined clay cement (LC3)","authors":"Shukai Cheng ,&nbsp;Kang Chen ,&nbsp;Xuyong Chen ,&nbsp;Yibing Zuo ,&nbsp;Jian-Xin Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2025.106147","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2025.106147","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Limestone calcined clay cement <strong>(</strong>LC³), a low-carbon cementitious material, has demonstrated outstanding resistance to chloride ion penetration. However, the real environment is rich in many harmful ions beyond chloride ions, including sulfate and magnesium ions, making the interactions among these ions highly complex. This study systematically explores the impact of sulfate ions and the synergistic effects of sulfate and magnesium ions on the chloride ion transport properties and chloride ions binding capacity of LC³. The characteristics of phase assemblage, pore structure, and microstructure vary differently under different environments. Furthermore, a thermodynamic model was employed to determine the impact of ion concentration and type on the phase assemblage. The findings suggest that within LC³, sulfate ions significantly affect Friedel's salt stability, converting it into ettringite (Ett). In addition, sulfate ions can combine with monosulfate (Ms) or undergo ion exchange with hemicarboaluminate (Hc)/monocarboaluminate (Mc) to form Ett, refining the pore structure and reducing the diffusion coefficient of chloride ions. However, prolonged exposure leads to sample expansion, accelerating the diffusion rate of chloride ions. Furthermore, the duration of sulfate ion inhibition on chloride diffusion is associated with the content of calcium aluminate phases. The combined attack of sulfate and magnesium ions lead to C-(A)-S-H decalcification, generation of gypsum and brucite, and decomposition of Friedel's salt and Ett, which further degrades matrix and promotes chloride ion diffusion. However, reducing the clinker amount in LC³ effectively enhances chloride binding capacity and reduces gypsum and brucite formation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9865,"journal":{"name":"Cement & concrete composites","volume":"162 ","pages":"Article 106147"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144145648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of photocatalytic ZnO-geopolymer composites: degradation of methylene blue and α-pinene","authors":"Jamie Wilson ,&nbsp;Xinyuan Ke ,&nbsp;Daniel Maskell ,&nbsp;Richard J. Ball","doi":"10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2025.106125","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2025.106125","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Alkali-activated ZnO–geopolymer composites were synthesised using metakaolin to investigate their photocatalytic degradation efficiency toward methylene blue and α-pinene under 253.7 nm irradiation. Composites prepared with bulk Si/Al molar ratios (1 and 2), ZnO/Al loadings (0.10, 0.15, and 0.20), were characterised using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), N₂-sorption, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and UV–vis spectroscopy. A custom-built flow cell was used for gas-phase α-pinene degradation, while aqueous methylene blue degradation was evaluated under batch conditions. A key finding of the study was that increasing ZnO content led to matrix densification, reduced surface area, and blue shifting of the adsorption band. Structural studies revealed that ZnO was integrated into the geopolymer framework through bonding with aluminium within the composite. The highest 160 mg/L methylene blue removal (91.05 %) was achieved by a geopolymer with Si/Al ratio of 2 and attributed to naturally occurring TiO₂ phases in the metakaolin coupled with a high surface area. These samples exhibited superior continuous α-pinene degradation, with a maximum removal of 26.93 %, which was attributed to reduced Al–OH surface groups and lower hydrophilicity, favouring VOC adsorption. Significantly, this research identifies the critical parameters of incorporating ZnO into a geopolymer framework, suggesting that both the concentration of ZnO added, and the microstructural modification induced by ZnO play important roles in determining photocatalytic activity. This study revealed how ZnO influences the physicochemical characteristics of geopolymers, and the remediation mechanism of pollutants from aqueous and gaseous environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9865,"journal":{"name":"Cement & concrete composites","volume":"162 ","pages":"Article 106125"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144104280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of high-performance phosphogypsum-based cementitious materials through CO2-assisted alkali activation","authors":"Yong Zheng ,&nbsp;Kai Cui ,&nbsp;Yingliang Zhao ,&nbsp;Weiwei Wu ,&nbsp;Peiliang Shen ,&nbsp;Chi Sun Poon","doi":"10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2025.106144","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2025.106144","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Phosphogypsum (PG)-based cementitious materials often suffer from low strength and poor water resistance, especially when incorporating a high volume of PG. This issue arises mainly from the high solubility of CaSO₄·2H₂O. This study develops a novel CO₂-assisted alkali activation method for phosphogypsum-based cementitious materials (HPCM), improving compressive strength to 49.3 MPa (+50.83 %) and enhancing water resistance (softening coefficient: 0.97). The presence of alkali created a favorable environment for the carbonation of PG, forming a core-shell structure with PG as the core and calcite and C-S-H forming the inner layer and outer shell, respectively. This core-shell structure effectively mitigated sulfate leaching during alkali activation while enhancing the chemical bonding within the matrix. Furthermore, the SO₄²⁻ released from PG reacted with the dissolved Al phase to form AFt, which, combined with C-(N)-A-S-H, further strengthened the bond between PG and the matrix. This approach integrates carbonation and alkali activation in preparing PG-based cementitious materials, providing a synergistic method for the resource utilization of PG. The CO₂-assisted alkali activation of PG significantly reduced the leaching of hazardous elements, with P and F concentrations decreasing from 146.5 mg/L and 87.63 mg/L in raw PG to approximately 1 mg/L in HPCM. Heavy metals were effectively immobilized within AFt and C-A-S-H phases, demonstrating the potential of HPCM for safe and sustainable utilization of PG in construction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9865,"journal":{"name":"Cement & concrete composites","volume":"162 ","pages":"Article 106144"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144104283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physical and chemical processes in alkali-activated aluminosilicates at high temperatures and their effect on functional properties: A critical review","authors":"Jitka Krejsová,&nbsp;Robert Černý","doi":"10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2025.106143","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2025.106143","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Alkali-activated aluminosilicates (AAA) are considered a potential environmentally friendly alternative to traditional concrete. Previous studies also showed their better high-temperature performance as compared with cement-based composites. In this paper, a comprehensive assessment of AAA's behavior at high temperatures is presented. A detailed analysis of physical and chemical processes taking place in AAA in a high-temperature range is performed at first. The findings gathered make then it possible to summarize how exposure to high temperatures changes AAA's microstructure and phase composition and how it affects macroscopic properties. The great potential of AAA for a broad range of applications requiring high-temperature resistance is confirmed. The advantages of AAA stem mainly from the fact that their structure is stable even without water molecules (or OH⁻ groups) and further from the ability to self-heal during geopolymerization, which is enabled both by temperature-induced geopolymerization and, at higher temperatures (typically above 800 °C), by sintering. Mortars with high-temperature resistant aggregate and suitable fibers can be considered as the optimal form of AAA, as pastes exhibit high shrinkage during high-temperature exposure. The critical analysis of extensive datasets reveals some gaps in the current state of knowledge, such as the lack of a consolidated understanding of phase transformations and microstructure-property relationships at high temperatures. Additionally, certain aspects remain unclear, among them the suitability of using low-melting or natural fibers that would be able to create paths for water release during heating from the dense matrix, the optimal Si/Al ratio, or the optimal activator solution.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9865,"journal":{"name":"Cement & concrete composites","volume":"162 ","pages":"Article 106143"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144113434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of the effects of the biochar in different fractions on cement composites","authors":"Ping Ye ,&nbsp;Binglin Guo ,&nbsp;Huyong Qin ,&nbsp;Cheng Wang ,&nbsp;Yang Liu ,&nbsp;Yuyang Chen ,&nbsp;Pengfei Bian ,&nbsp;Cun Wang ,&nbsp;Di Lu ,&nbsp;Lei Wang ,&nbsp;Qi Cao ,&nbsp;Weiping Zhao ,&nbsp;Li Hong ,&nbsp;Jinli Qiu ,&nbsp;Peng Gao ,&nbsp;Binggen Zhan ,&nbsp;Qijun Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2025.106142","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2025.106142","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The investigation of biochar (BC) as a whole can't fully reveal the effect of its heterogeneous structure on the properties of cement composites. In this study, the effects of these different fractions, including sediment particles (SeP), suspended coarse particles (CP), and soluble components and ultrafine particles (SCUP), obtained from 300 °C, 500 °C, and 700 °C pyrolyzed biochar via physical decomposition on the properties of cement composites were explored. The results indicated that the particle size of original biochar was smaller than that of SeP, while the particle sizes of CP and SeP in low-temperature biochar were larger than those in high-temperature biochar. The addition of SeP at 500 °C to cement composites exhibited the highest compressive strength, which increased by 1.63 % compared to the control. This is because SeP at 500 °C exhibits the best superposition effect of filling, nucleation and internal curing effects in cement composites. Meanwhile, biochar reduced the setting time of the cement, with SeP at 500 °C exhibiting the most pronounced effect, reducing the composite's setting time by 18 % compared to the control. Furthermore, the machine learning results indicated that SeP has the strongest correlation with the compressive strength of cement composites. Our findings provide new insights to realize the full potential of biochar in cement composites.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9865,"journal":{"name":"Cement & concrete composites","volume":"162 ","pages":"Article 106142"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144097015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermodynamic modeling of carbonated Portland cement under groundwater and seawater conditions","authors":"Naru Kim ,&nbsp;Joonho Seo ,&nbsp;Jeong Gook Jang ,&nbsp;Hyeju Kim ,&nbsp;H.K. Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2025.106141","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2025.106141","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aimed to investigate the phase assemblages of Portland cement (PC) samples and eluate compositions for various water compositions and liquid/solid (L/S) ratios using thermodynamic equilibrium calculations. Specifically, diverse groundwater and seawater compositions were selected as eluates to represent practical leaching conditions. Samples made of PC with carbonation degrees of 0, 10, 20, and 30 % were modeled under exposure to pure water, CO₂-rich and sulfatic groundwater, and normal and CO₂-rich seawater leaching conditions. The phase alterations, leached amounts of ions, and changes in the C-S-H compositions of normal or carbonated samples with exponentially increasing L/S ratios were observed. The carbonated samples showed decreased Ca leaching but accelerated decomposition of C-S-H due to the formation of calcite. In addition, the formation of thaumasite was significantly greater in the carbonated samples under the sulfatic groundwater and normal seawater leaching conditions. Subsequently, the modeling outcomes were compared with results from field studies reported in earlier literatures on the leaching of PC systems to bridge the calculations to realistic leaching behaviors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9865,"journal":{"name":"Cement & concrete composites","volume":"162 ","pages":"Article 106141"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144067263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preliminary study on in-situ spore germination at different crack depths in bacteria-based self-healing concrete","authors":"Fuxing Hou,&nbsp;Di Shen,&nbsp;You Diao,&nbsp;Hanyu Guo,&nbsp;Jianyun Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2025.106140","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2025.106140","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bacteria-based self-healing concrete is promising in sustainable constructions, while the germination of carbonate precipitating bacterial spores in crack zone is the start of the healing process, and hence has great impact on crack healing efficiency. In this study, the Ca-alginate hydrogel sheets encapsulated spores were pre-embedded at specific crack depths, and the in-situ germination behavior of bacterial spores was monitored by an optical oxygen microprobe. The influence of crack depth and crack environment (pH and Ca²⁺) on spore germination was extensively examined. The results showed that the oxygen distribution within the crack was heterogeneous, with oxygen easily available at the crack mouth and difficult to diffuse in the deep part. The germination time of the spores at 1/3 and 2/3 crack depth was 1d and 2d, respectively. With two spores containing hydrogel sheets embedded at the same time, the spore germination at 2/3 crack depth was further delayed about 2d. The Ca²⁺ concentration was heterogeneous within the crack, increasing significantly from about 0 mM (surface) to 80 mM (40 mm deep), which had a limited influence on spore germination. The pH distribution was also heterogeneous. The pH value at the crack mouth was about 11 and increased to more than 12.5 at the crack deeper part, indicating that pH might be a controlling factor affecting spore germination at different crack regions. The uneven distribution of oxygen concentration and pH in the crack had a significant influence on the spore germination, and hence affect the healing efficiency at different crack depths.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9865,"journal":{"name":"Cement & concrete composites","volume":"162 ","pages":"Article 106140"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144083268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Positive effects of sulfates on performance of cement paste incorporating low-grade, high-aluminum steel slag","authors":"Nannan Zhang ,&nbsp;Gao Deng ,&nbsp;Wenyu Liao ,&nbsp;Chuanlin Hu ,&nbsp;Hongyan Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2025.106134","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2025.106134","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Steel slag with high aluminum (Al) content significantly delays the early hydration of cement when used as a supplementary cementitious material (SCM). To address this challenge, this study investigates the effects of gypsum (Gy) and sodium sulfate (SS) additions on the performance of cement pastes with 30 % high-Al ladle metallurgy furnace (LMF) slag. The mechanical properties, hydration kinetics, phase evolution, as well as the early-age hydration mechanism were explored. The results indicate that C₃S hydration is substantially inhibited under high-Al conditions, mainly attributed to the rapid dissolution and reaction of reactive aluminates (particularly mayenite) in the slag. Both Gy and SS additions promote the early hydration of the blended pastes, albeit through distinct mechanisms. The addition of Gy tends to suppress mayenite dissolution, thereby mitigating the retardation of C₃S hydration by postponing aluminum release; however, in sufficiently sulfated pastes (i.e., containing 15 % Gy), where renewed aluminate dissolution occurs after C₃S hydration, delayed hydration of C₃S compared to PC can still be observed. The addition of SS does not appear to affect mayenite dissolution due to the low calcium concentration; however, C₃S hydration is not inhibited, as the high alkalinity mitigates the inhibitory effects of aluminum on C₃S dissolution. Instead, SS promotes C₃S hydration, primarily by increasing the ionic strength of the solution. Consequently, the addition of sulfate (particularly SS) enhances early-age (within 3 days) compressive strength of the blended pastes, while excessive sulfate addition can compromise late-age strength.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9865,"journal":{"name":"Cement & concrete composites","volume":"162 ","pages":"Article 106134"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144066743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantitative evaluation for fracture properties of 3D printed ultra-high-performance concrete loaded in different directions","authors":"Shutong Yang,&nbsp;Zhengyuan Chen,&nbsp;Tian Lan,&nbsp;Tiange Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2025.106110","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2025.106110","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The integration of ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) with 3D printing technology introduces the revolutionary potential, offering exceptional mechanical properties, enhanced design flexibility, and automated construction processes. However, without additional reinforcement, the fracture performance of 3D-printed UHPC (3DP-UHPC) becomes critical to the crack resistance structures. To address the gaps in existing research, this study developed a closed-form fracture model to evaluate its fracture properties in varying loading conditions and copper-plated straight steel fiber dosages. The fracture mechanisms of 3DP-UHPC under different loading directions were systematically analyzed using fracture tests on 155 beams. By introducing the meso-structural characteristic parameter (<em>C</em>_ch) and discrete coefficients indicating the heterogeneity and discontinuity of 3DP-UHPC, the fracture model was developed allowing for determining size-independent tensile strength (<em>f</em>_t) and fracture toughness (<em>K</em>_IC). The results revealed that <em>C</em>_ch proved to be the average aggregate size for specimens loaded aligned with the printing direction and the average fiber spacing in other loading directions. The fracture properties of 3DP-UHPC exhibited pronounced directional dependency, with <em>f</em>_t and <em>K</em>_IC significantly higher when the specimens were loaded in the vertical direction of the printing compared to parallel loading. The fibers substantially improved the fracture resistance, particularly at the 1.5 % dosage, where fibers aligned perpendicular to the cracked section contributed most to crack resistance, achieving <em>f</em>_t of 49.43 MPa and <em>K</em>_IC of 5.28 MPa∙m^1/2. The reliability of the model was statistically validated by incorporating results of specimens with varying notch-to-height ratios and heights into the normality analysis, confirming the size independence of the derived fracture parameters.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9865,"journal":{"name":"Cement & concrete composites","volume":"162 ","pages":"Article 106110"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144066164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel ultra-high residual strength-enhanced geopolymer incorporated corundum aggregates after elevated temperature exposure","authors":"Yi Li ,&nbsp;Ruiwen Jiang ,&nbsp;Xinyi Ran ,&nbsp;Peipeng Li","doi":"10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2025.106137","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2025.106137","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In order to improve the high temperature resistance of building materials and develop a material that does not need to be repaired after fire, this paper develops a novel high temperature resistant geopolymer with metakaolin-fly ash blended precursor and corundum aggregates, characterized by thermal enhanced ultra-high residual strength. The surface morphology, mass loss, volume shrinkage, compressive strength, mineral composition, nanomechanical properties, microstructure, and pore distribution of geopolymer mortar before and after exposure to elevated temperatures ranging from 20 to 1000 °C are tested and analyzed. The effects of different aggregate types, volume fractions and particle size gradations on performance evolution and thermal incompatibility in geopolymer mortar are clarified and discussed. The results show that corundum aggregates utilization can significantly improve the mechanical properties and high temperature resistance of geopolymer mortar. The finer corundum aggregates with a smaller fineness modulus of 1.55 tends to better alleviate aggregates deterioration and mitigate thermal incompatibility between aggregate and geopolymer paste, thus improves the microstructure and pore distribution, residual compressive strength of the geopolymer mortar after high temperatures. With the increase of exposure temperatures, the designed geopolymer materials innovatively experiences a continuously enhanced strength attributed to the excellent precursor sintering and aggregate thermal compatibility, instead of severe strength degradation in most normal cementitious materials. By using corundum aggregate and optimized particle size distribution, the ultra-high residual compressive strength and strength retention rate could be achieved after exposure to 1000 °C for 1 h up to 148.5 MPa and 272 %, respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9865,"journal":{"name":"Cement & concrete composites","volume":"162 ","pages":"Article 106137"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143980134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}