Cement & concrete composites最新文献

{"title":"An intelligent optimization and comprehensive performance decision-making method for ECC mix proportion based on machine learning","authors":"Zhichen Liu ,&nbsp;Linggang Wei ,&nbsp;Yiqun Qu ,&nbsp;Jialing Wang ,&nbsp;Shijun Hu ,&nbsp;Yinglong Song ,&nbsp;Deping Deng ,&nbsp;Chunping Wang ,&nbsp;Zhuowen Feng ,&nbsp;Zhengdong Wang ,&nbsp;Zuhua Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2026.106532","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2026.106532","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Engineered Cementitious Composite (ECC) has been increasingly adopted in frame columns due to its excellent mechanical properties. However, in engineering practice, how to quickly select an appropriate mix design that balances performance and cost-effectiveness remains a challenge. In this study, a machine learning and mechanical performance-driven selection method was established. First, a high-fidelity dataset comprising 240 sets of data with 18 input variables was constructed. Next, hyperparameter tuning of the algorithmic model was performed using random search combined with Fourier optimization, followed by Pearson correlation analysis, prediction accuracy evaluation, and Shapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) analysis on the dataset. Finally, multiple possible mix designs were generated based on the prediction model and the target concrete compressive strength. These were sequentially processed through a constructed mechanical model, the weight coefficient allocation and normalization calculation process, and a comprehensive performance index model, ultimately obtaining the optimal mix design. A case study was presented to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed method. In the prediction model, the CatBoost algorithm model developed achieved high prediction accuracy for ECC performance, with <em>R</em>-values of 0.97, 0.95, and 0.91 for compressive strength, tensile strength, and tensile strain, respectively.Factors affecting ECC's mechanical properties mainly include the water-to-binder ratio, cement, silica fume, and fiber fracture elongation, with their average SHAP values over twice those of other inputs. Additionally, a design case validates the rationality of the design method proposed in this study. This study can provide guidance for the broader application of ECC in practical engineering.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9865,"journal":{"name":"Cement & concrete composites","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 106532"},"PeriodicalIF":13.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146152969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Further enhancement of high-temperature resistance of the LC3 system: a novel perspective on the aragonite-calcite phase transition using waste mussel shell powder","authors":"Leqing Lin ,&nbsp;Mingjun Xie ,&nbsp;Xu Li ,&nbsp;Jingbo Wang ,&nbsp;Yu Jin ,&nbsp;Baojian Zhan ,&nbsp;Yaocheng Wang ,&nbsp;Zhengwu Jiang ,&nbsp;Feng Xing ,&nbsp;Yun Bai","doi":"10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2026.106533","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2026.106533","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High temperatures cause severe deterioration of cementitious materials, reducing strength, durability, and service life. Limestone calcined clay cement (LC³) offers better thermal resistance than Portland cement (PC) due to stabilized hydrates and refined microstructure. Building on this foundation, the present study introduces mussel shell powder (MSP) as a bio-waste substitute for limestone powder, producing an aragonite-rich ternary system (m-LC³). The key innovation lies in exploiting crystal transitions that enhance high-temperature resistance and counteract stress by absorbing thermal energy. Paste specimens were exposed to 20–1000 °C to investigate thermal degradation mechanisms. From ambient to 400 °C, internal autoclaving and the aragonite–calcite transition refined the pore structure, and strengthened bonding with rehydration products, thereby improving compressive strength. Above 600 °C, m-LC³ retained higher strength than both LC³ and PC, with its degradation moderated by delayed carbonate decomposition. At 800 °C, gehlenite formation contributed to structural stability, while at 1000 °C, rehydration of lime and reactions between belite and silica gel stabilized the residual matrix. These findings confirm that m-LC³ achieves superior thermal resistance through a scientifically validated yet underexplored strategy of crystal transformation, extending the frontier of high-temperature cement science.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9865,"journal":{"name":"Cement & concrete composites","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 106533"},"PeriodicalIF":13.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146152981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tailored copper-based ionic liquids as multifunctional admixtures for cementitious materials","authors":"Lema Deme Shumi ,&nbsp;Piotr Latos ,&nbsp;Izabela Klapiszewska ,&nbsp;Anna Parus ,&nbsp;Agnieszka Ślosarczyk ,&nbsp;Teofil Jesionowski ,&nbsp;Anna Chrobok ,&nbsp;Łukasz Klapiszewski","doi":"10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2026.106535","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2026.106535","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microbial colonization accelerates the degradation of cementitious infrastructure, while many antimicrobial additives suffer from aggregation, leaching, or performance trade-offs, creating demand for multifunctional, low-dosage admixtures. This study presents the design, synthesis, and pioneering application of novel chlorocuprate ionic liquids ([bmim]Cl–CuCl₂ ILs) as functional and sustainable admixtures for cementitious materials. By systematically varying the CuCl₂ molar fraction (χ_CuCl2 = 0.15–0.33), we tailored the physicochemical properties of these ILs and incorporated them into CEM I and CEM II systems at different dosages ranging from 0.125 to 0.50 wt%. The admixtures accelerated hydration and enabled substantial setting-time reduction in CEM II, where the initial/final setting times decreased from 208/261 min to 102/180 min at 0.50 wt% and χ_CuCl2 = 0.33. At an optimized intermediate dosage (0.25 wt%), mechanical performance was maintained or improved; for CEM I, compressive strength reached 59.5 MPa and flexural strength 9.9 MPa at 28 days (χ_CuCl2 = 0.25). The ILs exhibited intrinsic antimicrobial activity with MIC (microbiologically induced corrosion) values in the range 31.25–500 mg/L, with the best performance against <em>P. aeruginosa</em> (MIC = 31.25 mg/L for χ_CuCl2 = 0.25). Importantly, antimicrobial functionality was retained in the cement matrix: for CEM I composites, microbial purity improved markedly (OD₆₀₀ reduced from 0.133 to 0.001–0.004, with bacterial counts below detection for most formulations). This study pioneers the use of a novel class of metal-coordinated ILs in cement science, offering a functional and eco-friendly solution that supports the advancement of sustainable construction practices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9865,"journal":{"name":"Cement & concrete composites","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 106535"},"PeriodicalIF":13.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146152983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Purpose designation of recycled fine aggregate in high-strength ECC: Roles of internal curing and artificial flaw","authors":"Long Liang ,&nbsp;Wenguang Chen ,&nbsp;Yifan Liu ,&nbsp;Cheng Shi ,&nbsp;Gang Liao ,&nbsp;Jiangtao Yu ,&nbsp;Kequan Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2026.106513","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2026.106513","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recycled fine aggregates (RFA), though widely demonstrating various weaknesses in properties, could be purposely designed in high-strength engineered cementitious composites (HS-ECC) to enhance the mechanical performance and balance the sustainability. This study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the roles of RFA as internal curing and artificial flaw agents in HS-ECC. RFA with different moisture contents and three particle size ranges (0.15-1.18 mm, 0.15-2.36 mm, and 0.15-4.75 mm) were used to fully replace quartz sands (QS). Internal curing and artificial flaw mechanism of RFA were elucidated by multiple microcharacterization techniques. Results show that the use of water-saturated RFA effectively mitigated matrix self-desiccation and significantly reduced early autogenous shrinkage compared to QS. In-situ ¹H NMR revealed the internal curing water transport process within the HS-ECC matrix, demonstrating enhanced cement hydration with water-saturated RFA. Despite a lower compressive strength, the tensile performance of HS-ECC with water-saturated RFA was significantly enhanced compared to that with QS. The artificial flaw effect of RFA with different particle sizes enhanced crack propagation, as confirmed by micromechanical modeling, promoting more saturated multiple cracking and higher tensile strain capacity. These findings provide valuable guidance for optimizing RFA use in HS-ECC to mitigate autogenous shrinkage and achieve ultra-high ductility.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9865,"journal":{"name":"Cement & concrete composites","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 106513"},"PeriodicalIF":13.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146129655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving buildability and reducing carbon emission of 3D printed concrete via CO2 mixing and waste glass powder: A synergistic approach","authors":"Long Li ,&nbsp;Shuaijie Lu ,&nbsp;Amardeep Singh ,&nbsp;Lucen Hao ,&nbsp;Zhenhua Duan ,&nbsp;Shipeng Zhang ,&nbsp;Chi Sun Poon","doi":"10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2026.106515","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2026.106515","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The challenge of achieving simultaneous pumpability and buildability remains one of the fundamental obstacles in advancing 3D printed concrete (3DPC) technology. This study investigates a novel approach combining CO₂ mixing technique with waste glass powder (WGP) incorporation to address this challenge while simultaneously reducing the carbon footprint of construction materials. Through systematic examination of fresh and hardened properties of both cast concrete and 3D printed specimens prepared with varying WGP contents (0-30% cement replacement), it is demonstrated that while WGP initially enhances workability but reduces early-age strength development, the application of CO₂ mixing creates a remarkable synergistic effect that reverses these trends. The results reveal that CO₂ mixing substantially enhances the yield stress and early-age penetration resistance of concrete which reflects a better buildability of 3DPC, with these improvements being dramatically amplified in the presence of WGP. Specifically, concrete containing 30% WGP showed a 1188% increase in penetration resistance after CO₂ mixing, compared to only 304% for WGP-free concrete. Microstructural investigations indicate that this synergistic enhancement occurs through a dual mechanism. WGP releases alkali ions in the carbonation-induced acidic environment, promoting additional calcium carbonate formation, while simultaneously providing silica-rich nucleation sites that accelerate cement hydration. Furthermore, the combination of WGP and CO₂ mixing effectively addresses the interlayer bonding challenges typically associated with 3DPC, showing improved interfacial strength compared to either treatment alone. These findings establish a practical strategy for developing sustainable 3DPC with enhanced buildability characteristics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9865,"journal":{"name":"Cement & concrete composites","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 106515"},"PeriodicalIF":13.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146134174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mitigating sulfate attack in self-healing concrete using bacteria-based or crystalline admixture healing agents","authors":"Vanessa G. Cappellesso ,&nbsp;Juan M. Etcheverry ,&nbsp;Yury A. Villagran-Zaccardi ,&nbsp;Elke Gruyaert ,&nbsp;Kim Van Tittelboom ,&nbsp;Nele De Belie","doi":"10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2026.106514","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2026.106514","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sulfate attack causes deterioration in concrete, leading to cracking, loss of cohesion, and reduced strength. Self-healing concrete technologies offer a promising solution to mitigate these effects. This study focuses on two self-healing mechanisms: bacteria-based agents (BAS) and crystalline admixtures (CA). Samples with cracks of 100 μm and 300 μm were exposed to sodium sulfate solution under two conditions: one where cracks were healed before exposure through wet/dry cycles, and another where they were exposed immediately. After 18 months, CA showed to be a robust healing agent for concrete exposed to sulfate-rich environments, outperforming both reference concrete and concrete with the BAS healing agent. Microstructural analysis and visual inspections showed that CA provided superior protection against sodium sulfate attack, limiting concrete damage and expansion due to ettringite formation. Concrete with CA also maintained its mechanical performance, altogether making CA a more suitable healing agent for sulfate-rich conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9865,"journal":{"name":"Cement & concrete composites","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 106514"},"PeriodicalIF":13.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146152982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retardation mechanism of alkali-activated slag by organo-silanes: From surface interaction to gel evolution","authors":"Hongwei Tian ,&nbsp;Yi Song ,&nbsp;Xiaodong Zhu ,&nbsp;Yizhe Helian ,&nbsp;Huangqi Wang ,&nbsp;Xiangming Kong","doi":"10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2026.106536","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2026.106536","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rapid setting of alkali-activated slag (AAS) poses a major barrier to its practical adoption. This study introduces a novel regulation strategy for the reaction of AAS by an organo-silane methyl trimethoxysilane (MTS). Comprehensive investigations reveal MTS achieves exceptional retardation through dual mechanisms: inhibiting slag dissolution and interfering with C-(N)-A-S-H gel formation. Calorimetry and in-situ LF-NMR confirm prolonged induction periods and delayed gel formation in AAS. Hydrolyzed MTS forms a hydrophobic siloxane layer on slag particles, acting as a barrier against alkaline attack and inhibiting the slag dissolution. Simultaneously, MTS incorporates into the gel structure, confirmed by FTIR and TG analysis, lowering gel hydrophilicity and elevating solution supersaturation, thereby hindering nucleation/growth of C-(N)-A-S-H. MTS outperforms conventional retarders (e.g., borax, ZnO) in efficiency at low dosages (≤4%), enabling tailored workability without compromising long-term performance. This work establishes organo-silanes as versatile molecular tools for reaction control in alkali-activated materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9865,"journal":{"name":"Cement & concrete composites","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 106536"},"PeriodicalIF":13.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146160170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Liquid-solid dual-phase expansion behavior and strength characteristics of expansive backfill","authors":"Zheng Wan ,&nbsp;Nan Yao ,&nbsp;Zhenjian Yu ,&nbsp;Min Xu ,&nbsp;Yicheng Ye ,&nbsp;Feng Xiong","doi":"10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2026.106510","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2026.106510","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Achieving efficient roof contact and effective stress transfer in underground mined-out areas remains a critical challenge in backfilling engineering, particularly when conventional cemented backfills exhibit limited volumetric stability and insufficient expansion capacity. Expansive backfill (EB) offers a promising solution for void filling and roof contact enhancement. In this study, EB was prepared with varying contents of an expansive agent (EA) and a foaming liquid (FL). The effects of EA and FL content on the dual-phase expansion behavior, uniaxial compressive strength (UCS), and failure mechanisms of EB were investigated. Expansion ratio and expansion stress tests indicated that EB expansion occurs in two distinct stages: rapid liquid-phase expansion from 0 to 0.5 h, followed by slow solid-phase expansion from 0.5 to 24 h. The expansion ratio and UCS of EB ranged from 20% to 90% and 1.2 to 2.0 MPa, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), hydration heat analysis, and bubble scan tests revealed that the late-stage crystalline expansion of EA enhances the compactness of EB. This process reduces the average bubble size initially formed by FL, thereby mitigating its weakening effect on the strength of EB. Numerical simulations of uniaxial compression showed that a larger average bubble size and higher porosity intensify local stress concentration within the solid matrix of EB, leading to premature crack propagation and reduced strength. EB with a high expansion ratio and strength is suitable for backfilling and roof contact in underground mined-out areas, providing valuable guidance for ensuring safe and efficient backfill mining operations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9865,"journal":{"name":"Cement & concrete composites","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 106510"},"PeriodicalIF":13.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146110221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainable iron-rich copper slag-based alkali-activated binder: Hydration mechanism involving iron phase transformation, mechanical performance, and environmental safety","authors":"Dan Luo,&nbsp;Weihong Mu,&nbsp;Zhongqiu Luo,&nbsp;Xiunan Cai,&nbsp;Pingyan Wang,&nbsp;Wei Wang,&nbsp;Wenjuan Luo,&nbsp;Xintao Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2026.106519","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2026.106519","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Iron-rich copper slag (CS) has significant potential as a precursor to synthesize an eco-friendly alkali-activated binder (AAB). However, the cooperative participation of multiple elements in CS, such as Si, Al, Ca and Fe (especially the role of Fe), and the activation reaction kinetics lack a clear mechanistic understanding, hindering its large-scale applications in AAB. Herein, the alkali-activation conditions of CS were optimized, and the hydration mechanism and kinetics, mechanical performance, and environmental safety of CS-based alkali-activated binder (CS-AAB) were systematically evaluated. Under the optimized condition, the binder achieved remarkable compressive strengths of 56.7, 69.7, and 73.0 MPa at 3, 7, and 28 d, respectively. The characterization results and hydration kinetic analysis indicated the formation of calcium aluminosilicates (C-A-S-H, Ca₂Al₄Si₈O₂₄·7H₂O and CaAl₂Si₄O₁₂·4H₂O), iron hydroxides (Fe(OH)₃ and FeOOH) as the hydration products. XPS and Mössbauer spectroscopy analyses demonstrated that approximately 17.1% of the iron phases (6.6% from fayalite and 10.5% from ferrosilite) participated in the hydration. The dissolved Fe²⁺ was oxidized into Fe³⁺, simultaneously coprecipitating with OH⁻ and incorporating into the C-A-S-H network as distorted octahedral and/or five-coordinated configurations. These findings highlight that the modifications to iron phases directly contribute to the material's mechanical performance. Additionally, leaching tests confirmed that the heavy metals released from the CS-AAB were far below the limits specified in GB-5085.3–2007, indicating its excellent environmental safety. This work not only sheds light on the active role of high-iron components in alkali-activated systems but also provides valuable insights into the sustainable utilization of CS in green construction materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9865,"journal":{"name":"Cement & concrete composites","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 106519"},"PeriodicalIF":13.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146146576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of magnesium concentration vs. pure water attack on the leaching kinetics and mechanical properties of low-carbon cementitious pastes","authors":"Charlotte Dewitte ,&nbsp;Laurie Lacarrière ,&nbsp;Mejdi Neji ,&nbsp;Alexandra Bertron ,&nbsp;Alexandre Dauzères","doi":"10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2026.106518","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2026.106518","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the increasing use of mineral additions to partially replace Portland cement, reaction mechanisms and the effects of chemical attack on material properties change. A recent study examined magnesium attack on a model low-carbon cementitious paste, but the influence of Mg concentration on the observed mechanisms remains unclear. To investigate this, a low-carbon model cementitious paste was exposed to 5 and 50 mmol/L MgCl₂ solutions for few months, as well as in pure water, to assess its impact on leaching kinetics and mechanical properties. The increase in MgCl₂ concentration, leads to a comparable phenomenology, only the deterioration rate increases with higher Mg levels. When immersed in pure water, the Ca leaching of the paste is more progressive, and the degraded depth is slightly lower than that of magnesium attack. Immersion in pure water appears to generate larger pores compared to magnesium attack and a higher reduction in E_PSIM is observed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9865,"journal":{"name":"Cement & concrete composites","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 106518"},"PeriodicalIF":13.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146138705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}