Cement & concrete composites最新文献

{"title":"Microstructural regulation of interfacial transition zone by biochar: A novel strategy for enhancing fire resistance","authors":"Weijian Xu ,&nbsp;Muduo Li ,&nbsp;Jingyi Liang ,&nbsp;Yuying Zhang ,&nbsp;Xiaohong Zhu ,&nbsp;Ajit K. Sarmah ,&nbsp;Roya Maboudian ,&nbsp;Yong Sik Ok ,&nbsp;Daniel C.W. Tsang","doi":"10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2026.106517","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2026.106517","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Design and development of biochar-cement composites (BCC) is an innovative strategy to reduce the carbon footprint of cement-based materials. Incorporating biochar properly can help regulate the microstructure of the interfacial transition zone (ITZ) in cement composites. Yet the thermal response of porous biochar within the ITZ and the fire resistance of BCC remain unclear. This study investigated the regulatory mechanisms and reinforcing effects of biochar incorporation on the fire resistance of cementitious composites. The results revealed that biochar as fine aggregates could mitigate thermal-mismatch stress between the aggregates and the cement matrix when exposed to high temperatures, probably attributed to the low thermal expansion coefficient (1 × 10⁻⁶ K⁻¹), large plastic deformation capability, and strong elasticity of biochar. Additionally, biochar strengthened the ITZ at 500 °C by facilitating the formation of a high-modulus CaCO₃ reinforcement layer, resulting in micromechanical properties exceeding 45 GPa. The superior thermal insulation capacity of biochar prevented local cracks at the interlayer, resulting in a ∼31% reduction in porosity and ∼58% reduction in decomposition of hydration products. Furthermore, full-scale fire testing provided direct support to the microscale observation that replacing fine aggregates with 30 wt% biochar could comply with the fire safety standards while maintaining acceptable structural functionality. However, excessive biochar content (40 wt%) resulted in a significant increase in porosity and cracks due to high-temperature degradation. This study elucidated the microstructural mechanisms by which biochar can enhance the fire resistance of cement-based materials through ITZ regulation, providing a novel strategy for developing high-performance, low-carbon construction materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9865,"journal":{"name":"Cement & concrete composites","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 106517"},"PeriodicalIF":13.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146138876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rheological and mechanical properties of carbon-negative 3D printed mortar using functionalized biochar","authors":"Nishad Ahmed,&nbsp;Sudipto Sarkar,&nbsp;Warda Ashraf","doi":"10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2026.106506","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2026.106506","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Biochar offers a lucrative pathway for reducing the carbon footprint of cement-based composites. However, printability is a critical constraint for incorporating biochar into extrusion-based 3D printing, due to high-water absorption and weak interfacial bonding. This limitation can be overcome by systematically altering the physicochemical properties of biochar. This study introduces a novel approach to developing carbon-negative 3D printable mortar by using functionalized biochar up to 26% (by weight of binder) with calcined clay (CC). The influence of biochar and CC on fresh-state behavior, including extrudability, open time, and buildability, was systematically evaluated, followed by assessments of mechanical properties and life cycle assessment. Experimental results revealed that the incorporation of biochar significantly improved the workability and extrudability of 3D printable mortars, offering a wide-open time up to 90 min. The buildability performance was strongly influenced by CC dosage, which improved thixotropic recovery and shape retention of the extruded filament. Mechanical performance revealed that the 24% biochar-containing mold-cast sample achieved a compressive strength of 54 MPa at 28 days of sealed curing, whereas the control batch (without biochar and CC) exhibited 51 MPa. Moreover, the 3D-printed samples with 24% biochar exhibited the highest directional strengths of 49, 45, and 35 MPa in the x, y, and z axes, along with maximum flexural and interlayer strengths of 8.5 MPa and 1.6 MPa, respectively. The life cycle assessment revealed that all functionalized biochar-CC batches achieved carbon-negative footprints, with permanent sequestration of up to 92 kg CO₂ eq/m³ after incorporating all the emissions associated with raw material production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9865,"journal":{"name":"Cement & concrete composites","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 106506"},"PeriodicalIF":13.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146160169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A high-performance Bacterial Emulsion (BE) for broad-temperature-range repair of concrete cracks","authors":"Shixia Zhang ,&nbsp;Chuangzhou Wu ,&nbsp;Hanying Chen ,&nbsp;Sheng Zhang ,&nbsp;Zuoyong Li ,&nbsp;Abdolhossein Naghizadeh ,&nbsp;Zhenming Shi","doi":"10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2026.106526","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2026.106526","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) is a promising green repair technique for concrete crack repair. However, conventional bacterial suspension suffers from poor retention, low repair efficiency and high sensitivity to temperature. This study proposes a novel biogrout, termed Bacterial Emulsion (BE). Grout performance tests, concrete crack repair and permeability experiments, and microstructural analysis was conducted at 4 °C to 50 °C to assess the repair effectiveness and reveal mechanisms. The results demonstrated that: (1) BE exhibited exceptional stability and injectability, with no observable settlement after 30 min, due to the viscosity imparted by sodium alginate. (2) BE showed superior temperature adaptability, achieving the highest urease activity at 50 °C and forming a high-integrity precipitate aggregate with effective binding strength even at 4 °C. (3) In crack repair tests, BE achieved a rapid reduction in the permeability coefficient by 1-2 orders of magnitude through a single treatment. Also, BE demonstrated excellent durability, attributed to its high calcium carbonate content and dense monolithic structure. (4) BE demonstrated effective repair performance across the broad temperature range (4-50 °C) and exhibited particularly significant repair efficacy for wide cracks. (5) Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) microanalysis confirmed that a dense monolithic structure formed in the reaction process of BE, in which calcium carbonate crystals were either encapsulated within or interconnected by calcium alginate gel. This study concludes that the BE successfully leverages the synergistic combination of sodium alginate and preformed carbonate particles, endowing it with high stability, superior repair efficiency, remarkable durability and broad adaptability to temperature and crack width.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9865,"journal":{"name":"Cement & concrete composites","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 106526"},"PeriodicalIF":13.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146138286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated static-dynamic and microstructural investigation of tensile performance in fibre-reinforced lunar concrete under cryogenic temperatures","authors":"Ruizhe Shao ,&nbsp;Chengqing Wu ,&nbsp;Jun Li ,&nbsp;Kaiyi Chi ,&nbsp;Zizheng Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2026.106534","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2026.106534","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As lunar exploration progresses, the construction of resilient structures on the Moon becomes increasingly critical. Given the Moon's severe environmental conditions, it is essential to assess the mechanical behaviour of candidate structural materials under relevant stress states. This study conducted the static and dynamic split-tensile tests using a split Hopkinson pressure bar apparatus. Lunar regolith simulant-based ultra-high performance alkali-activated concrete, reinforced with steel and polyoxymethylene (POM) fibres in mono and hybrid configurations, was synthesised to mitigate the inherent brittleness of the geopolymer matrix. Experiments were performed over a temperature range from 20 °C to −170 °C and at the strain rates of 30-90 s⁻¹, aiming to simulate lunar service conditions and evaluate the material's tensile performance. The results indicate that all specimens exhibited strength enhancement and pseudo-ductile behaviour under static loading, with steel fibres delivering superior performance and POM fibres offering high reinforcement mass efficiency. Dynamic tests confirmed pronounced strain-rate sensitivity, especially at sub-zero temperatures. Steel fibre mixes achieved the highest strength of 31.6 MPa at −170 °C and 90 s⁻¹, while POM fibres exhibited the highest strength gain per unit fibre mass under dynamic loading, despite their reinforcement effectiveness was markedly degraded under cryogenic conditions due to fibre embrittlement. Dynamic failure modes were strongly affected by the fibre type, strain rate, and temperature, with mono POM specimens exhibiting extensive cracking and severe fragmentation, indicating a loss of crack-bridging capacity due to cryogenic fibre rupture. The microstructural images revealed potential ice-filled pore, particularly in POM mixtures. Dynamic increase factor (DIF) demonstrated strong rate sensitivity under cryogenic exposure, and simplified DIF-rate-temperature models offered a practical predictive framework for lunar infrastructure applications in extreme environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9865,"journal":{"name":"Cement & concrete composites","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 106534"},"PeriodicalIF":13.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146152991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"RMC-based nutrient encapsulation for bacterial self-healing cement: Effects on cement paste properties","authors":"Beifang Deng ,&nbsp;Xi Xiao ,&nbsp;Xiangyu Wang ,&nbsp;Zhenbang Liu ,&nbsp;Teck Neng Wong ,&nbsp;En-Hua Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2026.106527","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2026.106527","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bacteria-based self-healing technology, utilizing microbial-induced calcium carbonate Precipitation is rapidly growing as a solution to enhance the durability of concrete structures. Researchers have developed various encapsulation and carrier techniques to protect bacteria within the cement matrix. However, limitations persist in the effective treatment of nutrients as the direct addition of nutrients alters hydration kinetics and weakens compressive strength of <em>Portland Cement</em>. Addressing this gap, this study proposed a <em>Reactive Magnesia Cement</em> (RMC)-based nutrient encapsulation strategy for bacterial self-healing cement. A non-ureolytic bacterium <em>Bacillus cohnii</em>, was employed together with calcium lactate and yeast extract used as representative nutrients. The effects of nutrients encapsulation and content on hydration, fresh and hardened properties, self-healing performances and microstructure were investigated. The results showed that the RMC-based nutrient encapsulation effectively mitigated hydration retardation, reduced macropores and mitigated the loss of compressive strength compared with direct nutrient addition. An optimal nutrient capsule content of 0.7 times the bacterial capsule content (PBC-0.7) was identified as it achieved fresh and hardened properties comparable to pure cement, while offering uncompromised healing efficiency.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9865,"journal":{"name":"Cement & concrete composites","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 106527"},"PeriodicalIF":13.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146160171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recycled concrete powder-derived calcium carbonate ceramics by in-situ polymorph transformation-enhanced cold sintering","authors":"Tiejun Ding ,&nbsp;Jian Hou ,&nbsp;Xuan Zhang ,&nbsp;Abdulkareem Alsofi ,&nbsp;Zihan Ma ,&nbsp;Kai Cui ,&nbsp;Long Jiang ,&nbsp;Yi Jiang ,&nbsp;Peiliang Shen ,&nbsp;Christopher Cheeseman ,&nbsp;Hong Wong ,&nbsp;Chi Sun Poon","doi":"10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2026.106463","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2026.106463","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents the preparation of calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) ceramics using vaterite derived from recycled concrete powder (RCP) through a novel <em>in-situ</em> polymorph transformation-enhanced cold sintering process. The resulting chemically bonded CaCO₃ ceramics consists of 100 % calcite and achieve high compressive strength and a relative density of up to 80.5 %. The initial transformation from vaterite to calcite occurs at particle surfaces, decreasing porosity between particles and gradually forming a core-shell structure with a dense outer shell and a porous interior. The fusion of these shells at the contact points of adjacent particles enhances the interparticle chemical bonding. Later polymorph transformations increase pore size and volume and promote particle fusion to form a more homogeneous microstructure. This increases strength by up to 40 % compared to CaCO₃ ceramics produced by conventional cold sintering. The research highlights the potential of utilizing waste concrete for sustainable and high-value CaCO₃ ceramic production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9865,"journal":{"name":"Cement & concrete composites","volume":"168 ","pages":"Article 106463"},"PeriodicalIF":13.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145920294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing fiber alignment and tensile properties of 3D-printed ultra-high performance strain-hardening cementitious composites by nozzle channel design","authors":"Yan Sun,&nbsp;Guoqiang Du,&nbsp;Xiaowei Deng,&nbsp;Ye Qian","doi":"10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2026.106467","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2026.106467","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates nozzle channel designs to enhance fiber alignment and tensile properties in 3D-printed Ultra-High Performance Strain-Hardening Cementitious Composites (3DP-UHP-SHCC). Conventional rectangular nozzles ([5 × 30]) achieved moderate fiber alignment (with an average angle of 14.1°) but exhibited significant disparity between middle- (21.2°) and side-section fibers (10.6°), limiting tensile performance. Baffled nozzles ([5 × 30-I/II]) reduced the middle-section fiber angle by 59 % (to 8.7°), but resulted in an increased nozzle pressure of 67.9 kPa, a 100 % clogging risk, a 227 % increase in porosity, and a 14.2 % reduction in tensile strength. Novel V-shaped nozzles ([5 × 30-V180°/135°/90°]) addressed these issues by leveraging flow confinement and pressure gradients, aligning fibers without physical contact. The [5 × 30-V90°] nozzle achieved 11.3° middle-section fiber angle, 9.43 MPa strength, and 11.47 % strain. The optimized N-shaped nozzle ([5 × 30-N90°]) delivered near-isotropic alignment (10.1° middle section, ≤0.5° deviation) and superior tensile performance: 9.93 MPa (+17.8 %) strength and 11.76 % (+15.7 %) strain. Results demonstrate that geometric nozzle optimization enhances fiber alignment and tensile properties while maintaining extrusion reliability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9865,"journal":{"name":"Cement & concrete composites","volume":"168 ","pages":"Article 106467"},"PeriodicalIF":13.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145894669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of volcanic ash based self-stressing engineered cementitious composites (ECC)","authors":"Weihsiu Hu ,&nbsp;He Zhu ,&nbsp;Yonghui An ,&nbsp;Aamer Bhutta ,&nbsp;Georgios Zapsas ,&nbsp;Waleed Nasser ,&nbsp;Brian R. Ellis ,&nbsp;Victor C. Li","doi":"10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2026.106468","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2026.106468","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The unavailability of fly ash (FA), high embodied carbon, and drying shrinkage present challenges in developing engineered cementitious composites (ECC) for pavement applications. This study aims to develop FA-free high-performance ECC to address these concerns. Firstly, locally available volcanic ash (VA) was utilized to fully replace the FA in ECC. Then, calcium sulphoaluminate cement (CSA) was incorporated to compensate for the high shrinkage of VA ECC. By deliberately designing the curing regime with wet-curing (at least 24 h), VA-ECC can achieve intrinsic self-stressing capacity with a relatively low content of CSA (100 kg/m³ herein), which shows advantages for thinner pavements with a sufficient construction time window during the summer season. The shrinkage, working time window, mechanical performance, and sustainability evaluations of this VA-ECC were investigated. Results suggested that the self-stressing VA-ECC possesses a maximum expansion of 5275 με, an average compressive strength of 40.9 MPa, and a tensile strength of 9.03 MPa. Working time window was defined by the time duration between the casting and time that spread diameter drops to 130 mm per ASTM <span><span>C1437</span><svg><path></path></svg></span>. The working time window of the designed ECC was extended to 120 min due to the low CSA content combining with wet curing method. Benefiting from the high flexural strength, VA-ECC reduced the pavement thickness by up to 66 %, resulting in a 48 % reduction of CO₂ footprint compared to traditional concrete pavement. This developed VA-ECC demonstrates potential as a candidate material for ultra-thin low-carbon pavements, for which the design method warrants future studies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9865,"journal":{"name":"Cement & concrete composites","volume":"168 ","pages":"Article 106468"},"PeriodicalIF":13.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145894549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of pore defects on interfacial bonding between rebar and 3D printed coarse aggregate concrete under multiple loading conditions","authors":"Chao Liu ,&nbsp;Xianqin Chen ,&nbsp;Zhiyu Luo ,&nbsp;Huawei Liu ,&nbsp;Chao Zhu ,&nbsp;Yukun Zhang ,&nbsp;Haohao Sun ,&nbsp;Guoliang Bai","doi":"10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2026.106479","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2026.106479","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Reinforcement integration in 3D printed concrete (3DPC) creates complex interfacial microstructures that critically govern printed structural performance. This study systematically investigates the bond behavior between rebar and 3D printed natural coarse aggregate concrete (3DPNAC) under multiple loading conditions, with particular emphasis on process-induced interconnected pore defects. Comparative analysis demonstrates that coarse aggregates enhance interlayer tensile and shear strengths by 57.6 % and 70.3 %, respectively, through improved fracture tortuosity and mechanical interlocking. However, rebar placement generates interconnected pore networks that severely compromise interfacial load transfer, resulting in pronounced anisotropic bond-slip behavior (parallel &gt; vertical &gt;45° orientation). A novel rebar-3DPNAC interface structural zoning framework is proposed, which establishes explicit processing-structure-property relationships and reveals the fundamental conflict between pore-induced weakening and aggregate-induced strengthening at rebar-concrete interfaces. The findings provide critical mechanistic insights for optimizing reinforcement strategies in 3DPC structures, bridging the gap between material-level understanding and structural design requirements.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9865,"journal":{"name":"Cement & concrete composites","volume":"168 ","pages":"Article 106479"},"PeriodicalIF":13.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145956776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coupling mechanism of water state evolution and pore structure development in alkali-activated slag: synergistic effect of activators and curing conditions","authors":"Ruilin Cao ,&nbsp;Haojie Zhao ,&nbsp;Lingling Xu ,&nbsp;Zijian Jia ,&nbsp;Shunquan Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2026.106471","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2026.106471","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The hydration of alkali-activated slag (AAS) involves a dynamic interplay between water state transformation and pore structure evolution, both of which are strongly affected by the type of alkali activator and the curing environment. To clarify the coupled relationship between water evolution and pore development, AAS systems activated by sodium hydroxide (SH) and sodium silicate (SS) were studied under wet curing (WC) and dry curing (DC) conditions. The results reveal that the continuous conversion of free water into gel water serves as the main driving force for pore refinement and densification. Curing conditions govern water migration and hydration extent. WC maintains pore water, enhances gel water formation, and promotes the development of a compact microstructure, while DC accelerates water evaporation, hinders hydration, and results in a looser pore structure with more large pores. The SS-activated system exhibits a slower but more stable hydration process, characterized by continuous gel water formation and gradual pore refinement, leading to a relatively well-regulated pore structure evolution under different curing conditions. In contrast, the SH-activated system undergoes rapid early hydration, resulting in a more heterogeneous pore structure that is highly responsive to environmental humidity. The complementary findings from LF-NMR, BET, and MIP confirm the overall consistency of pore evolution trends while revealing distinct structural features across different scales. This study provides deeper insight into the coupled mechanisms of water evolution and pore structure development in AAS systems, offering a scientific basis for structural regulation and performance optimization under varying environmental conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9865,"journal":{"name":"Cement & concrete composites","volume":"168 ","pages":"Article 106471"},"PeriodicalIF":13.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145920296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}