Impact of external loading on the time-dependent evolution of 3D printed concrete with recycled sand in the green state

IF 10.8 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Cement & concrete composites Pub Date : 2025-03-29 DOI:10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2025.106059

Chao Liu , Xin Li , Yiwen Wu , Huawei Liu , Yisheng Meng

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

External loads are critical to the structural stability and construction precision of 3D printed concrete (3DPC) in the green state. However, in-depth research on this issue remains limited. This study prepared 3D printed concrete with recycled sand (3DPCRS) at replacement ratios of 0 %, 50 %, and 100 % and investigated the time-dependent evolution of 3DPCRS structures in the green state under stepwise loading. Using digital image analysis, the displacement and deformation characteristics of 3DPCRS structures were examined. Additionally, static rheological tests and unconfined uniaxial compression tests were conducted to evaluate the rheological properties and green strength of 3DPCRS. The results indicated that as the recycled sand (RS) replacement ratio increases, the plastic zone area of 3DPCRS structures in the green state under loading gradually decreases. Two displacement modes were identified under loading: instantaneous sudden displacement and static creep displacement, both of which decrease with increasing RS replacement ratio. Furthermore, the yield stress and development rate of the green strength of 3DPCRS accelerate as the RS replacement ratio increases. This study elucidates the mechanisms governing the time-dependent evolution of 3DPCRS structures under loading and proposes a bearing capacity calculation model for vertical loading on the basis of structural parameters. These findings provide valuable guidance for the construction and design of 3DPC structures under loading conditions.

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来源期刊

Cement & concrete composites 工程技术-材料科学：复合

CiteScore

18.70

自引率

11.40%

发文量

459

审稿时长

65 days

期刊介绍： Cement & concrete composites focuses on advancements in cement-concrete composite technology and the production, use, and performance of cement-based construction materials. It covers a wide range of materials, including fiber-reinforced composites, polymer composites, ferrocement, and those incorporating special aggregates or waste materials. Major themes include microstructure, material properties, testing, durability, mechanics, modeling, design, fabrication, and practical applications. The journal welcomes papers on structural behavior, field studies, repair and maintenance, serviceability, and sustainability. It aims to enhance understanding, provide a platform for unconventional materials, promote low-cost energy-saving materials, and bridge the gap between materials science, engineering, and construction. Special issues on emerging topics are also published to encourage collaboration between materials scientists, engineers, designers, and fabricators.