Ceskoslovenska patologie最新文献

{"title":"A rational approach to the CNS tumors diagnostics.","authors":"Lenka Krsková,&nbsp;Barbora Šípalová,&nbsp;Tereza Němečková,&nbsp;Martina Strnadová,&nbsp;Tereza Kalendová,&nbsp;Alena Kalfusová,&nbsp;Alexandra,&nbsp;Malkusová,&nbsp;Monika Šandová,&nbsp;Miroslav Koblížek,&nbsp;Jan Balko,&nbsp;Aleš Vícha,&nbsp;Petr Brož,&nbsp;Pavla Jenčová,&nbsp;Lucie Štolová,&nbsp;Dagmar,&nbsp;Voříšková,&nbsp;Marie Belhajová,&nbsp;Michal Zápotocký,&nbsp;David Sumerauer,&nbsp;Josef Zámečník","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The new WHO classification of CNS tumors is largely based on molecular diagnostic. Without molecular methods some entities can no longer be diagnosed. We are trying to show a rational approach to the CNS tumors diagnostics, which is based on conventional molecular methods such as RT-PCR, Sanger sequencing, MLPA, extended by the next generation sequencing (NGS) and methylation SNP array.</p>","PeriodicalId":9861,"journal":{"name":"Ceskoslovenska patologie","volume":"58 3","pages":"135-137"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33501317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CNS Tumors - clinical and radiological aspects.","authors":"Renata Emmerová,&nbsp;Jana Engelová,&nbsp;Stěpan Vinakurau,&nbsp;Barbora Ondrová","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) include primary tumors - itraaxial, growing from brain and spinal cord cells (neuroepithelial tumors) or extraaxial, growing from surrounding structures (brain and spinal cord, nerve sheaths, vascular structures, lymphatic tissue, germ cells, malformations, pituitary glands). Much more often they are located in the intracranial space a solitary or multiple metastatic spread of malignancy originating from another organ (eg lung, breast, malignant melanoma, Grawitzs tumor). The occurrence of metastases of solid tumors is then in the intraaxial or extraaxial region, leptomeningeal or dural. Even morphologically benign tumors with their occurrence in a closed CNS compartment can have malignant behaviour and cause severe slowly developing to acute neurological symptoms, including intracranial hypertension. Primary tumors of the central nervous system present 1-2% of all cancers, with a higher incidence in adults after the age of 60, with a slight predominance in men, with higher mortality in men than in women. About 5% of CNS tumors are hereditary (e.g., Li-Fraumeni syndrome, neurofibromatosis type I, II). The causes of most brain and spinal cord tumors are unclear, the effect of radiation has been definitely demonstrated, there is an increased risk in transplant patients and AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) patients, and the potentiating effects of some chemicals and viruses on the development of CNS neoplasms are uncertain. The effectiveness of treatment of brain and spinal cord tumors is influenced by the existence of the so-called hematoencephalic barrier, which protects the brain from the penetration of toxic substances, but at the same time prevents the penetration of most cytostatics to the tumor target. Another obstacle may be the localization of the tumor in areas difficult to access for histological verification (brain stem, optical chiasma) due to the high risk of complications even after stereotactic biopsy. In some cases, in an effort not to cause an irreversible neurological deficit by inconsiderate tissue collection, the sample of histological material can then become inconclusive to tumor cells, i.e., tumor cells are not captured. Last but not least, the radiosensitivity of some brain structures is also limiting, which makes it impossible to apply a higher dose of ionizing radiation to a tumor affecting sensitive tissues or located near of these sensitive tissues. The rapid development of immunohistochemical (IHC) and molecular genetic analysis methods has significantly refined diagnostics and thus theoretically facilitates the choice of the optimal treatment procedure for the individual patient. While advances in modern conformal photon and particle (currently the most frequently proton) radiotherapy, stereotactic radiosurgery has enabled accurately targeted irradiation of the CNS tumor site and at the same time spare the high-risk brain structures, thereby significantly reduc","PeriodicalId":9861,"journal":{"name":"Ceskoslovenska patologie","volume":"58 3","pages":"150-160"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33501319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pattern-based approach to duodenitis and duodenopathy.","authors":"Ondřej Daum,&nbsp;Magdaléna Daumová,&nbsp;Marián Švajdler","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Duodenum is currently the most popular site to obtain samples of intestinal mucosa for recognition of a disorder leading to malabsorption. Although there are significant overlaps between histological findings described in various non-neoplastic diseases of the duodenum, recognition of one of the six basic morphologic patterns, namely coeliac disease-like pattern, active chronic duodenitis, acute GvHD-like pattern, enteritis with predominant eosinophilic infiltration, enteritis with predominant infiltration by macrophages, and non-inflammatory enteropathy, usually allows diagnostic separation, especially if subtle histological details, clinical setting and serological investigation are taken into account.</p>","PeriodicalId":9861,"journal":{"name":"Ceskoslovenska patologie","volume":"58 2","pages":"88-99"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40556048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular pathological profiling of selected tumors of the central nervous system using the MLPA method.","authors":"Iva Dolinová,&nbsp;Eliška Tvrzníková,&nbsp;Veronika Janoušková,&nbsp;Aleš Vícha,&nbsp;Lenka Krsková,&nbsp;Tomáš Jirásek","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The current progress and increasing knowledge about the genetic causes of cancer opens up new possibilities for its treatment. However, it is necessary to combine the results obtained using classical pathological methods with sensitive, multiplex molecular pathological methods. The method that meets the required criteria is MLPA based on multiplex PCR reaction. This method detects both changes in gene copy number and DNA methylation and, last but not least, point mutations. The MLPA reaction is applicable to even highly fragmented DNA. At the same time, it is a robust method that can be performed on standard thermocyclers, the fluorescent tip label requires automatic sequencers. Up to 50 genetic markers can be tested in one reaction, a number that allows a diagnostic and prognostic conclusion. All these features lead to the routine use of MLPA analysis not only in diagnosis but also in cancer research. The present article aims to summarize the different types of MLPA reactions, its benefits, but also the potential pitfalls.</p>","PeriodicalId":9861,"journal":{"name":"Ceskoslovenska patologie","volume":"58 3","pages":"138-149"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33501318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of endoscopy in non-oncologic gastrointestinal disorders in pediatric patients.","authors":"Lucie Gonsorčíková,&nbsp;Silvie Netvalová,&nbsp;Radim Vyhnánek,&nbsp;David Bauer,&nbsp;Ondřej Fabián","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Gastrointestinal (GIT) diseases represent an important part of pediatric health disorders. The recent years have brought not only significant improvement of digestive endoscopy technologies and a new equipment suitable for pediatric age but also progress in management of diagnostic approach and treatment of the pediatric GIT diseases. In contrast to adult patients, endoscopic examination in pediatrics is in most cases performed for diagnostic, not therapeutical purposes. The histological assessment of biopsy specimens taken during endoscopy therefore forms an integral part of the endoscopic examination and in most cases the diagnosis cannot be concluded without their evaluation. In particular, the clinical gastroenterologist expects from the pathologist a description that will help confirm or contradict the diagnosis considered after the macroscopic examination. In this review, we would like to highlight the most common endoscopic findings of the gastrointestinal tract in pediatric population and the role of histology in determining the correct diagnosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":9861,"journal":{"name":"Ceskoslovenska patologie","volume":"58 2","pages":"100-106"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40556049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The 5th edition of WHO classification of the urinary tract tumors - what is new?","authors":"Kristýna Pivovarčíková,&nbsp;Tomáš Pitra,&nbsp;Ondřej Hes","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The 5th edition of WHO classification of the urinary tract tumors is only mildly edited version of the previous WHO classification (from year 2016). The most prominent changes are represented by modifications in the structure and concept of chapters and there are minor alterations in the nomenclature of some entities. Histological characteristics are still the gold standard for classification of urothelial tract neoplasms.</p>","PeriodicalId":9861,"journal":{"name":"Ceskoslovenska patologie","volume":"67 4","pages":"207-211"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10344377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cribriform - morular thyroid carcinoma: a rare entity.","authors":"Udmila Michnová,&nbsp;Eva Traboulsi,&nbsp;Barbora Peková,&nbsp;Aleš Ryška","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We present a case report of a 51-year-old patient who underwent totalization of thyroidectomy - resection of the right thyroid lobe for growth progression of the largest nodule from which a fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) was performed and was cytologically suspected of malignancy. Nodule was a graywhite colored tumor with a solid structure, histologically with an unusual morphology and immunoprofile, called cribriform morular thyroid carcinoma (CMTC). Usually, the tumor behaves indolently with a good prognosis. CMTC can be familial or sporadic, predominantly as a solitary or a multifocal lesion, often associated with autosomal dominant adenomatous polyposis syndrome (FAP), so it is necessary to point this out in the report. The syndrome of familial adenomatous polyposis was ruled out, the APC gene mutation was somatic.</p>","PeriodicalId":9861,"journal":{"name":"Ceskoslovenska patologie","volume":"58 2","pages":"107-110"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40556050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mucormycosis: Case report.","authors":"Jana Jakešová,&nbsp;Roman Boháč,&nbsp;Jan Betlach","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mucormycosis is a fungal disease caused by fibrous saprophytic fungi called mucorales. The most important genera include Lichtheimia, Mucor and Rhizopus. For a weakened person they are pathogenic. The disease progression is serious, with high mortality. The clinical picture is varied, depending on the organ affected. We distinguish several main forms: rhino-cerebellar, pulmonary, cutaneous, disseminated, gastrointestinal and other rare forms. Our case concerns a less common gastrointestinal form that affected a patient after a lung transplant and was accompanied by perforation of a fungal ulcer of the gastric wall with bleeding and hemorrhagic shock.</p>","PeriodicalId":9861,"journal":{"name":"Ceskoslovenska patologie","volume":"58 3","pages":"166-168"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33501756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tumor lesions of penis and scrotum according to WHO classification 2022.","authors":"Květoslava Michalová,&nbsp;Peter Beniač,&nbsp;Denisa Kacerovská","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Similarly to testicular tumors, key changes on penile and scrotal neoplasia were incorporated into WHO classification 2016. Therein, penile squamous cell carcinomas were divided into two groups based on the pathogenesis, namely HPV-associated and HPV-independent. This remains unchanged in WHO classification 2022. For those carcinomas where HPV status can not be determined, a category of squamous cell carcinoma NOS was added. Variants of squamous cell carcinoma, namely basaloid, papillary-basaloid, warty, warty-basaloid, clear cell and lymphoepithelioma-like carcinomas are not recognized as distinctive variants of HPV-associated group anymore. Similarly, squamous cell carcinoma, usual type, pseudohyperplastic, pseudoglandular, verrucous carcinoma, carcinoma cunniculatum, papillary, adenosquamous, sarcomatoid and mixed carcinoma are no more not recognized as distinctive variants of HPV-independent carcinomas. Instead, these variants are now called subtypes. Some previously distinct subtypes now belong to the morphological spectrum of other subtypes. Basaloid-papillary subtype belongs to basaloid squamous cell carcinoma and carcinoma cunniculatum is currently recognized as morphological variation of verrucous carcinoma. Pseudohyperplastic and mixed subtypes were removed from the classification. Adenosquamous carcinoma is currently termed adenosquamous and mucoepidermoid carcinoma and represents distinct entity. Precursor lesions of squamous cell carcinoma underwent substantial modifications in the WHO classification 2016 as well, and remain unchanged in WHO classification 2022. Terminology for HPV - induced lesions have been unified to low grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL) and high grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL). This classification applies to the whole anogenital area, including penis, anus, perianal region, vulva, vagina and uterine cervix. LSIL is further divided to condyloma accuminatum and (penile) intraepithelial neoplasia grade 1 (PeIN1), HSIL is divided to PeIN2 and PeIN3. Penile HPV-independent precursor lesions are named differrentiated penile intraepitelial neoplasia (dPeIN) and are identical to analogous lesions on vulva.</p>","PeriodicalId":9861,"journal":{"name":"Ceskoslovenska patologie","volume":"67 4","pages":"192-197"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10350235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pattern-based approach to gastritis and gastropathy.","authors":"Ondřej Daum,&nbsp;Magdaléna Daumová,&nbsp;Marián Švajdler","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Histological investigation of non-neoplastic endoscopic biopsies of gastric mucosa is one of the most common tasks most pathologists have to face on daily basis. Although the most common clinical question is still being whether Helicobacter organisms are found, pathologists have to bear in mind the whole spectrum of causes and associated morphological patterns of gastritides and gastropathies, governed by characteristic combinations of various types of inflammatory infiltrate, alterative and reactive changes of epithelial component, vascular response, and variability of stromal composition. The association of histopathologic pattern with supposed etiology can be sometimes proved by direct detection of the cause of morphologic changes in the investigated endoscopic sample.</p>","PeriodicalId":9861,"journal":{"name":"Ceskoslovenska patologie","volume":"58 2","pages":"77-87"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40556047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}