Ceskoslovenska patologie最新文献

{"title":"Death of a Pilot in an Aircraft Accident with a Significant Toxicological Finding - A Case Report.","authors":"Miloš Sokol, Miroslava Bursová, Vladimír Plos","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The article is focused on the case of the death of a 75-year-old sport pilot who died when a small sport plane crashed into a hangar building. In the autopsy and subsequent toxicological analysis, the presence of cocaine and its metabolites, morphine and oxycodone, was found in the biological material collected. Based on the significant findings during the autopsy, further investigation was conducted and medical reports were submitted with information indicating changes in health for which the deceased pilot was taking opioid analgesics. Furthermore, the authors present the history of drug abuse in aviation abroad and from the experience of aviation accident investigations within the Czech Republic.</p>","PeriodicalId":9861,"journal":{"name":"Ceskoslovenska patologie","volume":"70 3","pages":"18-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145306957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cholangiopathies from a Pathologist's Perspective: The Role of Liver Biopsy in Routine Diagnostic Practice.","authors":"Ivana Jusková, Andrea Vajsová, Ondřej Fabián, Eva Sticová","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The biliary tree comprises a three-dimensional network of intrahepatic and extrahepatic ducts lined by biliary epithelium (cholangiocytes). The bile ducts and cholangiocytes may be affected by a broad spectrum of disorders collectively referred to as cholangiopathies. These conditions are classified based on anatomical aspects (predominantly affecting small or large bile ducts), aetiopathogenesis (immune-mediated, toxic and drug-induced, ischaemic, infectious, genetically determined, or neoplastic), and the predominant morphological pattern of injury (inflammatory or non-inflammatory). While abnormalities in medium-sized and large bile ducts are typically detected using radiological methods, the diagnosis of small duct cholangiopathies continues to rely primarily on histopathological evaluation of liver tissue. This review summarises the key morphological features of the most clinically significant cholangiopathies, focusing on histopathological changes observed in liver biopsy.</p>","PeriodicalId":9861,"journal":{"name":"Ceskoslovenska patologie","volume":"61 3","pages":"118-134"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145307001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retrospective analysis of seasonal and circadian influences on acute changes in atherosclerotic plaques in cases of fatal coronary atherosclerosis.","authors":"Šimon Kulaxidis, Štěpánka Pohlová Kučerová, Lenka Zátopková, Petr Hejna","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Sudden cardiac death due to coronary atherosclerosis remains the most common cause of sudden cardiac death in the adult population. Cases of sudden death from cardiovascular causes are the most common part of autopsy forensic practice.</p><p><strong>Material and methodology: </strong>The study included 90 cases of sudden cardiac death caused by acute changes in atherosclerotic plaques, which were retrospectively analyzed with a focus on age, sex, seasonal and circadian influences, risk factors for atherosclerosis, type and location of coronary artery occlusion and the presence of external toxicological substances.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The group consisted of 63 men (70.0%) and 27 women (30.0%). The average age of the deceased was 70.1 years. Most deaths occurred in the afternoon and evening hours (39.8% in total), and the least surprisingly in the morning hours (8.9%). The most common days of death were Thursday and Friday (37.8% in total). In terms of seasons, the most deaths occurred in the winter months (34.4%). In men, the accumulation of multiple risk factors was evident - 81.0% of men had 4 or more risk factors for atherosclerosis. In women, only 40.7% of women achieved the accumulation of 4 or more risk factors. Coronary artery thrombosis was detected in 55 cases (61.1%), other forms of significant coronary artery occlusion was found in a total of 35 people (38.9%). In terms of localization of the occlusion, the anterior interventricular branch (RIVA) of the left coronary artery was most often affected in both sexes, in a total of 67 people (74.4%). The most common phenomenon was the simultaneous involvement of two coronary arteries (36.7% of cases).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The authors analysed the morphological findings on the coronary arteries in cases of fatal coronary atherosclerosis with special focus on acute changes in atherosclerotic plaques, anamnestic data of the deceased with an emphasis on risk factors for atherosclerosis, and circadian and seasonal influences on the incidence of fatal coronary atherosclerosis. The study confirmed an increased incidence of acute coronary events in the winter period, on working days and in the home in both sexes. An important accompanying phenomenon was the accumulation of risk factors, especially in men. Another follow-up and larger study will be suitable for an exact evaluation of the identified phenomena.</p>","PeriodicalId":9861,"journal":{"name":"Ceskoslovenska patologie","volume":"70 3","pages":"22-27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145306944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular detection of infectious agents in the pathology laboratory.","authors":"Kateřina Černá, Radek Šíma, Jana Němcová","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Using molecular methods, infectious organisms of viral, bacterial and fungal origin, as well as protozoa and helminths, can be detected. Molecular methods detect specific segments in the nucleic acid sequences of infectious agents and therefore do not require the maintenance of viability of the microorganisms of interest. Therefore, these methods can also be used for direct detection of infectious agents from fixed tissue, the most commonly available material in pathology. This short review article is based on more than 20 years of molecular microbiology within pathology and our aim is to present the possibilities of molecular detection of infectious organisms for pathological diagnosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":9861,"journal":{"name":"Ceskoslovenska patologie","volume":"60 4","pages":"169-175"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143633861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pitfalls of extrahepatic bile duct cytology.","authors":"Daniela Kurfürstová, Zuzana Slobodová","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cytological examination of extrahepatic bile ducts represents a challenging diagnostic field, often limited by sample quality and cellularity. Despite the availability of detailed classifications and cellular morphology descriptions, distinguishing benign from malignant lesions remains difficult in clinical practice. This paper reviews the current WHO classification system for pancreatobiliary cytopathology, with a focus on diagnostic categories specific to extrahepatic bile ducts. It discusses typical cytomorphological features, differential diagnoses, and the use of ancillary techniques such as immunohistochemistry and FISH, which may enhance diagnostic sensitivity and specificity. The importance of clinical context and interdisciplinary collaboration in cytological interpretation is emphasized.</p>","PeriodicalId":9861,"journal":{"name":"Ceskoslovenska patologie","volume":"61 3","pages":"142-147"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145307034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Machine learning in digital pathology.","authors":"Tomáš Brázdil, Vít Musil, Karel Štěpka, Adam Kukučka, Rudolf Nenutil, Adam Bajger, Petr Holub","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>With the advancing digitalization of pathology, the application of machine learning and artificial intelligence methods is becoming increasingly important. Research and development in this field are progressing rapidly, but the clinical implementation of learning systems still lags behind. The aim of this text is to provide an overview of the process of developing and deploying learning systems in digital pathology. We begin by describing the fundamental characteristics of data produced in digital pathology. Specifically, we discuss scanners and sample scanning, data storage and transmission, quality control, and preparation for processing by learning systems, with a particular focus on annotations. Our goal is to present current approaches to addressing technical challenges while also highlighting potential pitfalls in processing digital pathology data. In the first part of the text, we also outline existing software solutions for viewing scanned samples and implementing diagnostic procedures that incorporate learning systems. In the second part of the text, we describe common tasks in digital pathology and outline typical approaches to solving them. Here, we explain the necessary modifications to standard machine learning methods for processing large scans and discuss specific diagnostic applications. Finally, we provide a brief overview of the potential future development of learning systems in digital pathology. We illustrate the transition to large foundational models and introduce the topic of virtual staining of samples. We hope that this text will contribute to a better understanding of the rapidly evolving field of machine learning in digital pathology and, in turn, facilitate the faster adoption of learning-based methods in this domain.</p>","PeriodicalId":9861,"journal":{"name":"Ceskoslovenska patologie","volume":"61 2","pages":"58-69"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144788381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Solitary fibrous tumor of the pancreas in a patient with tumor duplicity: a case report.","authors":"Jan Hrudka, Václav Eis, Radoslav Matěj","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This case report describes a 71-year-old male patient in whom a solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) of the pancreatic tail was incidentally discovered during staging of chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (B-CLL/SLL). The patient also had a history of excised malignant melanoma. SFT is a mesenchymal neoplasm characterized by NAB2::STAT6 gene fusion, STAT6 and CD34 immunohistochemical positivity, and unclear biological behavior. In this case, the tumor was a firm, well-circumscribed spindle cell lesion without cytologic atypia, necrosis, or significant mitotic activity, showing strong diffuse STAT6 and CD34 expression. According to WHO classification criteria, it was classified as a low-risk SFT with respect to metastatic potential. The diagnosis of SFT is based on characteristic morphology and nuclear expression of STAT6, which helps distinguish it from a broad spectrum of CD34-positive mesenchymal lesions. The article discusses relevant differential diagnoses and highlights the molecular basis of SFT, including the prognostic implications of different NAB2::STAT6 fusion variants and the association of TERT promoter mutations with more aggressive behavior. Although pancreatic SFT is rare, similar cases have been reported in the literature. From a clinical standpoint, accurate risk stratification for recurrence or metastasis is essential. Several scoring systems have been proposed and validated, including the one adopted in the WHO classification, which considers tumor size, mitotic rate, necrosis, and patient age. In this case, the tumor was completely resected, and the patient has remained disease-free with no signs of SFT recurrence or B-CLL/SLL progression more than six months after surgery.</p>","PeriodicalId":9861,"journal":{"name":"Ceskoslovenska patologie","volume":"61 3","pages":"159-164"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145306986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Papillary Breast Lesions: Diagnostic Challenges and Overview of Entities.","authors":"Zuzana Slobodová","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Papillary breast lesions represent a morphologically and biologically diverse group of entities that include benign intraductal papillomas, papillomas with atypical ductal hyperplasia, with ductal or lobular carcinoma in situ, papillary ductal carcinoma in situ, encapsulated papillary carcinoma (with or without invasion), solid papillary carcinoma, and invasive papillary carcinoma. Accurate classification is often challenging particularly in core needle biopsies, and even in excision specimens can pose difficulties, especially for less experienced pathologists. This review summarizes the essential histological and immunohistochemical features of each lesion and highlights key diagnostic pitfalls and helpful clues in their differential diagnosis. While genetic testing is not routinely required for diagnostic purposes, recent studies have identified more or less distinct molecular alterations across the spectrum of papillary lesions. These findings may support future refinements in classification and understanding of these tumors.</p>","PeriodicalId":9861,"journal":{"name":"Ceskoslovenska patologie","volume":"61 4","pages":"178-189"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146197105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unusual histopathologic finding in axillary lymph node in patient with invasive breast carcinoma NST: Case report and literature review.","authors":"Dominika Fritzová, Dominik Hraboš, Martina Navrátilová, Daniela Skanderová, Daniela Kurfürstová","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lymph nodes are routinely examined during the staging of malignant tumors, particularly those of epithelial origin. The assessment of metastatic involvement, especially of sentinel or regional lymph nodes, is absolutely crucial for the appropriate clinical management of patients. However, lymph nodes can also harbor other lesions that must be taken into consideration during differential diagnosis-not only reactive lymphadenopathy, but also less common findings, such as epithelial inclusions or heterotopic occurrence of certain tissues. In this paper we demonstrate the importance of such findings in two cases from our institution, accompanied by a brief review of the published literature focusing on the differential diagnosis of axillary lymph node lesions. We present case reports of findings in the axillary lymph nodes of two female patients with invasive breast carcinoma of NST type.</p>","PeriodicalId":9861,"journal":{"name":"Ceskoslovenska patologie","volume":"61 4","pages":"201-205"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146197121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Current methods in multiplex immunohistochemistry for formalin-fixed tissue samples.","authors":"Romana Hendrychová, Kateřina Čížková, Dominik Hraboš, Jan Bouchal","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Traditional histopathological methods, such as hematoxylin and eosin staining and chromogenic immunohistochemistry, are still primarily used in clinical practice, however, they are limited in their ability to simultaneously detect multiple biomarkers and analyze spatial relationships between cell populations. These limitations are overcome by multiplex immunohistochemistry (mIHC) methods that allow detailed spatial analysis of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues with detection of multiple epitopes in a single sample. Detailed characterization of immune cell populations within tumor microenvironment has significantly contributed to the development of immunotherapeutic approaches, which have fundamentally transformed the prognosis of many advanced malignancies. Modern multiplex methods use both chromogenic and immunofluorescence detection and include sequential cyclic labeling or tyramine signal amplification techniques. Alternative approaches, such as the use of nucleotide-conjugated antibodies, allow highly specific detection and facilitate quantitative analysis, while mass spectrometry-based approaches enable the profiling of extensive biomarker panels. Despite significant technological advances, the integration of mIHC into routine clinical diagnostics remains challenging, primarily due to the need for standardization, antibody validation, advanced image data analysis integration, and the regulation of laboratory-developed tests. With the continued automation and digitization of pathology, wider use of mIHC in clinical practice can be expected, which could significantly contribute to the deeper characterization of tumors and improved therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":9861,"journal":{"name":"Ceskoslovenska patologie","volume":"61 4","pages":"210-220"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146197135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}