Catena最新文献

{"title":"Occluded phosphorus dominates in highly weathered soils of the Didessa toposequence, Western Ethiopia","authors":"Abdenna Deressa ,&nbsp;Markku Yli-Halla","doi":"10.1016/j.catena.2026.109897","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.catena.2026.109897","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ultisols, Alfisols and Vertisols of humid Western Ethiopia are deficient in bioavailable phosphorus (P) but information on their P reserves is largely lacking. This study quantified the P fractions of four soils (Ferrudalfs, Rhodudalfs, Hapludults, Hapluderts) from four land uses (arable, fallow, grazing and agroforestry) along a 53-km long toposequence in the Didessa watershed at the elevation of 1273–2700 m above sea level. Six P fractions (microbial-P, NaHCO₃-P, NaOH-P, dilute HCl-P, concentrated HCl-P, and concentrated H₂SO₄-H₂O₂-P) were sequentially extracted, and Total P (TP) was separately determined. The mean inorganic NaHCO₃-P was only 5.2 mg kg⁻¹ but the mean TP was high (2020–3138 mg kg⁻¹). The trend of TP along the toposequence was neither consistent with landscape positions nor degree of weathering. The sum of occluded and residual P was high both in quantity and proportion (73–80%). An abundance of sparingly soluble P has gradually been built up in these soils during pedogenesis likely as a consequence of leaching of silica and residual accumulation of Fe and Al oxides and P adsorbed onto them. The small proportion of labile P in all land uses and high proportion of more stable P suggest that the abundant recalcitrant P pools sparingly replenish the labile pools but rather scavenge the P released by weathering. This study challenges the pedogenic P depletion paradigm in highly weathered soils.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9801,"journal":{"name":"Catena","volume":"265 ","pages":"Article 109897"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146170608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of climate change on vertical hydrological connectivity of wetlands","authors":"Dequan Zhang,&nbsp;Haitao Wu,&nbsp;Wenguang Zhang,&nbsp;Guangxin Zhang,&nbsp;Yu An,&nbsp;Peng Qi","doi":"10.1016/j.catena.2026.109896","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.catena.2026.109896","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Vertical hydrological connectivity of wetlands (VHCW) is of great significance in maintaining the material cycle, energy flow, and information transfer of wetlands. However, under the influence of climate change and human activities, the VHCW changes significantly, leading to a series of risks of ecological environment degradation. Western Jilin Province in China is a typical mid-to-high-latitude wetland distribution area. The climate change in the region is significant, and agricultural irrigation is increasingly dependent on groundwater, which leads to increased uncertainty in the VHCW function of wetlands. Therefore, this study focuses on the wetland complexes in the Taoer River and Huolin River basins in western Jilin Province. A Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) hydrological model, integrated with a wetland module, was developed and its performance was assessed using monthly streamflow data through the Coefficient of Determination (R²), Nash–Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE), and Percent Bias (PBIAS). Using this model predicts and analyzes the spatiotemporal variation characteristics of VHCW during the historical period (1963–2019) and under different future climate scenarios (2021−2100), as well as its response to climate factors. The main findings are as follows: (1) The SWAT model with a wetland module developed in this study (Taoer River Basin: R² = 0.72, NSE = 0.53, PBIAS = −12.8%; Huolin River Basin: R² = 0.60, NSE = 0.53, PBIAS = 5.10%) effectively simulates wetland hydrological processes in western Jilin. (2) Under future climate change, VHCW will mainly manifest as the recharge of wetland surface water to groundwater. (3) In the future period (2021–2100), the recharge of VHCW in the Taoer River Basin shows the greatest decrease under SSP3–7.0 (−7.86%) and the most significant increase under SSP1–2.6 (+7.41%). In the Huolin River Basin, the greatest decrease in VHCW is observed under the SSP3–7.0 scenario, around 8.94%, whereas the most significant increase occurs under the SSP5–8.5 scenario, reaching 6.88%. These results highlight the significant differentiated impact of future emission pathways on wetland hydrological processes. Overall, the study shows that future climate change scenarios play an important role in the spatiotemporal variation of VHCW.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9801,"journal":{"name":"Catena","volume":"265 ","pages":"Article 109896"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146170577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of land use changes on soil organic matter content and speciation in volcanic soils of southern Chile","authors":"Belén Caurapan ,&nbsp;Franz Zehetner ,&nbsp;Susana R. Valle","doi":"10.1016/j.catena.2026.109802","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.catena.2026.109802","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examined how land-use changes impact soil organic carbon (SOC) content and chemical speciation in four volcanic soils (Andisols and Ultisols) in southern Chile. Fixed depth (FD) and equivalent soil mass (ESM) approaches were used to analyze SOC stocks under different land uses, including native forest, cropland, grassland, and exotic tree plantations. Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy provided insights into the soil organic matter (SOM) composition by highlighting changes in key bands associated with organic compounds. Methodological analyses showed that although both FD and ESM methods produced similar average SOC values, the ESM approach may better capture SOC variations in soils with different densities. SOC contents and stocks significantly decreased in croplands, particularly in Typic Hapludult and Acrudoxic Duraquand, most likely due to intensive management practices that promote SOM decomposition. Native forests and grasslands demonstrated higher SOC stocks and maintained complex organic inputs. These results underscore the need for soil-specific management practices to sustain SOC levels, particularly in older volcanic soils like Ultisols, which have a lower capacity to stabilize organic carbon and are more vulnerable to SOC losses under intensive land use. This research demonstrated that the ESM approach enhances the accuracy of SOC stock estimates in volcanic soils with contrasting densities. FTIR analyses effectively revealed changes in SOM composition related to land-use change. Applying both methods together improves the detection of biogeochemical changes and should be prioritized when assessing SOC vulnerability and guiding conservation strategies in volcanic soils.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9801,"journal":{"name":"Catena","volume":"264 ","pages":"Article 109802"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145973829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The influence of soil physico-chemical properties and land uses on organic carbon stocks in contrasting Mediterranean pedosystems","authors":"Antonio Ganga ,&nbsp;Ludmila Ribeiro Roder ,&nbsp;Iraê Amaral Guerrini ,&nbsp;Rafael Barroca Silva ,&nbsp;Emmanuele Farris ,&nbsp;Alfredo Maccioni ,&nbsp;Gian Franco Capra","doi":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.109746","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.109746","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Soil plays a pivotal role in the processes and behavior of the global carbon cycle, with soil organic carbon stocks (SOCs) representing the largest terrestrial carbon (C) pool. Mediterranean areas are among the world's biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. The island of Sardinia (southern Italy), due to the rare convergence of environmental and historical land use factors, is characterized by extremely peculiar soil conditions. This study investigated SOCs and their behavior in two contrasting Mediterranean pedosystems: Cambisols developed on granite (the most common pedosystem) <em>vs</em> Luvisols on limestone (one of the rarest), featuring different land covers with a gradient varying from agricultural (vineyard at different ages) to more natural areas (remnants of natural potential vegetation cover). Several soil physico-chemical features were assessed. An ANOVA was conducted to determine significant differences (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05) between and among investigated horizons and land uses. The variability and complex multiple relationships were analyzed by factor (FA) and principal component analysis (PCA). Results revealed that areas with natural or near-natural features exhibited significantly higher SOCs compared to more intensively managed and human-influenced land covers. Interestingly, the two investigated pedosystems, originating from diverse substrates and thus contributing to different soil formation processes, are characterized by significantly different SOC amounts and behaviors. Overall, soil features have a greater influence on SOCs than usually expected and previously reported. Consequently, this study suggests that SOC investigations, if not conducted in conjunction with a thorough soil analysis, may lead to inaccurate or misleading outcomes and subsequent conclusions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9801,"journal":{"name":"Catena","volume":"264 ","pages":"Article 109746"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145973917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strategies for predictive digital soil mapping by geophysical, remote sensing and machine learning approaches","authors":"Gustavo Vieira Veloso ,&nbsp;Danilo César de Mello ,&nbsp;Lucas Vieira Silva ,&nbsp;Elpídio Inácio Fernandes-Filho ,&nbsp;Jorge Tadeu Fim Rosas ,&nbsp;Fellipe Alcantara de Oliveira Mello ,&nbsp;José João Lelis Leal de Souza ,&nbsp;Márcio Rocha Francelino ,&nbsp;Sara Ramos dos Santos ,&nbsp;Francis Henrique Tenório Firmino ,&nbsp;Nícolas Augusto Rosin ,&nbsp;Gabriel Pimenta Barbosa de Sousa ,&nbsp;Tiago Osório Ferreira ,&nbsp;Arnaldo Barros e Souza ,&nbsp;José A.M. Demattê","doi":"10.1016/j.catena.2026.109822","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.catena.2026.109822","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Pedology, the study of pedogenesis, includes soil classification and mapping. Digital soil mapping (DSM) has evolved from traditional methods to creating comprehensive spatial soil information systems. This advancement is achieved by integrating field and laboratory data with environmental covariates and incorporating new geotechnologies such as geophysical techniques and remote sensing data, alongside machine learning approaches. This integration in DSM provides novel insights into soil survey and mapping, offering detailed information on soil variability both vertically and laterally. It also raises new research questions that traditional pedology may not have addressed. In this study, we proposed and compared three strategies for DSM in Brazil, creating predictive pedological mapping. These strategies integrate data from three geophysical sensors, remote sensing data, relief, and lithology as input in a machine learning approach testing five algorithms. The four proposed strategies were: &lt;em&gt;i)&lt;/em&gt; the combined use of geophysical variables and remote sensing data (G + RS + DEM); &lt;em&gt;ii)&lt;/em&gt; the use of remote sensing data only (RS + DEM); &lt;em&gt;iii)&lt;/em&gt; the use of geophysical variables only (G + DEM) and; iv) relief data (DEM). Lithology and relief were used as common input data in the predictive pedological mapping modeling process for all four strategies. We conducted a statistical analysis to evaluate the models' performance employing the Kruskal-Walli's test, the F1-score, Kappa, Accuracy, Sensitivity, and Specificity. Additionally, the best strategy was chosen based on the Kruskal-Walli's test and Overall Agreement and Disagreement statistical validation method, utilizing the reference map generated by an expert pedologist. Results revealed that the Random Forest algorithm presented the best performance for modeling predictive pedological mapping in all proposed strategies. Among the predictor variables, the Synthetic Soil Image (a synthetic multi-temporal soil image created by selecting and integrating bare soil observations from satellite data to capture key soil properties for mapping and analysis), relief, and geophysical data had the most significant contributions. While variables associated with remote sensing displayed stronger correlations with surface pedological attributes, geophysical variables demonstrated stronger associations with subsurface pedological attributes and diagnostic horizons. The most effective strategies for predictive digital pedological mapping were the G + RS, while the least effective was DEM. The individual performances of G and RS were comparable. The final predictive digital pedological map had a strong correlation with the traditional one, considering the Agreement/Disagreement validation method. The most significant prediction errors occurred in the transitional zones between pedological and lithological classes. Within the predicted classes, the most substantial errors were observed in class","PeriodicalId":9801,"journal":{"name":"Catena","volume":"264 ","pages":"Article 109822"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145973916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Asynchronous responses of particulate and mineral-associated organic carbon to environment driven by aridity reshaped soil organic carbon stability of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau","authors":"Yubin Wang ,&nbsp;Deng Ao ,&nbsp;Baorong Wang ,&nbsp;Yang Hu ,&nbsp;Bicheng Zhang ,&nbsp;Haolin Zhang ,&nbsp;Wei Guo ,&nbsp;Sisay Mekonnen ,&nbsp;Can Xu ,&nbsp;Shaoshan An","doi":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.109780","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.109780","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Global climate change is altering temperature and precipitation patterns, which profoundly affect soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics, especially in sensitive high-elevation ecosystems of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau (QXP). SOC consists mainly of particulate organic carbon (POC) and mineral-associated organic carbon (MAOC), each responding differently to environmental changes. However, previous studies in high-elevation ecosystems has often overlooked how these two SOC pools react asynchronously to varying conditions, limiting our understanding of SOC stability and carbon cycling under climate change. This study examines how POC and MAOC vary along aridity gradients on the QXP and assess their implications for SOC stability and carbon sequestration. Soil samples were collected from 220 sites at two depths (0–20 cm and 20–40 cm), across arid, semi-arid, semi-humid, and humid regions. SOC increased roughly 5 times from arid to humid regions (about 13.18 g·kg⁻¹ and 69.22 g·kg⁻¹), and SOC stability was only 0.57 in semi-arid region and lower than other regions. Crucially, POC and MAOC responded asynchronously to environmental factors. NDVI and climate variables drove rapid POC gains in semi-arid regions, whereas in semi-humid and humid regions rising vegetation cover triggered steep MAOC accumulation. These findings highlight that SOC pools respond differently to aridity: labile POC tracks moisture-driven vegetation increases in transitional semi-arid and semi-humid regions, while stable MAOC accumulates faster under wetter conditions. Our study reveals the critical role of asynchronous responses between POC and MAOC in controlling SOC content and stability on the QXP, with implications for predicting C-cycle feedbacks under climate change.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9801,"journal":{"name":"Catena","volume":"264 ","pages":"Article 109780"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145923170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modelling of groundwater salt pollution in semi-arid watershed disturbed by agricultural activities: Lake Tuz (Salt Lake) Basin, Turkey","authors":"Miraç Eryiğit","doi":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.109790","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.109790","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper aimed at modelling and investigating a groundwater salt pollution/contamination in the Lake Tuz (Salt Lake) Basin (29,425 km², Central Anatolia, Turkey), in which intensive agricultural activities have been applied throughout the years, in addition to the natural resources (salty lakes). MT3DMS was used by utilizing the groundwater flow model of <span><span>Eryiğit (2025)</span></span> to simulate the groundwater salt pollution of the watershed under transient conditions. The input files of MT3DMS were generated by GMS groundwater simulator. The model was yearly simulated for 19 years from 2000 to 2018. Model calibration and validation were carried out by using groundwater quality observation data of 2000–2012 and 2013–2018, respectively. Electrical conductivity (μS/cm) data were converted to Total Dissolved Solids (g/l) for representing a salinity (as a salt concentration). To improve parameter estimations, the groundwater model parameters were calibrated by the modified Clonal Selection Algorithm (a class of Artificial Immune Systems) linked with MT3DMS in MATLAB. Recharge concentration was calibrated based on the land use/cover (30 different types) while other parameters (porosity, longitudinal dispersivity, sorption) were calibrated depending on the aquifer lithology (23 aquifers). Furthermore, the groundwater contaminant transport model was run to estimate groundwater salt concentrations within the scenario based on increasing agricultural activities in the future. Owing to/thanks to the model, predictions of the groundwater salt pollution depending on both anthropogenic (agriculture) and natural (lakes) factors were performed in the Lake Tuz watershed for the first time as a largest scaled spatiotemporal groundwater quality (salinity) model with a long simulation period (19 years) in Turkey.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9801,"journal":{"name":"Catena","volume":"264 ","pages":"Article 109790"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145923184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Soil geochemistry as a geochronologic tool: application to mapping composite fluvial terraces, Four Mile Creek, Ohio","authors":"Abigale O'Connor,&nbsp;Jason A. Rech,&nbsp;Christina N. Tenison","doi":"10.1016/j.catena.2026.109827","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.catena.2026.109827","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Delineating ‘active’ (500-year) floodplains as well as Holocene and Late Pleistocene fluvial terraces is vital to determining flood and erosion risk within a river valley. Traditional geomorphic techniques to delineate the active floodplain and fluvial terraces include assessing surface roughness and mapping terrace scarps. However, agriculture and land use changes have disturbed the original surface morphology of floodplains in many locations, and streams often aggrade to the same elevation multiple times, creating composite fluvial terraces. Additional methodologies are necessary to better identify and map such composite terraces.</div><div>In this study, a portable X-ray fluorescence analyzer (pXRF) was used to measure the geochemistry of nine radiocarbon-dated soil pedons on fluvial terraces along Four Mile Creek, Ohio, ranging between ∼50 and 17,000 cal yrs. BP. Soil chronofunctions were calculated to quantify changes in weathering index values of Fe/Ca, Zr/Ca, and Ti/Ca within these pedons over time. Fe/Ca values of samples collected at 20−30 cm yielded a coefficient of determination of 0.9527 (<em>p</em> = 6.82E−06) and Fe/Ca values of samples collected at 0−10 cm yielded a coefficient of determination of 0.947 (<em>p</em> = 1.02E−05). These relationships were then used to infer soil age at 163 locations within mapping zone 1 and 147 locations within mapping zone 2 in the Four Mile Creek watershed. Different sampling densities (25 m and 50 m) were used in mapping zones 1 and 2 to determine the density required to map fluvial terraces along Four Mile Creek. In mapping zone 3, pXRF measurements were performed in the field at 78 locations along transects to determine if this faster approach yielded similar results. The active floodplain as well as Holocene and Late Pleistocene fluvial terraces were delineated based on the inferred soil age and a surficial geologic map was created. Results indicate the ideal sampling strategy is a grid of sampling locations with 50 m spacing as this is sufficient to constrain boundaries of the active floodplain and fluvial terraces while limiting time required to perform the analysis. Field-based analysis also provided reliable results. Weathering index chronofunctions were found to be a viable tool for mapping floodplains that have been altered by land use, for making flood and erosion risk evaluations, and can be used in conjunction with traditional mapping techniques.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9801,"journal":{"name":"Catena","volume":"264 ","pages":"Article 109827"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146034977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Soil organic carbon, nitrogen, and enzyme activity in glaciated-derived agricultural landscapes of the U.S. Midwest","authors":"Helen C.S. Amorim ,&nbsp;Amanda J. Ashworth ,&nbsp;Diane E. Stott ,&nbsp;Hans E. Winzeler ,&nbsp;Phillip R. Owens ,&nbsp;Zamir Libohova","doi":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.109770","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.109770","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The extent to which terrain and landscape drive soil C and nutrient dynamics remains unexplored for agricultural lands, due to their complex interactions. This study assessed soil organic carbon (SOC), total N, mineralizable SOC (C_min) via an incubation experiment, and beta-glucosidase (BG) activity affected by landscape position in glaciated-derived agricultural soils of northern Indiana. Soil samples from the 0–25 cm depth were collected along 10-point transects following the soil <em>catena</em>. Overall, SOC and N concentrations in the landscape were influenced by soil wetness and organic matter accumulation. Depressions, poorly and very poorly drained soils stored 55–76% more SOC than surrounding upland areas. After 28 days of incubation, depressions, poorly and very poorly drained soils released 1.4 Mg C ha⁻¹ as C_min, nearly 2-times more than upland areas (0.8 Mg ha⁻¹), likely owing to greater enzyme activity (66.3 and 70.3 μg g⁻¹ soil h⁻¹ in depressions and very poorly drained soils, respectively). Mean C-CO₂ evolution decreased exponentially after 28 days (1.5 to 0.2 μg g⁻¹ h⁻¹), being the lowest for depressions and very poorly drained soils. Soils with buried histic epipedons had the highest total SOC stock (188 Mg C ha⁻¹) compared to mollic and ochric epipedons (51 and 32 Mg C ha⁻¹, respectively). These findings inform land managers about SOC retention based on soil type and relief and can guide targeted best management and conservation practices according to landscape zones, which is critical to support long-term soil health and sustainability of crop production systems in glaciated-derived landscapes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9801,"journal":{"name":"Catena","volume":"264 ","pages":"Article 109770"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146034910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental and numerical study of air–water two-phase flow in unsaturated loess with implications for slope stability","authors":"Haotian Liang ,&nbsp;Wei Wang ,&nbsp;Shuli Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.catena.2026.109843","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.catena.2026.109843","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Air migration in the vadose zone plays a critical role in regulating hydrological processes and influencing the occurrence of geological hazards. In this study, laboratory soil column experiments and numerical simulations were employed to investigate coupled water–air migration under open and closed boundary conditions. The results show that boundary conditions strongly affect unsaturated infiltration. Under closed conditions, the pore air was progressively compressed, with pressures reaching 50 kPa, while the average wetting front velocity decreased to 0.056 m·d⁻¹, compared with 0.063 m·d⁻¹ under open conditions. Periodic fluctuations in air pressure further induced unstable water flow below the wetting front, indicating that variations in soil air pressure directly regulate infiltration rates. In contrast, under open conditions, the pore air pressure remained close to 0 kPa, and the wetting front advanced more uniformly. Comparative analyses of rainfall and irrigation scenarios revealed that rainfall-induced air pressure changes were limited and exerted little effect on infiltration. In contrast, irrigation caused strong fluctuations in air pressure, significantly reducing infiltration and lowering the safety of slopes. These findings highlight the importance of pore-air dynamics in unsaturated loess and demonstrate that air pressure acts as a critical link between the wetting front and groundwater. This study emphasizes the need to consider both water and air processes in future evaluations of groundwater migration and slope stability in unsaturated regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9801,"journal":{"name":"Catena","volume":"264 ","pages":"Article 109843"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146035027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}