Catena最新文献

{"title":"Assessing the effect of torrent control structures on sediment continuity and connectivity","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.catena.2024.108439","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.catena.2024.108439","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The study investigated the effect of torrent control structures on the sediment cascade in the Vegliato mountain basin (Italy) related to an intense rainfall event of 50 years return interval. The Index of Connectivity (IC) was exploited to analyze the interaction of structures with longitudinal sediment (dis)connectivity. Moreover, the Sediment Continuity Ratio (SCR) was used to assess the effect on sediment (dis)continuity. The SCR is a novel parameter considering for each torrent control structure, the net balance of sediment deposition and erosion, and the cumulative proportion of the sediment cascade arriving from upstream. The SCR emphasises which structure was more prone to continuity or discontinuity during an event and to what extent compared to<!--> <!-->other structures. Moreover, a multi-perspective framework was carried out to help the interpretation of the SCR results within the context of the study area. The results of the (dis)connectivity assessment showed that the torrent control structures impacted sediment dynamics by influencing the slope and flow confinement, which in turn affected the IC. The (dis)continuity assessment showed structures prone to continuity mainly located in the upstream part of the catchment, where most of the over 60000 m³ <!-->of sediment was generated. In contrast, structures prone to discontinuity were located in the downstream part, where deposition processes were favoured during the analyzed period. A total of 65 % of the structures similarly affected both (dis)continuity and<!--> <!-->(dis)connectivity. Data on individual structure functions and maintenance conditions were also included, emphasizing the importance of these factors in planning mountain basins management interventions.<!--> <!-->The study proposed a new metric that, despite being based on a single large event and a single basin, still provides a useful approach to investigate the interaction between sediments and individual structures, the entire sediment cascade and the channel control system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9801,"journal":{"name":"Catena","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142425996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluations of ground surface heat fluxes and its potential vegetation effects in the permafrost region of northeastern China","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.catena.2024.108449","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.catena.2024.108449","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ground surface-air temperature difference (GATD) is the primary source of sensible heat flux from the ground surface, and vegetation inevitably affects it by altering the ground surface characteristics. However, the relationship between vegetation and GATD in the permafrost region has not been well-elucidated. Using meteorological station data, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Climate Data Record Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NOAA CDR NDVI) data, and some auxiliary data, this study aims to investigate the patterns of GATD in the Northeast China permafrost region and quantify the response of GATD to vegetation changes. The study employs trend analysis, Geodetector, and correlation analysis methods. The results show that the GATD in the Northeast China permafrost region decreased from west to east and the annual mean GATD exhibited an upward from 1982 to 2020. The relationship between NDVI and GATD trend is non-linear, in areas with low vegetation, vegetation changes amplify the GATD trend, while in areas with high vegetation, vegetation changes inhibit the GATD trend. Furthermore, the rate of GATD increase is higher in the discontinuous permafrost (DP) region than in the sporadic permafrost (SP) and isolated permafrost (IP) regions, suggesting that the DP region may have experienced a faster ground surface state change process. The findings of this study will provide new insights for evaluating permafrost degradation and studying the resulting ecological environmental effects in the permafrost region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9801,"journal":{"name":"Catena","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142425997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Drivers of carbon stabilization and sequestration in Brazil’s black soils","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.catena.2024.108451","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.catena.2024.108451","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Climate and land use are recognized as two of the main drivers of changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) on a global scale. Both factors play an important role in understanding SOC sequestration and mitigation of climate change. Particularly important, black soils are mineral soils with high SOC contents and high natural fertility and play an important role in national and global food and climate security. Here, we used a database of 90 black soils in Brazil − under different climate and land use conditions across the country − to test the hypothesis that C stock is richer in wetter climate conditions and that agricultural land use reduces C stock and the percentage of carbon saturation (PCS%). Climate data were obtained from the National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and used to classify Thornthwaite’s climate. The land use information was obtained in the MapBiomas platform and was grouped into three major types: cropland, pasture, and native vegetation. The nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test showed no differences for C stock, C/N ratio, and PCS% for both land use and climate. The low C/N ratio and the strong correlation between Ca²⁺, CEC, clay, and SOC suggest that organo-mineral interactions − which are stronger in soils with high-activity clays (e.g., Chernozems, Kastanozems, and Phaeozems) − promotes greater stabilization of the SOC and its long-term persistence and, thus being less sensitive to variations in climate and land use. Considering the total area of approximately 3.7 × 10⁶ ha and the average value of C stock of 93.2 Mg/ha, the total SOC stored in Brazil’s black soils is in the order of 0.35 Gt, and the carbon stock stabilization potential is 0.25 Gt. Our results highlight the potential of Brazil’s black soils to promote carbon sequestration and climate change mitigation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9801,"journal":{"name":"Catena","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142425999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Soil water repellency under Eucalyptus stands of different age and its relationship with soil hydrological function and soil organic matter","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.catena.2024.108441","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.catena.2024.108441","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Eucalyptus stands can modify soil hydrological functioning, by several mechanisms including the effect of the growing root system, changes in soil organic matter (SOM) and the occurrence of soil water repellency (SWR). This effect is expected to evolve with time, as tree root system develop and SOM is formed from tree litter. SWR can prevent water from entering the soil, reducing infiltration, while the effect of roots and SOM can improve structure, favoring infiltration. The aims of this study were: i- to determine the influence of Eucalyptus stands of different ages on soil physical and hydraulic properties and SWR phenomena; ii- to evaluate the effects of SOM content and composition on SWR; iii- to determine the relationship between SWR and soil physical properties; iv- to compare different methodologies for SWR evaluation. The soil studied was a in a silty loam Typic Argiudoll with Eucalyptus stands of 3, 7, 11 and 32 years. Samples were taken to determine saturated and near saturation hydraulic conductivity, water retention curve, total organic carbon and different fractions of SOM, and SWR. Different parameters were used to estimate SWR, including the repellency index (RI), water repellency cessation time (WRCT), modified repellency index (RIm), and a qualitative analysis of the shapes of cumulative infiltration curves. As main results, a reduction in total porosity (TP) in the first years of Eucalyptus plantation was found, followed by a steep increased in TP, mainly due to an increase in microporosity. Hydraulic conductivity decreased with stand age, which was attributed to a decrease in macro and mesoporosity and porosity connectivity. SOM and most SOM fractions were not affected by stand age. RI was a consistent method to estimate SWR in Eucalyptus stands, while WRCT and RIm determination was more difficult when non classical shapes of infiltration curves were obtained.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9801,"journal":{"name":"Catena","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142426000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using the check dam deposit for an individual event to document the sources and erosional loss of sediment-associated organic carbon from a small catchment on the Chinese Loess Plateau","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.catena.2024.108444","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.catena.2024.108444","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Information on the sources and fate of organic carbon mobilized by soil erosion is crucial for understanding the impact of erosion on carbon (C) cycling. However, few studies have evaluated this in low-order stream systems. In this study, we adopted a novel approach, that used the sediment deposited behind a check dam constructed at the outlet of the Fengzigou catchment (0.91 km²) on the Chinese Loess Plateau by a single high magnitude storm event, to simplify the field sampling requirements. The total sediment-associated organic carbon (TOC) was fractionated into particulate organic carbon (POC) and mineral associated organic carbon (MOC). These results were combined with those from a sediment source tracing exercise. This made it possible to explore further the source and loss of the sediment-associated organic carbon. The results showed that the inter-gully areas contributed the most eroded TOC (52.3 ± 7.6 %) and, together with the gully walls, represented the main TOC source. The primary contributor of the POC fraction in the deposited sediment was the inter-gully areas (80.5 ± 12.6 %), whereas the gully walls were the main contributor of the MOC fraction (54.9 ± 10.2 %). The total output of sediment produced by the event was 1304 ± 48 t and the equivalent value for sediment-associated TOC was 2.94 ± 0.26 t, of which the POC fraction accounted for 27.6 ± 3.6 % and the MOC fraction 72.4 ± 9.8 %. The TOC lost (0.3 ± 0.02 t) through the mobilization and delivery processes was 10.2 ± 1.2 % of the TOC mobilized by erosion, and the lost carbon was dominated by the POC fraction (86.7 ± 8.8 %). The specific TOC output from the catchment associated with the event documented was 0.3 t km⁻². This work demonstrates the potential for erosion-induced carbon redistribution to provide a source for atmospheric CO₂ in the study area.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9801,"journal":{"name":"Catena","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142425995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploiting the land use to predict shallow landslide susceptibility: A probabilistic implementation of LAPSUS-LS","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.catena.2024.108437","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.catena.2024.108437","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Due to the significant role of land use on the occurrence of rainfall-induced shallow landslides, this factor is commonly employed as a landslide susceptibility predictor. However, the land use classification is oftentimes very broad, neglecting the proven mechanical and hydrogeological role of the land management on slope stability. Given the necessity of including spatially distributed and management-specific inputs, the process-based landscape evolution model LAPSUS-LS was chosen and adapted to achieve a probabilistic approach which takes into account land management as an input by adopting management-specific values of root cohesion. The model was applied to four test sites in the Oltrepò Pavese (Italy), where different vineyard management techniques play a significant role in triggering landslides. The results for the four test areas had, cumulatively, an Area Under the Roc curve greater than 0.73, with false negative cells being &lt; 1 % of the total for all simulations. In the model’s application, land use practices characterised by higher root cohesion proved to benefit slope stability, whereas tilled vineyards, shrublands and abandoned vineyards were more prone to the formation of shallow landslides. In addition, we found that the inclusion of management-specific input parameters produced more accurate outputs and that in catchments characterised by average slope angles lower than 15°, varying the vineyard management, did not appear to affect the landslide susceptibility. Due to the model’s high dependency on the land use and its ability to include land management, it can take into account the spatial variability of input values such as the root cohesion. Additionally, it can be applied i) to manage current conditions, ii) to explore future land use change, iii) to study less invasive yet beneficial land use management change scenarios and iv) provide farmers of at-risk areas insight on how to improve slope stability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9801,"journal":{"name":"Catena","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142426059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The ‘fertilizer island effect’ cannot eliminate competition between leguminous shrubs and symbiotic herbs in desert ecosystems","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.catena.2024.108429","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.catena.2024.108429","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The ‘fertilizer island effect’ — a phenomenon engendered by shrubs — promotes the growth of symbiotic herbs and the stabilization of community structures in scrublands. Specifically, leguminous shrubs contribute significantly to the nitrogen input in desert ecosystems. However, the impact of these inputs on the nutrient balance in symbiotic herbs has seldom been explored. To enhance our understanding of the nutrient balance between nitrogen-fixing legume shrubs and symbiotic non-legume herbaceous plants in desert ecosystems, we focused on a typical legume shrub (<em>Eremosparton songoricum</em>) that grows in the Gurbantunggut Desert of northern China. Subsequently, we examined the biomass, ecological stoichiometry, and rhizosphere soil properties of two plant species (annual plant: <em>Ceratocarpus arenarius</em>; and ephemeral plant: <em>Centaurea pulchella</em>) growing across four horizontal distance ranges from <em>E. songoricum</em>. The results indicated that the closer a herbaceous plant was to the leguminous shrubs, the lower was its biomass and nutrient content. In contrast, herbaceous plants growing further away from the shrubs exhibited better growth conditions. The total biomass of <em>Cer. arenarius</em> and <em>Cen. pulchella</em> was greatest at a distance of D4 (90–100 cm), being 3.07, 2.15, and 1.23 times higher for <em>Cer. arenarius</em> and 2.05, 1.18, and 1.26 times higher for <em>Cen. pulchella</em> compared to distances of D1 (0–10 cm), D2 (30–40 cm), and D3 (60–70 cm), respectively. Meanwhile, the physicochemical properties of the rhizosphere root varied inversely with distance, with nutrient levels decreasing horizontally from D1 to D4 and vertically from 0–5 cm &gt; 5–10 cm &gt; 10–20 cm, showcasing a distinct ‘fertilizer island effect’. As the distance increased, the above-ground and below-ground parts of the symbiotic non-leguminous plants started to rely on different types of soil nutrients from different depths to maximize nutrient acquisition. According to the structural equation model, although soil fertility was higher closer to the central leguminous plants, the biomass of nearby herbaceous plants was lower. In summary, in desert ecosystems, the competitive dynamics exerted by leguminous shrubs significantly overshadowed the nutrient provisioning role of the ‘fertilizer island effect’. Furthermore, the utilization of nutrients by symbiotic non-leguminous plants did not exhibit species-specific patterns, and the dominant shrub continued to play a pivotal role. The evidence from this study promotes a deeper understanding of species coexistence mechanisms and ecological stability in desert environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9801,"journal":{"name":"Catena","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142425994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolution mechanism of physical morphology of oxbow lake in the middle Yangtze River","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.catena.2024.108432","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.catena.2024.108432","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Oxbow lakes, formed through river meandering cutoffs, are recognized as key components of river ecosystems, characterized by both fluvial and lacustrine features. The focus of previous research has been placed primarily on post-disconnection changes, leaving gaps in the understanding of their long-term morphological evolution. This gap is addressed through a comparative analysis of gate-controlled and naturally connected oxbow lakes over a 30-year period. In this study, Tian’ezhou Lake (gate-controlled) and Shangchewan Lake (naturally connected), located in the middle Yangtze River, are investigated. Key morphological parameters such as curvature, shoreline development index, and shrinkage rate were measured using Google Earth Engine (GEE). The influence of hydrological and meteorological factors on lake morphology was analyzed through Redundancy Analysis (RDA). Significant morphological changes were observed from 1990 to 2000. During this period, Tian’ezhou’s curvature was found to increase by 0.003/year, while Shangchewan’s curvature decreased by 0.011/year. After the construction of the Three Gorges Dam (TGD), a reduction in the rate of morphological evolution was detected, particularly between 2000 and 2010, when Tian’ezhou’s curvature decreased by 0.071/year and Shangchewan’s increased by 0.04/year. Post-2010, no significant changes in planar morphology were recorded in either lake. It was revealed by RDA that annual precipitation from 1990 to 1999 played a dominant role in influencing the morphological evolution of both lakes. From 2000 to 2020, water level fluctuations and hydrological connectivity emerged as the primary drivers. Gate control at Tian’ezhou Lake mitigated extreme water level fluctuations, contributing to a more stable environment and a slower rate of morphological evolution compared to Shangchewan. The findings underscore the importance of balanced water management strategies, integrating both natural and engineered hydrological interventions. Practical guidance is provided for ecological restoration and river management, with an emphasis on maintaining stable habitats and ensuring ecosystem resilience in response to hydrological changes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9801,"journal":{"name":"Catena","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142426058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The record of paleolake sediments in soil catena in the arid steppe, Kyzylkum Desert, Uzbekistan","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.catena.2024.108433","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.catena.2024.108433","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Neolithic Kelteminar culture developed in Central Asia mainly along the paleochannels of the Zerafshan delta. However, many settlement sites were identified at approximately 200 m a.s.l without a clear relation to known water bodies. The present study aimed to test the hypothesis on the Neolithic settlement on the lacustrine sediments of a postulated great lake, based on a geomorphological and pedological investigation. This investigation was performed at Ayakagytma “The Site”, one of the best documented Kelteminar settlements near the Ayakagytma depression, about 130 km north of Bukhara in the Kyzylkum Desert, Uzbekistan. The investigation was conducted in the catena localised at the transition from the dry-steppe plateau to the bottom of the Ayakagytma Depression. Soil profiles at the archaeological site consist of fine-stratified, fine-textured sediments, free of coarse fragments. The morphology, texture, and geochemistry of the sediments suggest their lacustrine origin and differ substantially from those identified on a high plateau (old, coarse-textured alluvium) and in the depression (stratified, variably textured alluvium and clay-textured regolith, rich in bedrock fragments). The composition of n-alkanes and sterols in the buried A horizons allowed the differentiation between the terrestrial, transitional, and lacustrine origin of biomass and supported the reconstruction of the environmental conditions accompanying the sedimentation of organic matter. The study area has experienced successive climatic and hydrological changes, currently reflected in the unique features of soil sequence starting with relict Gypsisols on the high plateau, Solonchaks (archaeological site in the transitional zone), and Fluvisols and Gleysols in the depression. Favourable conditions for a Neolithic settlement existed along the shoreline of a small lake in the transitional zone between the depression and the plateau. The disappearance of the lake after the destruction of the limestone barrier was the most probable reason for the permanent abandonment of the area by Neolithic stockbreeders.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9801,"journal":{"name":"Catena","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142359407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of phytogenic mound on overland flow pathway, hydraulic characteristics and soil water redistribution at a patch scale in the Loess Plateau of China","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.catena.2024.108430","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.catena.2024.108430","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Phytogenic mounds are usually formed under plants that intercept wind and runoff-borne sediment in semiarid environments. These mounds may affect the water source-sink relationship between vegetation patches and interspace patches. However, the impact of phytogenic mound on this relationship and the associated hydrological processes between patches are not well understood. This study aims to assess the effects of phytogenic mound on overland flow pathways, flow hydraulics and soil water redistribution at the patch scale. Upslope inflow experiments were conducted on three different patchy slopes (<em>Caragana korshinskii</em> (CK)<em>, Hippophae rhamnoides</em> (HR)<em>,</em> and <em>Artemisia gmelinil</em> (AG)) in the Loess Plateau. Results indicated that, compared to soil physicochemical properties, the shape and size of the mounds played a more crucial role in the hydrological processes within the patches. Redundancy analysis and hierarchical partitioning analysis revealed that the most significant factors are mound height (11.16 %) and downslope angle of mound (13.77 %). Most mound parameters exhibited a significant negative correlation with water flowpath width. The effects of mound parameters on runoff hydraulics were highly complex and largely dependent on the flow pathways. The relationships between mound parameters and soil water variables were negative at the upper, middle and lower parts of the mound, but positive at the left part. Differences in soil water between before and after runoff experiments and soil water storage (SWS) at the upper and left parts of the mound were greater than at the middle and lower parts. Average SWS of AG (16.24 ± 3.48 mm) with smaller mound size was found to be greater than that of HR (14.27 ± 3.99 mm) and CK (13.25 ± 2.24 mm). With increasing mound size, the spatial differences in SWS among the four parts increased. Consequently, the water source-sink relationship between the interspace patch surrounding the mound and the vegetation patch on the mound weakened as the mound size increased.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9801,"journal":{"name":"Catena","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142359408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}