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{"title":"Soil-erosion events on arable land are nowcast by machine learning","authors":"Pedro V.G. Batista ,&nbsp;Markus Möller ,&nbsp;Karsten Schmidt ,&nbsp;Timm Waldau ,&nbsp;Kay Seufferheld ,&nbsp;Abdelaziz Htitiou ,&nbsp;Burkhard Golla ,&nbsp;Florian Ebertseder ,&nbsp;Karl Auerswald ,&nbsp;Peter Fiener","doi":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.109080","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.109080","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate estimates of the location, timing, and severity of soil-erosion events on arable land have eluded erosion-prediction technology for decades. Here, for the first time, we demonstrate how a machine learning model parameterised with spatiotemporal covariates within a back-end infrastructure of data cubes can nowcast the occurrence and relatively rank the severity of erosion events on arable field parcels at the regional scale with high accuracy and interpretable outputs. Our findings pave the way for dynamic erosion-monitoring systems to achieve healthy soils and improve food security.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9801,"journal":{"name":"Catena","volume":"256 ","pages":"Article 109080"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143891578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Check dams matter: Six years of particle tracking experiment in a check-dam-managed and near-natural pool-riffle stream","authors":"Tomáš Galia ,&nbsp;Stanislav Ruman ,&nbsp;Václav Škarpich","doi":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.109086","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.109086","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A widely applied approach to stabilizing mountain streams and reducing bedload transport rates involves the systematic construction of transverse structures, such as check dams or bed sills, often in combination with bank stabilization measures. However, the precise quantification of their impact on downstream sediment transport, particularly in comparison to unmanaged conditions, remains insufficiently explored. To address this gap, we conducted a six-year field study utilizing passive integrated transponder (PIT)-tagged gravel and cobble particles to assess sediment transport dynamics in a check-dam-managed reach (Bystry) versus a neighboring near-natural pool-riffle reach (Bastice) with similar catchment-scale characteristics in the Czech Western Carpathians. Based on 14 transport-effective flow events (with critical flow durations of 7–78 h and peak unit stream power ranging from 32 to 402 W/m²), Bystry exhibited higher mobilization rates and travel distances nearly twice as long as those in Bastice, whereas Bastice demonstrated greater sediment retention, particularly within bar units. The study underscores the key role of hydrological drivers—including peak discharge, unit stream power, and cumulative geomorphic work derived from excess critical stream power—in regulating coarse sediment transport, with stronger correlations observed in the near-natural reach. These findings support earlier observations of limited sediment trapping by low transverse structures and align with conceptual models predicting enhanced sediment transport in unconfined valley settings subjected to artificial channel straightening and stabilization through consolidation check dams. The study also provides critical insights into the long-term geomorphic effects of torrent control works and their implications for evaluation of sediment (dis)connectivity at the catchment scale.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9801,"journal":{"name":"Catena","volume":"256 ","pages":"Article 109086"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143879346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of soil erosion in a small catchment of the transitional zone between the Mongolian Plateau and the North China Plain using check dam deposits","authors":"Jingjing Xu,&nbsp;Pengfei Du,&nbsp;Duihu Ning","doi":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.109081","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.109081","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Soil erosion in the transitional zone between the Mongolian Plateau and the North China Plain has persisted owing to complex natural conditions and human activity. Ecological restorative measures such as the conversion of slope farmland to fallow and minimization of grazing via enclosures are typically adopted in this region to avoid further land degradation. However, soil erosion and sediment delivery continue even after such measures are implemented. In this study, a 1.34 km² catchment that has been seriously affected by erosion was investigated to assess soil erosion processes and dynamics following the construction of cascading check dams. Sediments along the check dams that were deposited during the period 2013–2019 were collected and analyzed for sediment source differentiation and deposition, sediment layers were correlated with major rainfall events to calculate the contribution rates of different source areas using sediment source fingerprinting, and sediment sources and erosion dynamics were compared at different stages following ecological restoration. The results indicated that sediments were deposited during five major phases from 2013 to 2019, with relative contribution rates of 30.2%, 38.9%, and 30.9%, and relative contributions per unit area of 0.6, 0.9, and 13.7 obtained for grasslands, forests, and gully areas, respectively. Precipitation, especially daily rainfall over 25 mm, was the primary driver of sediment contribution, with vegetation cover, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), playing a minor role. A general decrease in the erosion rate was observed for forests; however, the sediment contribution in the gullies indicated increased erosion over the period 2013–2019, while the erosion rates stabilized in sandy grasslands over the same period. This study highlights the potential effectiveness of ecological restoration in curbing the expansion of sandy grassland, and provides a basis for the planning and construction of ecological restorative projects in the transitional zone in the future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9801,"journal":{"name":"Catena","volume":"256 ","pages":"Article 109081"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143882468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of dominant vegetation under long-term natural and artificial vegetation restoration modes on gully slope stability considering rainfall and topography interactions","authors":"Lanqian Feng ,&nbsp;Yulan Chen ,&nbsp;Mingming Guo ,&nbsp;Wenlong Wang ,&nbsp;Yibao Lou ,&nbsp;Zhuoxin Chen ,&nbsp;Yanan Zhu ,&nbsp;Qianhua Shi ,&nbsp;Shaoliang Zhang ,&nbsp;Qiang Fu","doi":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.109067","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.109067","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the loess tableland, gully slope instability induces severe soil erosion and land degradation, yet the synergistic effects of dominant vegetation under varying restoration modes combined with dynamic rainfall regimes and topographic variations on gully slope stabilization mechanisms remain inadequately quantified. Therefore, the dominant vegetation species under natural (NR) and artificial restoration (AR) was chosen as the object. Through field sampling, root-soil complex mechanical experiments, and numerical simulations, the protection effect of dominant vegetation under different restoration modes combination with rainfall and topographic variations was investigated. The result revealed significant differences in basic soil physical properties, root morphological characteristics, root and root-soil complex mechanical properties among five dominant vegetated plots under the different restoration modes (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05). The soil properties in the Scop plot under AR were slightly better than those in the other plots. The roots in the Spp plot developed better under NR. The shear strength of <em>Lespedeza bicolor</em> Turcz. was the highest under NR. The tensile strength of <em>Digitaria sanguinalis</em> (L.) Scop. was greatest under AR. The tensile force and tensile strength of single roots exhibited a significant positive linear correlation and a significant negative exponential correlation, with root diameter, respectively (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.01). For the unstable gully slopes (<em>F_s</em> &lt; 1.0), maximum displacement occurred at the slope foot, where tensile shear failure dominated, while the interior experienced compressive yielding. The grey relational analysis identified rainfall intensity as the primary destabilizing factor, followed by dominant vegetation species, slope height, and slope gradient. Notably, when rainfall intensity reaches or exceeds 0.06 m/h, or when slope height exceeds 20 m combined with long-duration rainfall, the regulatory impacts of dominant vegetation under different restoration modes on the gully slope stability are substantially diminished and become negligible. This study provides a theoretical basis for gully slope protection and ecological environmental construction in loess tableland.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9801,"journal":{"name":"Catena","volume":"256 ","pages":"Article 109067"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143882588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geochemistry of fine sediment from small catchments reveals silicate weathering intensity and spatial variation across the Tibetan Plateau","authors":"Tong Zhao ,&nbsp;Qi Feng ,&nbsp;Tengfei Yu ,&nbsp;Wen Liu ,&nbsp;Baofeng Li","doi":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.109082","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.109082","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Silicate weathering on the Tibetan Plateau holds profound implications for long-term carbon cycle. The spatial variability in climate and topography on the plateau poses challenges in investigating silicate weathering processes, fluxes, and intensities. Here, we present a new data set on the major and trace element compositions of fine sediments collected from small catchments across the Tibetan Plateau. Trace elements reveal sediment recycling, though this has only a marginal influence on the chemical index of alteration (CIA). The provenance of sediments is characterized by intermediate and felsic rocks. There is an increasing trend of weathering intensity from north to south across the Tibetan Plateau. In the plateau’s interior, silicate weathering intensity is mainly controlled by climatic factors. For instance, to the north of the Tanggula, precipitation is pivotal in governing weathering intensity, while in regions to the south of the Tanggula and in the Yarlung Zangbo suture zone, temperature emerges as the dominant control. Intriguingly, the river water chemistry and sediment geochemistry reveal different temporal scales of silicate weathering intensity. Short-term weathering intensity is mainly influenced by precipitation and freeze–thaw cycles, and long-term weathering intensity is controlled by temperature. In contrast, relief exerts a strong impact on silicate weathering intensity in the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. This study provides a geochemical framework for evaluating silicate weathering intensity at the catchment scale and highlights a climate-controlled weathering intensity in the interior of the Tibetan Plateau.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9801,"journal":{"name":"Catena","volume":"256 ","pages":"Article 109082"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143876808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High rates of sediment yield in the southern Ethiopian highlands and the role of alluvial fans in regulating sediment delivery to Rift Valley Lakes","authors":"Alemayehu Kasaye Tilahun ,&nbsp;Francis Matthews ,&nbsp;Margaret Chen ,&nbsp;Guchie Gulie ,&nbsp;Gert Verstraeten","doi":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.109068","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.109068","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Here, we evaluate the suspended sediment yield and its spatial variability along the fluvial system of two tropical mountainous catchments (Elgo and Shafe) which drain into Lake Abaya and Lake Chamo in the southern Ethiopian Rift Valley. We quantified the sediment yield from continuous discharge measurements at six gauging stations during the rainy seasons of three consecutive years from April 2018 to December 2020, and using season-specific sediment rating curves developed based on 1938 suspended sediment samples. The average area-specific sediment yield (SSY) ranges from 1,887 to 19,517t km⁻² a⁻¹ for catchments ranging between 46 and 298 km², which is very high by world standards. Whilst SSY increases with catchment area in the highlands itself, an important decrease in SSY is observed in the lowland areas. The large alluvial fan complexes of Elgo and Shafe trap ∼ 40 % and 60 % of the sediment delivered to the apex of the fans, respectively. The alluvial fans thus significantly reduce the amount of sediment delivered from the eroding highlands to the Rift Valley lakes and act as important sediment sink in the catchment’s sediment budget.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9801,"journal":{"name":"Catena","volume":"256 ","pages":"Article 109068"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143879343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carbon stocks in two temperate Zostera meadows in the Yellow Sea, North China","authors":"Ruiting Gu ,&nbsp;Sichao Pu ,&nbsp;Jianwu Tang ,&nbsp;Tingting Liu ,&nbsp;Linjing Ren ,&nbsp;Shaochun Xu ,&nbsp;Shuo Yu ,&nbsp;Xiuzhen Li ,&nbsp;Ning Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.109077","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.109077","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Seagrass meadows play a crucial role in carbon sequestration, but the control factors for their carbon storage efficiency and carbon sources remain unclear. In this study, we investigated carbon sequestration in two seagrass meadows characterised by similar geomorphic features but differing in sediment types and seagrass species composition—<em>Zostera marina</em> and <em>Z. japonica</em>. We collected sediment cores approximately one meter in length to assess carbon stocks and compositions. The results suggest that mud content of sediments has a greater impact on carbon stocks than seagrass species. We find that carbon buried in seagrass meadows of open gulfs are mainly sourced from phytoplankton rather than seagrass themselves, and the sediments under seagrass coverage exhibit an even higher phytoplanktonic contribution than bare sediments. Our study also suggests a general overestimation of carbon stocks from short sediment cores in areas with seagrass distribution, but an underestimation in bare sediments. Furthermore, the study highlighted a vital proportion of inorganic carbon in the temperate <em>Z. japonica</em> meadows, emphasizing the importance of analyzing inorganic carbon content in these ecosystems. Overall, these findings highlight the complexity of sediment carbon stocks in seagrass meadows and the urgent need to understand the underlying mechanisms of carbon sequestration dynamics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9801,"journal":{"name":"Catena","volume":"256 ","pages":"Article 109077"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143879345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shrub encroachment in alpine meadows facilitates soil carbon and nitrogen storage by redistributing soil water","authors":"Wenbi Wang ,&nbsp;Yukun Kang ,&nbsp;Mengyao Liu ,&nbsp;Ting Yang ,&nbsp;Duanhong Bao ,&nbsp;Weihong Ji ,&nbsp;Junhu Su","doi":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.109061","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.109061","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Increased encroachment of shrubs into alpine meadows in the context of warming and humidifying climates has altered meadow plant composition and soil properties. Given the critical role of alpine meadows in soil carbon and nitrogen storage and soil conservation, changes in meadow soil moisture that may increase the potential for soil carbon and nitrogen loss are of particular concern. However, the effects of plant and soil moisture changes on soil carbon and nitrogen storage during shrub encroachment in alpine meadows are rarely reported. To address this issue, we assessed multiple plant and soil moisture variables closely associated with soil carbon and nitrogen storage along a gradient of shrub encroachment on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau (no shrubs and light, moderate, and heavy). Shrub encroachment did not lead to a decrease in soil carbon and nitrogen storage, but instead led to an increase in soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, and microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen, compared to the area without shrub encroachment, organic carbon (SOCS) and total nitrogen storage (STNS) increased by 32.20 % and 24.69 %, respectively, in the heavily-encroached area. Shrub encroachment directly enhances SOCS and STNS by increasing plant biomass above and below ground to promote organic matter inputs. Increased soil infiltration and water-holding capacity promote water enrichment in shrub patches, and improved water conditions further stimulate plant growth and create positive feedback of carbon and nitrogen inputs, while high infiltration promotes the deposition of organic matter from the ground surface to the soil and reduces runoff losses. This study emphasizes the important role of vegetation and soil moisture dynamics in the increase of SOCS and STNS under shrub encroachment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9801,"journal":{"name":"Catena","volume":"256 ","pages":"Article 109061"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143876807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Progressively greater temperature sensitivity of organic carbon decomposition in subsoil relative to topsoil along a millennial chronosequence of paddy soils","authors":"Xiangxiang Wang ,&nbsp;Yi Miao ,&nbsp;Jun Cui ,&nbsp;Qianru Wang ,&nbsp;Ruiqiao Wu ,&nbsp;Ze Zhang ,&nbsp;Cuiyan Wu ,&nbsp;Shuang Wang ,&nbsp;Xuebin Xu ,&nbsp;Zhaofeng Yuan ,&nbsp;Georg Guggenberger ,&nbsp;Jianping Chen ,&nbsp;Tida Ge ,&nbsp;Zhenke Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.109083","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.109083","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The effects of the temperature sensitivity (<em>Q</em>₁₀) of soil organic carbon (SOC) decomposition in subsoil versus topsoil on soil development and SOC accumulation over centuries of agricultural cultivation remain unclear. This study investigated <em>Q</em>₁₀ variations across soil developmental stages and depths and the key influencing factors based on a millennial soil chronosequence from the coastal region of Cixi, China. The <em>Q</em>₁₀ of paddy soil samples from different developmental periods and depths was measured through short-term incubation experiments with sequential temperature changes. <em>Q</em>₁₀ values increased with soil development time and depth. High <em>Q</em>₁₀ values in the vertical profiles of older soils were primarily attributed to increased substrate availability due to SOC accumulation and soil matrix-based physicochemical protection of SOC. We found that the higher level of <em>Q</em>₁₀ was in deeper soil, reflecting the distinct SOC formation mechanisms at different depths. Mineral-bound organic compounds derived from plant material, which have higher energy contents, higher C:N ratios, and greater activation energies, resulted in higher <em>Q</em>₁₀ values in deeper soils. Moreover, microbial communities in deeper soils appeared less tolerant to warming, as indicated by the substantially higher <em>q</em>CO₂ in deeper soils at temperatures above 20 ℃. These deep microbial communities also exhibited lower diversity, simpler structures, and higher proportions of <em>r</em>-strategists, potentially contributing to their warming vulnerability. Overall, this study suggests that the reduced dominance of necromass carbon in SOC and limited thermal tolerance of microbial communities jointly contributed to the enhanced temperature sensitivity of SOC decomposition in deeper soils over the millennial timescale.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9801,"journal":{"name":"Catena","volume":"256 ","pages":"Article 109083"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143873329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tree diversity-related soil P accumulation in high latitude temperate forests of China is regulated by soil C and N amounts as well as microbial network and denitrification genes","authors":"Qi Li ,&nbsp;Qianru Ji ,&nbsp;Xudong Cao ,&nbsp;Xiting Zhang ,&nbsp;Yanbo Yang ,&nbsp;Sijia Yang ,&nbsp;Shengfang Wang ,&nbsp;Quanxing Dong ,&nbsp;Guanchao Cheng ,&nbsp;Xu Zhang ,&nbsp;Lei Wang ,&nbsp;Huan Jiang ,&nbsp;Zhonghua Zhang ,&nbsp;Vladimir Gavrikov ,&nbsp;Gopal Shukla ,&nbsp;Huimei Wang ,&nbsp;Wenjie Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.109062","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.109062","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tree diversity is recognized as a nature-based solution for enhancing soil functionality, yet its impact on phosphorus (P) retention dynamics remains poorly understood. We analyzed 33 parameters related to carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and P cycling alongside 642 microbial functional genes across three tree richness gradients in &gt; 60-year-old experimental forests in northeastern China. Key findings revealed: 1) Higher tree richness increased total soil phosphorus (TP) by 1.34-fold, with concomitant 1.34–1.83-fold increases in concentrated HCl-extractable organic P (conc.HCl-Po), NaOH-extractable organic P (NaOH-Po), and NaHCO₃-extractable inorganic P (NaHCO₃-Pi). Organic P (accounting for 60 % of TP) and medium to low plant-available P fractions exhibited linear increases with tree richness (r² = 0.1049, <em>p</em> &lt; 0.05), whereas highly plant-available P showed no significant trend. 2) Tree richness enhanced microbial network complexity, increasing network degree (7–85 %), total edges (7–10 %), and modularity (37–85 %), while reducing inter-node path length (13–17 %). Proteobacteria abundance declined linearly from 23 % to 20 %. 3) Nitrate (NO₃⁻-N), total N (TN), and available N (AN) demonstrated stronger correlations with P fractions than C-related parameters. 4) Nitrate reduction genes emerged as critical regulators of C-N-P dynamics: <em>napB</em> (periplasmic nitrate reductase) acted as a positive modulator (5.2 % explanatory power), while <em>narB</em> (assimilatory nitrate reductase) functioned as a negative regulator (15.1 % explanatory power). These findings demonstrate that tree diversity enhances soil P retention and cycling in high-latitude forests through microbial community restructuring and functional gene modulation, similar to its roles in C and N sequestration. Our work provides mechanistic insights into biodiversity-driven nutrient regulation in temperate forest ecosystems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9801,"journal":{"name":"Catena","volume":"256 ","pages":"Article 109062"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143869606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}