Chemical Engineering Journal Advances最新文献

{"title":"Microplastics in freshwater systems: A review of classification, sources, and environmental impacts","authors":"K. Bexeitova ,&nbsp;A. Baimenov ,&nbsp;E.A. Varol ,&nbsp;K. Kudaibergenov ,&nbsp;U. Zhantikeyev ,&nbsp;Y. Sailaukhanuly ,&nbsp;K. Toshtay ,&nbsp;Z. Tauanov ,&nbsp;S. Azat ,&nbsp;R. Berndtsson","doi":"10.1016/j.ceja.2024.100649","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ceja.2024.100649","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The globally increasing contents of microplastics (MP) in ecosystems have become a serious environmental problem with far-reaching and at present unpredictable consequences for both aquatic life and human well-being. Until recently, most research on MP focused on marine ecosystems. Research on the occurrence of MP has lately started to focus on freshwater environments. This comprehensive and critical review examines the multifaceted problem of MP pollution in freshwater ecosystems, delving into its diverse sources, transport mechanisms, environmental impacts, detection methods, and mitigation strategies. The environmental impacts of MP pollution span a spectrum of impacts on aquatic life, food webs, and biodiversity in general. In addition, human health concerns have arisen due to potential exposures resulting from the consumption of contaminated freshwater and biological resources. The review summarizes analytical methods and technologies used to detect and quantify MP in freshwater samples, while recognizing the challenges and new innovations in this area. Mitigation and management strategies are explored, ranging from waste management and recycling initiatives to engineering solutions such as wastewater treatment and stormwater management. Legislative measures aimed at curbing MP pollution are also reviewed. Reviewed case studies highlight regional differences, and the unique challenges faced by different freshwater ecosystems. The review concludes by highlighting the urgent need for global awareness, further research, and coordinated action to address the growing problem of MP pollution in freshwater. As humanity faces this complex environmental challenge, interdisciplinary approaches, and international collaboration are essential for sustainable solutions and protection of freshwater ecosystems and health of the planet.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9749,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering Journal Advances","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100649"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142359187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the efficiency of caprylic acid and quaternary ammonium salt-based deep eutectic solvents for separation of CO2 and H2S from gas mixtures using molecular dynamics simulations and COSMO-RS","authors":"Samaneh Barani Pour ,&nbsp;Mitra Dabbagh Hosseini pour ,&nbsp;Jaber Jahanbin Sardroodi ,&nbsp;Alireza Rastkar Ebrahimzadeh ,&nbsp;Gholamreza Pazuki ,&nbsp;Mohammad Sadegh Avestan","doi":"10.1016/j.ceja.2024.100646","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ceja.2024.100646","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the present study, quaternary ammonium salts (QAS) and caprylic acid based deep eutectic solvents (DES) were employed for the separation of CO₂ and H₂S from natural gas (NG). To elucidate the extraction mechanisms of H₂S from natural gas (NG), we employed molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to investigate the intermolecular interactions between the gases and the eutectic solvents. Our comprehensive analysis aimed at enhancing the understanding of quaternary ammonium salt (QAS) absorption capability in H₂S extractions including combined distribution functions (CDFs), which encompass radial distribution functions (RDFs), angular distribution functions (ADFs), hydrogen-bonding networks, density profiles, spatial distribution functions (SDFs), and the non-bond energies between H₂S and the DES components, all measured at 310 K. Additionally, we calculated the solubility of H₂S and CO₂ gases as well as the solubility selectivity and diffusivity selectivity parameters to evaluate the performance of the QAS-based DES in sweetening processes of NG. The results represent that eutectic solvents based on quaternary ammonium chloride are effective for H₂S adsorption and show selectivity for H₂S in gas mixtures. Furthermore, the COSMO-RS model was used to predict the solubility of various gases (H₂S/CO₂) in the QAS-based DES, providing further insights into their effectiveness.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9749,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering Journal Advances","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100646"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142359188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recovery of lithium from oxalic acid leachate produced from black mass of spent electric vehicle Li-ion batteries","authors":"Usman Saleem ,&nbsp;Vanja Buvik ,&nbsp;Hanna K. Knuutila ,&nbsp;Sulalit Bandyopadhyay","doi":"10.1016/j.ceja.2024.100648","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ceja.2024.100648","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lithium (Li) demand is surging due to the adaptation of Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in electric vehicles (EV). To ease the supply from virgin sources and meet new legislative recycling targets it's imperative to secure supply from secondary sources. Recently oxalic acid leaching has been reported for early-stage recovery of Li from black mass (BM) of spent EV LIBs. Such processes often face challenges in electrodes separation, thermal treatment of cathode material, and leachate up-concentration. Herein, the synergistic application of benzoyltrifluoroacetone (HBTA) and trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO) to extract Li from oxalate streams of an industrial BM has been demonstrated for the first time. Under optimum conditions, ∼92 % Li was extracted from the leachate in 6mins, aqueous/organic (A/O) phase ratio 1, and pH 11. McCabe Thiele diagram indicated two counter-current stages for the complete extraction of Li at A/O 1. The slope analysis method indicated equal moles of HBTA required to extract Li and FT-IR spectroscopy confirmed the synergism of the extractants. The organic phase was scrubbed with Li salt and stripped with hydrochloric acid (HCl) resulting in a concentrated (Li ∼4 mol/L) solution precipitated as lithium carbonate (&gt;99 % pure). The transition metals during oxalic acid leaching were reduced and precipitated as respective oxalates due to low solubility. They were successfully recovered using a second leaching step with HCl. The excess acid was recovered as oxalic acid by cooling crystallization, not reported earlier for BM recycling streams, facilitating a closed-loop process. The developed flowsheet significantly advances the early-stage Li recovery processes from BM.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9749,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering Journal Advances","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100648"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142323166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lifetime of nitric oxide produced by surface dielectric barrier discharge in controlled atmospheres: Role of O2 content","authors":"Jin Hee Bae ,&nbsp;Seong-Cheol Huh ,&nbsp;Joo Young Park ,&nbsp;Seungil Park ,&nbsp;Sangheum Eom ,&nbsp;Seungmin Ryu ,&nbsp;Hyungyu Lee ,&nbsp;Sanghoo Park","doi":"10.1016/j.ceja.2024.100647","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ceja.2024.100647","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nitric oxide (NO) is an invaluable multifunctional chemical in agri-food applications; for example, it plays a role in plant growth, development, and stress tolerance. One of the interesting implications of NO is the suppression of fruit ripening and the resulting increase in shelf life. Since a high concentration of NO is producible in atmospheric plasmas, increasing attempts in plasma agriculture have been made to study several types of plasma reactors operated in air. However, as NO is rapidly oxidized by oxygen (O₂) and/or ozone (O₃), the use of NO produced in atmospheric plasmas is naturally nontrivial, and the lifetime of NO is highly sensitive to the reactor environments. Here, we investigated the time development of O₃ and nitrogen oxides (NO<em>_x</em>_=1–3) in a surface dielectric barrier discharge (sDBD) reactor with respect to the O₂ content of the controlled atmosphere (N₂+O₂). In situ optical absorption spectroscopy enabled the observation of the dynamics of O₃ and NO_<em>x</em> under gas-tight conditions. In these plasma reactors, NO became a dominant species after the chemical mode transition from O₃ to NO occurred. We found that a lower O₂ content correlated to a faster appearance of NO in the plasma reactor. The NO lifetime significantly increased as the O₂ content decreased from 20 to 5 % in the plasma reactor, while the maximum concentration of NO decreased. Our findings indicated that the appropriate control of the O₂ content is essential in atmospheric plasma reactors dependent on O₃ and/or NO_<em>x</em> applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9749,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering Journal Advances","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100647"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142318447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comprehensive review on anticorrosive behaviour of surfactants across diverse metals using multiple techniques: Current insights and future horizons","authors":"Pavitra Shenoy,&nbsp;Namitha Kedimar,&nbsp;Suma A. Rao","doi":"10.1016/j.ceja.2024.100645","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ceja.2024.100645","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Corrosion is one of the crucial topics of concern, as it has caused a lot of economic losses in many countries across the world. Various measures have been taken over the years to tackle corrosion, amongst which corrosion inhibitors have taken the limelight. As far as we know, there hasn't been any published work that brings together all the research on how different types of surfactants can prevent corrosion on different materials. This review covers 100+ surfactants acting as corrosion inhibitors for different metals, providing a comprehensive and accessible resource. Surfactants possess unique properties such as their adequate hydrophilic to hydrophobic ratio, presence of halogen atoms, and diversity due to charge variations, making them a potential corrosion inhibitor. Surfactants containing long hydrophobic tails, electronegative atoms, and smaller spacer sizes showed increased inhibition efficacy. This paperarticle summarizes the type of metal and medium upon which the surfactant acted and hence protected metal corrosion. In addition, studies have explained about the type of surfactants, the electrochemical, spectroscopic, computational simulations, and different adsorption isotherms. The significance of the literature is to provide the readers with a library of surfactants possessing corrosion inhibition properties against various materials and to maintain sustainability.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9749,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering Journal Advances","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100645"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666821124000620/pdfft?md5=176f126f2e9e4296669358aa61f0b2ac&pid=1-s2.0-S2666821124000620-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142147581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental measurement of the size distribution of microbubbles prepared by reciprocating syringe technique","authors":"Zhengbin Pan ,&nbsp;Yiting Xiao ,&nbsp;Yijian He ,&nbsp;Bo Kong ,&nbsp;Yiyi Liang","doi":"10.1016/j.ceja.2024.100643","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ceja.2024.100643","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Microbubbles have captured the attention of scholars due to their exceptional physical and chemical properties that exhibit practical applications. Transcranial Doppler ultrasound is a diagnostic tool used in clinical medicine to identify patent foramen ovale (PFO) heart disease caused by incomplete fusion of primary and secondary septum after birth, using microbubbles. The volume of gas and size of the bubbles determine the consequences of air entering the bloodstream. Therefore, it is imperative to investigate stable and efficient microbubble generation technology. The team designed and developed a new type of bubble generator and performed basic research on the flow and mixing rules in the gas-liquid two-phase system in the syringe. The shadow imaging method was used to explore the influence of the equipment operation parameters on the experimental system's microbubble flow process. After analyzing multiple sets of experimental data, it was found that the diameter of bubbles decreases as the frequency increases. After ten times of high-frequency reciprocating movement of the equipment, the microbubble size distribution is mainly between 10–100 μm, the mean diameter is between 23–26 μm, and the relative standard deviation is less than 4.5 %. Compared to manual methods, the device exhibits good accuracy and repeatability.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9749,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering Journal Advances","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100643"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666821124000607/pdfft?md5=dc2920a1a71d85be5dadb096c31a17d2&pid=1-s2.0-S2666821124000607-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142136216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing rotary kiln operations for molybdenite concentrate oxidation roasting to produce molybdic trioxide","authors":"Jungho Heo ,&nbsp;Seunghyeon Baek ,&nbsp;Kurniawan Kurniawan ,&nbsp;Seongsoo Han ,&nbsp;Youngjae Kim ,&nbsp;Hyunsik Park ,&nbsp;Joobeom Seo","doi":"10.1016/j.ceja.2024.100642","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ceja.2024.100642","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The effects of the rotational speed (0–10 rpm) and temperature (550–650 °C) of rotary kiln drums on the oxidation roasting of molybdenite (MoS₂) concentrate was investigated in this study. Computational predictions indicated that production of MoO₂ was more favorable than that of MoO₃ up to a certain stage of the oxidation roasting process, after which MoO₃ is produced through the consumption of MoO₂. Thus, understanding the MoS₂–MoO₂–MoO₃ relationship and its equilibrium is important. A drum rotational speed &gt; 5 rpm significantly increased the S reduction rate and considerably decreased the S content at 60 min to &lt; approx. 5 %. Additionally, the S content at 60 min decreased with decreasing the temperature from 650 to 550 °C due to the MoS₂ concentrate exothermic reaction during oxidation roasting. The MoS₂ to Mo_xO_y (≈ MoO₂+MoO₃) conversion rate (%) was generally proportional to the rotational speed and reaction duration. X-ray diffraction analysis indicated that 5–10 rpm and 550–600 °C yielded a higher experimental conversion rate (97–98 %). Furthermore, the MoO₂ and MoO₃ conversions were separately quantified. Agglomeration was more pronounced without drum rotation and at higher temperatures. Analysis of the reaction kinetics using the unreacted-core model indicated that diffusion through the gas film layer is supported by the 20.9 kJ/mol activation energy obtained from the Arrhenius plot. Consequently, an appropriate drum rotational speed at a relatively low temperature is a prerequisite for producing MoO₃ through the oxidation roasting of MoS₂ concentrates in a rotary kiln.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9749,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering Journal Advances","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100642"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666821124000590/pdfft?md5=1fca86344327c710f44e27fa19d705f9&pid=1-s2.0-S2666821124000590-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142122364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficient continuous-flow separation and purification processes of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural","authors":"Tiprawee Tongtummachat ,&nbsp;Kritsanalak Thongkan ,&nbsp;Watsamon Chuphueak ,&nbsp;Attasak Jaree ,&nbsp;Nattee Akkarawatkhoosith","doi":"10.1016/j.ceja.2024.100641","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ceja.2024.100641","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study aimed to develop a green process for separating and purifying 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) that could accommodate various levels of 5-HMF production performance. The aim was to achieve a high purity level of 5-HMF exceeding 98%. The 5-HMF, initially containing high impurities, was produced from fructose in a multi-stage methyl isobutyl ketone/water fixed-bed reactor, achieving a 5-HMF selectivity of 53.2% and yield of 31.9%. This impure 5-HMF served as the feedstock for the proposed continuous purification system. The study integrated and evaluated various separation and purification technologies, including adsorption/desorption, solvent extraction, and distillation, to identify the most effective and practical approach. Optimization of process variables was conducted to enhance efficiency. Different techniques were required for purifying 5-HMF in both aqueous and organic phases. A two-stage microextraction process using methyl isobutyl ketone was identified as the most effective method for separating 5-HMF from the aqueous phase, achieving an extraction efficiency of 93.6% with a residence time of less than 2 min. Impurities in the organic phase were efficiently removed using a fixed-bed adsorber filled with Amberlyst 21 at 80 °C and 15 min. Subsequently, the solvent was removed through a one-stage distillation process. The sugar component in the solution was purified using activated carbon adsorption and could be recycled back into the production unit. The stability and reusability of the catalyst/adsorbent were also demonstrated. Furthermore, this research proposed an overall conceptual design for the 5-HMF production process, guiding further development of 5-HMF purification processes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9749,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering Journal Advances","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100641"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666821124000589/pdfft?md5=bd4c5210790b003907092b6dc8897dd1&pid=1-s2.0-S2666821124000589-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142094957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review on novel routes of synthesizing titanium dioxide-based nanostructure derived from ilmenite mineral","authors":"Fakhri Akbar Maulana ,&nbsp;Akhmad Herman Yuwono ,&nbsp;Nofrijon Sofyan ,&nbsp;Donanta Dhaneswara ,&nbsp;Fairuz Septiningrum ,&nbsp;Eka Nurhidayah ,&nbsp;Latifa Hanum Lalasari ,&nbsp;Alfian Noviyanto","doi":"10.1016/j.ceja.2024.100640","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ceja.2024.100640","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Nanostructure materials have received significant attention in recent years due to the unique properties and potential applications in various fields. Among these materials, titanium dioxide (TiO₂)-based materials have proven promising due to outstanding mechanical, electrical, and catalytic properties. Therefore, this research aimed to offer a comprehensive overview of synthesis and photocatalytic applications of TiO₂-based nanostructure materials derived from ilmenite mineral. Furthermore, the pretreatment process of ilmenite mineral using mechanical activation was explored. Various synthetic routes, such as liquid-based, residue-based, and direct ilmenite-based approaches, were also discussed and the advantages and limitations of the routes were explained. In addition, the research included a comparative analysis of the properties of TiO₂-based nanostructure materials derived from ilmenite mineral with the commercial in terms of crystallinity, composition, morphology, and selected optical properties. The article concluded with a discussion of the challenges and prospects for using nanostructure materials based on TiO₂ from ilmenite mineral. This research served as a valuable resource for explorers and scientists working on nanostructure materials and provides insight into the sustainable use of natural resources for synthesis of advanced TiO₂-based materials with shaped properties.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9749,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering Journal Advances","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100640"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666821124000577/pdfft?md5=e982e82efe795bba5586b694097b86ed&pid=1-s2.0-S2666821124000577-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142147580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding the growth kinetics of polydopamine nanoparticles as a function of the temperature and the type of alcohol used as solvent media in their polymerization","authors":"C. Alonso ,&nbsp;C. Nieto ,&nbsp;J.C. Vargas ,&nbsp;M.A. Vega ,&nbsp;E.M. Martín del Valle","doi":"10.1016/j.ceja.2024.100638","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ceja.2024.100638","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Currently, one of the bottlenecks in the large-scale production of particles used for biomedical purposes is reproducibility achieving sizes less than 100 nm. For this reason, the main purpose of this work was to elucidate how the size of polydopamine nanoparticles (PDA NPs), which are widely used in cancer nanomedicine, was affected by several synthesis parameters to facilitate their production scaling-up. Specifically, PDA NPs growth kinetics were investigated as a function of the polymerization temperature (15–50 °C) and the type of alcohol (ethanol, 2-propanol, or a mixture of both) used to produce them, finding that an increase in temperature and the amount of 2-propanol in the solvent media allowed smaller NPs to be obtained. Based on the results achieved, a mathematical model capable of predicting PDA NP diameter as a function of the temperature and reaction time, the NH₄OH concentration, and the type of alcohol used to synthesize them was proposed. Also, PDA solubility in the different media was studied to explain NP size behavior depending on the type of alcohol employed, which conditioned the formation of PDA oligomers. Finally, additional assays were conducted to confirm that an increase in the synthesis temperature did not affect some of the most important properties of PDA NPs from a biomedical point of view: their Fe³⁺-loading capacity and their inherent antitumor activity. Therefore, the results obtained in this research could be useful to scale-up the obtaining of 100 nm PDA NPs in a reproducible manner hereafter without significantly altering their outstanding physical-chemical properties.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9749,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering Journal Advances","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100638"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666821124000553/pdfft?md5=e0701fbc185d8064ad26ffc994acef2f&pid=1-s2.0-S2666821124000553-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142094939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}