Tumelo M Mogashane, Abesach M Motlatle, Boledi N Mosoma, Lebohang Mokoena, James Tshilongo
{"title":"Sustainable remediation of acid mine drainage using coal fly ash: A comprehensive review and bibliometric analysis","authors":"Tumelo M Mogashane, Abesach M Motlatle, Boledi N Mosoma, Lebohang Mokoena, James Tshilongo","doi":"10.1016/j.ceja.2026.101047","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ceja.2026.101047","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Acid mine drainage (AMD) remains one of the most persistent environmental challenges linked with mining activities, characterized by low pH and high concentrations of sulfate and dissolved metals. In recent years, Coal Fly Ash (CFA), a significant industrial by-product of burning coal, has become a viable, affordable, and sustainable material for treating AMD. This review critically analyses current developments in the use of CFA for AMD remediation, emphasizing its physicochemical characteristics, pollutant removal methods, and performance-enhancing changes. Key findings from experimental and pilot-scale studies show that CFA can effectively neutralize acidic pH, remove up to 99 % of heavy metals, and precipitate sulphates through adsorption and co-precipitation processes. Modified CFA materials, including those treated with acids, bases, or nanomaterials, further enhance removal efficiencies and broaden application potential. Challenges related to CFA variability, long-term stability of treated effluents, and potential secondary pollution are critically discussed. The integration of CFA into sustainable AMD management frameworks is also explored, along with emerging innovations such as CFA-based composites and combined treatment systems. A bibliometric analysis highlighted important authors and nations that contribute to this topic and identified key trends in research production. These insights highlight the growing global interest and collaboration in developing sustainable, circular solutions for mine water remediation using industrial by-products.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9749,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering Journal Advances","volume":"25 ","pages":"Article 101047"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146034398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Harnessing artificial intelligence and machine learning for next-generation bioremediation","authors":"Praburaman Loganathan","doi":"10.1016/j.ceja.2026.101052","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ceja.2026.101052","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This review explores recent trends in microbial and enzyme-based bioremediation and emphasizes the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) to enhance contaminant removal in water and wastewater ecosystems. Diverse microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, microalgae, and engineered consortia, effectively degrade organic compounds, heavy metals, dyes, hydrocarbons, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). AI/ML approaches have been applied for predictive modelling, real-time monitoring, and process optimization, improving operational efficiency, treatment stability, and cost-effectiveness. Non-combinable strategies such as enzyme immobilization, engineered bioreactors, and co-cultivation, alongside chemical pretreatments and phytoremediation, further enhance degradation efficiency. A total of 180 studies from 2018 to 2025 were reviewed, showing significant improvements in water quality parameters (BOD, COD, TDS, nitrates, phosphates, Mg, Ca, Zn) and high removal efficiencies for hydrocarbons, dyes, and pharmaceuticals. The literature underscores the potential of AI/ML-enabled, eco-friendly, and cost-efficient bioremediation solutions, while highlighting the need for large-scale validation, synergistic method optimization, and field-level implementation to tackle emerging water contaminants effectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9749,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering Journal Advances","volume":"25 ","pages":"Article 101052"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146073728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Muhammad Zeeshan , Safeerul Islam Hashmi , Arfa Iqbal , Umer Khayyam , Nayab Zahara , Mika Sillanpää
{"title":"Occurrence and treatment of emerging contaminants in water: A comprehensive review","authors":"Muhammad Zeeshan , Safeerul Islam Hashmi , Arfa Iqbal , Umer Khayyam , Nayab Zahara , Mika Sillanpää","doi":"10.1016/j.ceja.2025.100994","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ceja.2025.100994","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The occurrence of highly polar, potentially persistent and mobile organic micropollutants (OMP) in aquatic environments poses a significant threat to water resources and drinking water suppliers. Several OMP were identified in water bodies for the first time due to the improvement in analytical techniques. This review summarizes the occurrence of recently detected OMP, their fate, and treatment approaches for their effective removal. Additionally, this review examines current literature to evaluate the efficacy of different water treatment methods including managed aquifer recharge (MAR), adsorption methods (including carbon-based adsorbents, metal-organic frameworks (MOF), and ion exchange resins), and advanced oxidation processes (AOP) for the removal of OMP. The chosen techniques demonstrate efficacy in removing various OMP from water. The removal of various industrial chemicals and pharmaceuticals through bank filtration has been reported for the first time. Adsorbents, such as ion exchange resins and metal-organic frameworks (MOF), have demonstrated substantial removal efficiencies for several OMP, including per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and other organic contaminants. Enhanced removal of both long- and short-chain PFAS was observed with ion exchange resins compared to other adsorbents. MOF materials are reported to exhibit high adsorption capacity and rapid kinetics for OMP removal in aqueous solutions. AOP effectively eliminates several emerging pollutants such as pharmaceuticals and PFAS. This review helps in identifying the best available technology for specific contaminants under defined conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9749,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering Journal Advances","volume":"25 ","pages":"Article 100994"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145797461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Amit Kumar , Anett Georgi , Ysabel Huaccallo-Aguilar , Markus Meier , Holger Kryk , Sebastian Felix Reinecke , Uwe Hampel
{"title":"Degradation and defluorination of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) forever chemical in water using hydrodynamic cavitation treatment","authors":"Amit Kumar , Anett Georgi , Ysabel Huaccallo-Aguilar , Markus Meier , Holger Kryk , Sebastian Felix Reinecke , Uwe Hampel","doi":"10.1016/j.ceja.2026.101046","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ceja.2026.101046","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), also known as \"forever chemicals,\" are persistent environmental contaminants that pose significant risks to human health and aquatic ecosystems. Their extreme chemical stability primarily due to the strong carbon–fluorine (C–F) bond, the strongest bond in organic chemistry makes them highly resistant to degradation, even under harsh oxidative conditions. This study examines the degradation and defluorination of PFAS using a catalyst-free and chemical-additive-free orifice-based hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) treatment system. In HC, the rapid formation and subsequent collapse of cavitation bubbles generate intense shockwaves, localized high pressures, and elevated temperatures. These extreme conditions create a highly reactive physicochemical environment capable of initiating PFAS breakdown and promoting effective defluorination. In this study, perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), a representative long-chain PFAS, was selected at initial concentrations of 1 mg/L and 5 mg/L. Treatments were conducted under intense HC conditions (inlet orifice pressure of 48 bar; cavitation number of 0.03) with varying treatment durations. The results demonstrated increased PFOS degradation with treatment time along with detection of released fluoride ions indicating effective cleavage of C–F bonds. PFOS degradation reached 37%, and the degree of defluorination was 20% related to initial PFOS, respectively. The degradation followed first-order kinetics, with rate constants ranging from 0.7 × 10⁻³ to 40 × 10⁻³ 1/min. At an electrical energy per order (<em>EEO</em>) of 7–598 kWh/m<sup>3</sup>/order, the corresponding electrical energy input required for PFOS degradation ranged from 1 to 75 kWh/m<sup>3</sup>. These findings underscore the potential of HC as a scalable and effective PFAS treatment technology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9749,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering Journal Advances","volume":"25 ","pages":"Article 101046"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146034397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Unveiling the soil-altering synergy: The dynamic interplay between microplastics and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in agricultural landscapes","authors":"Priyanka Singh, Murugesh Shivashankar","doi":"10.1016/j.ceja.2026.101042","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ceja.2026.101042","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microplastics (MPs), defined as plastic particles smaller than 5 mm, are emerging contaminants of global concern due to their persistence and ecological risks. Although widely studied in aquatic systems, their effects on terrestrial environments especially soils remain underexplored. Soils act as major sinks and secondary sources of MPs, where these particles interact with microorganisms, plants, and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). EPS, secreted by microbes, are key to soil structure, nutrient cycling, and microbial aggregation. The introduction of MPs can disturb these systems by altering microbial community composition, EPS production, and nutrient dynamics, leading to changes in soil aggregation, water retention, and fertility. Furthermore, MPs can adsorb and transport toxic additives and heavy metals, potentially affecting plant root development, nutrient uptake, and growth. Such interactions may disrupt soil health and ecosystem functioning. Understanding the mechanisms of MPs–EPS interactions is therefore essential to evaluate their influence on soil processes, plant productivity, and biogeochemical cycles. This review summarizes current knowledge on MPs in soil and sludge environments, emphasizing their effects and interaction to EPS and its effect on soil health and plant growth, and highlights research gaps crucial for developing sustainable management strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9749,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering Journal Advances","volume":"25 ","pages":"Article 101042"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146034401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Molecular mechanisms of Congo Red adsorption on hydrochar: The critical role of hydroxyl groups in dye removal","authors":"Thi H. Ho , Hien Duy Tong , Thuat T. Trinh","doi":"10.1016/j.ceja.2025.101017","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ceja.2025.101017","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Congo Red (CR), a toxic azo dye, poses significant environmental hazards, making its removal from wastewater essential. Biomass-derived hydrochar is a promising adsorbent for this purpose, but the molecular influence of surface chemistry on dye adsorption remains unclear. Using molecular dynamics simulations, we systematically examined how oxygen-containing functional groups govern CR adsorption by comparing three representative hydrochar models with varying oxygen-to-carbon (O/C) ratios: a carbon-rich surface (O/C = 0.03), a hydroxyl-enriched surface (O/C = 0.55), and a realistic model reflecting experimentally observed functionality (O/C = 0.33). Our results demonstrate that hydroxyl functionalization significantly enhances adsorption capacity and efficiency. Specifically, the hydroxyl-enriched surface exhibits a 33% higher maximum adsorption capacity compared to the carbon-rich surface. Across all systems, adsorption efficiency exceeded 97% at low concentrations, with equilibrium capacities <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>q</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>e</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> ranging from 39.0 to 839.1 mg/g. Key adsorption mechanisms include van der Waals forces, <span><math><mi>π</mi></math></span>–<span><math><mi>π</mi></math></span> stacking (favored over CR self-aggregation), and hydrogen bonding. Kinetic analysis reveals that the pseudo-second-order model best describes the adsorption dynamics, consistent with experimental literature. Adsorption isotherms align better with the Langmuir and Freundlich model. These findings suggest that tuning hydrochar’s surface chemistry can substantially improve its performance, offering clear design principles for next-generation adsorbents in water purification.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9749,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering Journal Advances","volume":"25 ","pages":"Article 101017"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145938747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jakob Müller, Alexander Feldner, Christian Wondra, Simon Markthaler, Peter Treiber, Jürgen Karl
{"title":"Scale-up of an additively manufactured reactor concept for catalytic methanation with in-situ tar co-reforming of biogenic syngas","authors":"Jakob Müller, Alexander Feldner, Christian Wondra, Simon Markthaler, Peter Treiber, Jürgen Karl","doi":"10.1016/j.ceja.2025.101027","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ceja.2025.101027","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The market introduction of renewable methane is hindered by the high production cost of green SNG. One of the major cost factors is the extensive gas cleaning necessary for the methanation of biogenic syngas. A scaled-up version of a 3D-printed reactor system is proposed in order to reduce such gas cleaning costs. The ADDmeth reactor system can operate tolerating the use of tar-laden syngas, as it is specifically designed to reform tar components in-situ within the reactor. A scale-up of the reactor concept is realized by running several of the triangular reactor cells in parallel. The 15 kW reactor ADDmeth4 consists of three ADDmeth3 reactor cells, that are adapted and optimized for the scale-up. The new reactor design aims at a more efficient use of the space within the reactor. A new improved steam generator design is used to overcome limitations in cooling. The structural stability is validated using finite elements analysis with a resulting minimum safety factor of 4.43. In ADDmeth4 experiments the total tar content of the syngas was reduced by 95 % in a part load setting at 5 kW. However, this reduction potential decreases at full load. Residual tar is likely removed in the condensation step. The transient behavior of the reactor’s scale-up approach allows for a use of the reactor in fluctuating operating modes. The reactor concept can also be used in Power-to-Gas or biogas upgrading scenarios, reaching a high methane yield in just one step. The results indicate that the reactor scale-up will increase its performance. Both the temperature profile and efficiency improve, the latter due to the decrease in outer surface area through which potential losses occur.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9749,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering Journal Advances","volume":"25 ","pages":"Article 101027"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145938745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ahmed Jarboui , Jean-Pierre Mericq , Luc Mezenge , Thierry Thami , Christophe Charmette , Laure Adam , Peter Biermans , Emmanuel Veillard , Denis Bouyer
{"title":"Interplay between corneal oxygenation and swelling for scleral lens–a modelling approach","authors":"Ahmed Jarboui , Jean-Pierre Mericq , Luc Mezenge , Thierry Thami , Christophe Charmette , Laure Adam , Peter Biermans , Emmanuel Veillard , Denis Bouyer","doi":"10.1016/j.ceja.2025.101028","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ceja.2025.101028","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, a mathematical model was developed that incorporates a coupling between mass transfer and corneal metabolism to predict corneal oxygenation with scleral lenses. The implementation of lens wear was achieved through the use of two distinct 2D geometries, each characterized by a unique central clearance (271 µm and 573 µm, respectively), as measured by means of OCT technology. The variation in tear film (also called tear reservoir) thickness in conjunction with the lens was found to induce a shift in corneal metabolism from the aerobic to the anaerobic pathway. This shift in oxygen transfer rate to the cornea is predicted to result in local corneal swelling. The numerical model demonstrated that enhancing lens permeability leads to an increase in corneal oxygenation; however, this gain is constrained by the tear reservoir's oxygen transfer resistance. Furthermore, with lens decentration, oxygenation exhibited an increase in the upper part of the cornea, while it decreased in the lower part, owing to the tear reservoir thickness variation with lens decentration. However, the oxygen demand and the tear reservoir thickness at the central part of the cornea exhibited only very small variation with decentration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9749,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering Journal Advances","volume":"25 ","pages":"Article 101028"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145938841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Multi-mechanistic adsorption of pharmaceuticals and personal care products on oxidized microplastics: Oxidation processes, mechanisms, and environmental implications","authors":"Dale Jason Panio Gamorot, Angelo Earvin Sy Choi","doi":"10.1016/j.ceja.2025.101000","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ceja.2025.101000","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microplastics (MPs) have emerged as significant environmental pollutants, raising concerns due to their persistence, widespread distribution, and potential impacts on ecological and human health. Oxidation processes increase the sorptive capacity of MPs by adding oxygen-containing functional groups and creating rougher, more reactive surfaces. This review focuses on how these oxidation-induced changes modify the adsorption of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs). Oxidized MPs exhibit altered surface polarity and charge, strengthening key interactions such as hydrophobic partitioning, hydrogen bonding, and electrostatic attraction. Environmental conditions, including pH, salinity, and the degree of aging, further influence these mechanisms. Hydrophilic PPCPs generally show stronger affinity for oxidized MPs because their functional groups interact more effectively with the modified surfaces. Variations in pH and salinity can reduce sorption by shifting surface charge and disrupting electrostatic forces. This review demonstrates that oxidation-driven surface transformations are central to understanding how MPs adsorb, transport, and potentially release PPCPs in aquatic environments, shaping their environmental behavior and associated risks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9749,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering Journal Advances","volume":"25 ","pages":"Article 101000"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145938844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Catalytic hydrotreatment of biocrude from hydrothermal liquefaction of wet-waste: Effect of parameters and catalysts on upgraded fuel properties","authors":"Sabrina Summers, Yuanhui Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.ceja.2025.101008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ceja.2025.101008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrothermal liquefaction enables recovery of carbon and energy from wet wastes, producing a biocrude that can be upgraded into renewable transportation fuels such as diesel and sustainable aviation fuel. However, HTL biocrude is typically featured by high heteroatom content, hindering its fuel properties. While previous work has investigated the effects of hydrotreating parameters including catalysts on heteroatom removal, this study sought to develop additional insights on their effect on upgraded fuel properties. Molybdenum alloy (CoMo, NiMo, Mo<sub>2</sub>C) and precious metal (Pt, Pd) catalysts were compared. Hydrotreating conditions from 350–450<sup>○</sup><strong>C</strong>, 0.1–0.5 catalyst:oil weight ratio, 2–4 h, and 10–20 hydrogen:oxygen mol ratio were explored. The hydrotreated HTL biocrude demonstrated high oil, carbon, and energy yields (45–90% for all), along with up to 93 wt% total heteroatom removal (100% HDO, 89% HDS, 19% HDN). It was found that molybdenum-based catalysts had comparable performance to noble metal catalysts like platinum and palladium, achieving complete deoxygenation and producing high fractions in the gasoline, kerosene, and diesel range. Temperature, catalyst load, and retention time significantly impacted the conversion efficiency and fuel properties. Furthermore, fuel properties of the hydrotreated biocrude could be accurately predicted using a regression model with good fit (R-squared 0.85–1.00). Accordingly, hydrotreating conditions can be tuned to optimize carbon and energy recovery, target fuel ranges, and desired hydrocarbon types. This work contributes to the recovery of renewable carbon from waste biomass, enabling the advancement of circularity for transportation fuels.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9749,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering Journal Advances","volume":"25 ","pages":"Article 101008"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145938918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}