Chemical Engineering Journal Advances最新文献

{"title":"Corrigendum to “Coarse-grained discrete element method for granular shear flow” [Chemical Engineering Journal Advances, 4 (2020) 100050]","authors":"Hideya Nakamura, Hiroharu Takimoto, Naoki Kishida, Shuji Ohsaki, Satoru Watano","doi":"10.1016/j.ceja.2025.100725","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ceja.2025.100725","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9749,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering Journal Advances","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 100725"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144070841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization and optimization of electrodialysis with bipolar membranes with improved alkaline stability for phenol recovery from petroleum wastewater","authors":"Ahmad Beiranvand ,&nbsp;Mohammad Reza Omidkhah ,&nbsp;Mahmoud Moharrami ,&nbsp;Susan Davari ,&nbsp;Hamidreza Mahdavi","doi":"10.1016/j.ceja.2025.100756","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ceja.2025.100756","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The purity and recovery of phenol from an aqueous solution by electrodialysis with a bipolar membrane (EDBM) system mainly depend on the solution pH, possibly effective only under alkaline conditions because phenol is a very weak acid with a pK_a of 10. In this research, mono-sheet bipolar membranes with high chemical stability were successfully prepared using 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2] octane (DABCO) as a quaternary ammonium group with bicyclic organic compounds. The BPMs characterization was studied using FTIR, FESEM, membrane chemical stability in alkaline solution, and electrical resistance. Comparing BPMs' performance synthesized by DABCO illustrated satisfactory results in the membrane's chemical stability and electrical resistance.</div><div>The mono-sheet composite bipolar membranes are used in electrodialysis with bipolar membrane (EDBM) to remove phenol from synthetic petroleum wastewater model solution. Moreover, Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was employed as a facile method for optimizing the EDBM. In particular, the effects of current density, feed flow rate, feed concentration on the completion time (CT), and recovery efficiency (RE) of the process were investigated using the Central Composite Design (CCD) experimental design. According to the ridge and canonical analysis, the optimum operating conditions were determined at the feed concentration of 214.0 ppm, current density of 41.89, and volumetric feed flow rate of 12.84. Under these conditions, the minimum CT and maximum RE were found at 85.5 min and 75.4 %, respectively. In addition, the experimental results agreed with the prediction, suggesting that central composite design was a good technique for modeling phenol regeneration from petroleum wastewater.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9749,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering Journal Advances","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 100756"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143899077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cellulose nanocrystals as a rheology modifier in the processing of ultramafic nickel ores","authors":"Shaihroz Khan ,&nbsp;Mohammad Shoaib ,&nbsp;Omar Bashir Wani ,&nbsp;Erin R. Bobicki ,&nbsp;D. Grant Allen","doi":"10.1016/j.ceja.2025.100767","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ceja.2025.100767","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rheological behaviors, such as high viscosity and yield stress of suspensions, present tremendous challenges during comminution, flotation, and dewatering in the processing of low-grade nickel ores. Owing to the presence of anisotropic serpentine, particle–particle interactions that are attractive in nature can lead to high yield stresses, which increases the energy costs for pumping slurry suspensions. In this study, we investigated the rheological behavior of low-grade ultramafic nickel ore suspensions at varying dosages of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) at solid densities of 30, 40, and 50 wt.%. Based on the CNC dosage, the serpentine interparticle interaction resulted in aggregation at dosages of 0, 0.1, and 1.0 mg/g CNC and dispersion at dosages of 2.5 mg/g, for slurry concentrations of 30, 40, and 50 wt.%. The viscosity at 1s^-1 shear rate for 30 wt.% suspension increased from 0.12 Pa.s to 0.18 Pa.s on increasing the dosage from 0 to 1 mg/g CNC and then decreased to 0.10 Pa.s at 2.5 mg/g CNC dosage. The rheology effect by CNC was more pronounced for higher solid density such as 50 wt.%., where the viscosity increased from 2.74 to 4.42 Pa.s and then decreased to 2.3 Pa.s. This dual effect of CNCs on the rheology of ore can reduce the need for numerous hazardous chemicals used in different unit operations during nickel processing. This study paves the way for CNC to be used as post-processing flocculants for tailings management, which is one of the major environmental concerns faced by the mining and mineral processing industry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9749,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering Journal Advances","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 100767"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143941427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microfluidic capture of selected biomolecules with functionalized particles. Design under a numerical approach","authors":"Gloria González-Lavín,&nbsp;Christian Fernández-Maza,&nbsp;Lucía Gómez-Coma,&nbsp;Marcos Fallanza,&nbsp;Inmaculada Ortiz","doi":"10.1016/j.ceja.2025.100747","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ceja.2025.100747","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The outstanding capabilities of S/L functionalized particulate systems synergized with microfluidics offer great opportunities to address current and significant challenges, as the selective capture of biomolecules from a liquid phase, a process highly reliant on the intimate contact between both phases. In this work, we report the numerical prediction of the selective sequestration of a target biomolecule present in an aqueous solution onto engineered solid capture agents. For this purpose, a customized Eulerian/Eulerian/Lagrangian model able to track all the phases involved in the system and account for the S/L interfacial mass transfer has been developed. The challenging capture of endotoxins (LPS), sepsis causing agents, by solid beads decorated with engineered binding proteins has been selected as motivating case study. The computational tool has been successfully validated using batch data previously reported by our research group with capture deviations inferior to 5 %. Furthermore, we advance the design of microdevices to continuously withdraw LPS from biofluids and promote those variables with influence on the rate of the interfacial mass transfer. The design procedure has rendered a coil inspired T-type microreactor that displays an exceptional performance. This device can treat 1.4 L per hour of a sample containing 1 mg·mL⁻¹ LPS, attain the fluids complete mixing in less than 5 s, a uniform particle distribution and reach the LPS capture equilibrium in less than 15 s. Thus, to the best of our knowledge, we report herein for the first time the design of advanced microdevices for toxin removal assisted by a Euler/Euler/Lagrange model.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9749,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering Journal Advances","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 100747"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143936127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanisms for selective flotation separation of chalcopyrite and molybdenite using the novel depressant 2-(carbamimidoylthio)acetic acid: Experimental and DFT study","authors":"Xiangwen Lv ,&nbsp;Anruo Luo ,&nbsp;Xiong Tong ,&nbsp;Jianhua Chen ,&nbsp;Sheng Jian","doi":"10.1016/j.ceja.2025.100760","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ceja.2025.100760","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Copper and molybdenum, crucial strategic metals with frequent natural co-occurrence, require highly selective depressants for their flotation separation. However, diminishing ore quality and environmental constraints challenge traditional separation approaches. This study introduces novel 2-(carbamimidoylthio) acetic acid (CAA) as a green depressant for chalcopyrite in copper-molybdenum separation. Through integrated experimental analyses (microflotation, contact angle, FT-IR, TOF-SIMS, XPS) and DFT simulations, we reveal CAA's selective depression mechanism. Results demonstrate CAA significantly enhances chalcopyrite surface hydrophilicity through dual mechanisms: stable triple-bond chelate formation via electron donation from N/S atoms to Fe³⁺/Cu⁺ ions, and hydrogen-bond induced water adsorption through acetic acid groups. Crucially, even with the use of a powerful collector, ethyxanthate, CAA maintains high molybdenite recovery (88.76 %) while effectively depressing chalcopyrite (29.12 %). The elucidated structure-function relationship of CAA's functional groups provides theoretical guidance for developing eco-friendly flotation reagents. This advancement addresses critical challenges in processing complex ores, offering environmental and economic benefits through reduced reagent consumption and improved resource utilization efficiency.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9749,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering Journal Advances","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 100760"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143881942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fabrication and inkjet printing of manganese oxide electrodes for energy storage","authors":"Anesu Nyabadza ,&nbsp;Achu Titus ,&nbsp;Éanna McCarthy ,&nbsp;Lola Azoulay-Younes ,&nbsp;Sean Ryan ,&nbsp;Sithara Sreenilayam ,&nbsp;Valeria Nicolosi ,&nbsp;Mercedes Vazquez ,&nbsp;Dermot Brabazon","doi":"10.1016/j.ceja.2025.100761","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ceja.2025.100761","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Inkjet printing of nanoparticle inks is rising method for fabricating energy storage electrodes and is driven by the demand for supercapacitors and flexible batteries for wearables. The process can be optimized on two fronts, the printing parameters and the ink fabrication. Researchers often lack control over ink formulation and must instead focus on optimizing printing parameters. This study demonstrates that both aspects can be optimized using Pulsed Laser Ablation in Liquid (PLAL) to tailor nanoparticle ink properties, coupled with real-time process monitoring and design of experiments for inkjet printing. Automated in-line monitoring of nanoparticle size and concentration via UV–Vis and DLS measurements every 5 min provided real-time data. The final ink had a mean particle size of 3 nm with a viscosity of 1.3 mPa.s. A design of experiments approach examined the effects of inkjet parameters on print quality on a polymer substrate with optimal printing conditions found to be 30 layers, 40 kHz jetting frequency, and 28 °C nozzle/bed temperature based on consistency in pixel values. The resulting Mn electrodes exhibited pseudocapacitive behavior with initial oxidation leading to stable manganese oxides. XPS analysis of printed electrodes revealed a chemical composition of MnO (64 %), MnO₂ (26 %), and Mn₂O₃ (9 %).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9749,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering Journal Advances","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 100761"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143865224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Co-application of biochar and iron-based materials for remediating agricultural soil polluted with metolachlor and s-metolachlor: field research evidence","authors":"Likun He ,&nbsp;Yan Wang ,&nbsp;Ruhai Liu ,&nbsp;Yudong Wang ,&nbsp;Yunxu Wang ,&nbsp;Yuejiao Li ,&nbsp;Fengzhu Zhou ,&nbsp;Yahui Qiu ,&nbsp;Yuting Liu ,&nbsp;Xianxiang Luo ,&nbsp;Junhua Gong ,&nbsp;Hao Zheng ,&nbsp;Fengmin Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ceja.2025.100758","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ceja.2025.100758","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The performance of the co-application of biochar and iron-based materials (Fe⁰, Fe₃O₄) in remediating metolachlor (MET) pollution, particular the enantiomer S-metolachlor (S-MET), in the field agricultural soils is not yet clear. Therefore, the effects and mechanisms of co-application biochar and iron-based materials (Fe⁰, Fe₃O₄) on the remediation of MET and S-MET in an agricultural soil were investigated through field experiments over a peanut growth period (120 days). Results showed that the application of iron-based materials accelerated the degradation of MET and S-MET adsorbed by biochar (MET 16 %, S-MET 11.63 %). The co-application of both materials reduced the bioavailability of MET and S-MET in the soil, with iron-based materials promoting dechlorination degradation and the co-application enhancing the redox capacity of the system. Biochar (BC) adsorbed MET and S-MET in the soil, thereby delaying their degradation and extending their half-lives by 60–113.5 days, while reducing their bioavailability and the content of pesticide residues in peanuts. The co-application of biochar and iron-based materials exerted control over MET and S-MET contamination in agricultural soils, while also ameliorating soil acidity. This study provides new strategies and scientific evidence for the control of pesticide contamination such as MET and S-MET in agricultural soils.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9749,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering Journal Advances","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 100758"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143873790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low-temperature Highly Graphitized Porous Biomass-based Carbon as an Efficient and Stable Electrode for Lithium-ion Batteries and Supercapacitors","authors":"Sruthy E S ,&nbsp;Alejandro Grimm ,&nbsp;Menestreau Paul ,&nbsp;Christie Thomas Cherian ,&nbsp;Mikael Thyrel ,&nbsp;Palanivel Molaiyan ,&nbsp;Ulla Lassi ,&nbsp;Shaikshavali Petnikota ,&nbsp;Glaydson Simões Dos Reis","doi":"10.1016/j.ceja.2025.100762","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ceja.2025.100762","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Graphite is a widely used fossil material valued for its versatility, thanks to its excellent thermal and electrical conductivity as well as high chemical stability. Producing graphitic carbon from biomass offers a promising alternative to fossil graphite, but the process requires extremely high temperatures—up to 3000  °C—leading to significant energy consumption. In this work, we report a greener and more sustainable low-temperature method (900 °C) for the synthesis of highly graphitized biomass carbon using pure boron as a catalyst and logging residues (LR) as a carbon source. The work focuses on the correlation between the structural transformation of the precursors into graphitic carbon and their corresponding electrochemical characteristics as electrodes for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and supercapacitors. The carbons were prepared in two steps, i.e., carbonization at 500 °C with boron, followed by activation with KOH at 900 °C. A control carbon, produced using the same method but without boron, was used for comparison. The physicochemical characterization results demonstrated the successful graphitization of the LR-based carbon. In addition, the carbon materials exhibited highly porous structures with specific surface areas (BET) of 2645 m² g^-1 for the boron-treated carbon (BCLR), and 3141 m² g^-1 for the control carbon (CLR). The CLR and BCLR electrodes tested in LIBs delivered specific capacities of 386 and 505 mAh g^-1 at a 1 C rate at the end of 200 cycles, respectively. CLR and BCLR electrodes were also tested for supercapacitors, delivering specific capacitances of 87 and 144 F g^-1 at a current rate of 1 A g^-1, respectively. This work opens a gateway for a straightforward and cost-effective synthesis method for scaling up biomass-based carbon electrodes for LIBs and supercapacitors, facilitating sustainable precursors and an industrially viable approach.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9749,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering Journal Advances","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 100762"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143873791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advanced microfluidic strategies for core-shell nanoparticles: the next-generation of polymeric and lipid-based drug nanocarriers","authors":"Giuseppe Nunziata,&nbsp;Alessandro Borroni,&nbsp;Filippo Rossi","doi":"10.1016/j.ceja.2025.100759","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ceja.2025.100759","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microfluidic technology has transformed the synthesis of core-shell nanoparticles (CSNPs), providing an unprecedented level of control over their structural and functional properties. This review critically evaluates recent advancements, highlighting the superiority of microfluidic methods over conventional batch techniques, which often suffer from variability and scalability issues. Indeed microfluidic platforms enable the precise manipulation of reaction conditions, leading to highly uniform nanoparticles with optimized characteristics. This level of precision is particularly relevant in drug delivery, where the ability to fine-tune nanoparticle size, composition, and surface properties directly influences therapeutic efficacy. A fundamental aspect of this approach lies in the choice of synthesis techniques, such as nanoprecipitation and emulsification, which leverage the confined microscale environment to promote controlled self-assembly. Equally important is the selection of materials for microfluidic chip fabrication, as properties such as chemical resistance, biocompatibility, and manufacturability determine the feasibility of large-scale production. The integration of microfluidics into nanoparticle production is not merely a technical refinement but a step toward a more efficient and adaptable nanomedicine. By integrating these strategies, microfluidics emerges as a key enabler for the clinical translation of nanomedicine. To bridge the gap between lab-scale synthesis and industrial production, this review discusses high-throughput microfluidic platforms and multilayered designs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9749,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering Journal Advances","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 100759"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143881941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lagrangian Sensor Particles for detecting hydrodynamic heterogeneities in industrial bioreactors: Experimental analysis and Lattice-Boltzmann simulations","authors":"Sebastian Hofmann ,&nbsp;Ryan Rautenbach ,&nbsp;Lukas Buntkiel ,&nbsp;Isabel Sophie Brouwers ,&nbsp;Lena Gaugler ,&nbsp;Jonas Barczyk ,&nbsp;Jürgen Fitschen ,&nbsp;Sebastian Reinecke ,&nbsp;Marko Hoffmann ,&nbsp;Ralf Takors ,&nbsp;Uwe Hampel ,&nbsp;Michael Schlüter","doi":"10.1016/j.ceja.2025.100744","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ceja.2025.100744","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study analyzes trajectories of three particle types in an industrial-scale bioreactor, equipped with a Rushton turbine and a pitched blade turbine, to characterize hydrodynamic compartments. The trajectories obtained from measurements with Lagrangian Sensor Particles (<em>LSP,exp</em>) are compared to those generated by Lattice-Boltzmann large eddy simulations (LB LES). The latter method is used to reproduce analogous simulated LSPs (<em>LSP,sim</em>) as resolved particles. Additionally, for benchmarking purposes, massless tracer particles (<em>tracer,sim</em>) are incorporated to accurately represent fluid flow dynamics. Discrepancies in the axial probability of presence and velocity between <em>LSP,exp</em> and <em>LSP,sim</em> likely stem from differences in mass distribution, density, number of particles, and ratio of particle size to grid. A necessarily high <em>LSP,sim</em> volume fraction in LB LES leads to increased collisions and clustering, negatively impacting flow dynamics, and reducing turbulent kinetic energy by at least 3%. Circulation and residence time distributions for the three types of particles identify three hydrodynamic compartments within the bioreactor, validated by local mixing time distributions. The ratio of overall average circulation time to global mixing time is <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>Θ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>glob,95</mi></mrow></msub><mo>≈</mo><mn>3</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>0</mn><mi>⋅</mi><msub><mrow><mover><mrow><mi>t</mi></mrow><mo>¯</mo></mover></mrow><mrow><mi>circ</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span> for <em>LSP,exp</em>, which largely corresponds to literature results. A theoretical LSP size of <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>d</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>p,th</mi></mrow></msub><mo>≈</mo><mn>1</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>mm</mi></mrow></math></span> is estimated to be flow following on micro-scale in the bulk phase, if a Stokes number of <span><math><mrow><mi>S</mi><mi>t</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></math></span> is assumed. However, Stokes number estimations confirm that <em>LSP,exp</em> are capable to follow flow patterns on the meso-scale and macro-scale with <span><math><mrow><mi>S</mi><mi>t</mi><mo>≈</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></math></span> and <span><math><mrow><mi>S</mi><mi>t</mi><mo>≈</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>002</mn></mrow></math></span>, respectively. Hence, hydrodynamic structures at length scales greater than or equal to the size of the impeller can be investigated by current state-of-the-art LSPs, which proves their technological readiness for industrial bioreactors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9749,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering Journal Advances","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 100744"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143867886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}