Cerebral cortex最新文献

{"title":"From error to evidence: blindsight in the making†.","authors":"James A Bourne","doi":"10.1093/cercor/bhag143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhag143","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Blindsight is often described as a chronic ability in which stimuli within a cortically blind field guide behavior without reported awareness. Because most studies examine established deficits, spontaneous recovery, practice, and compensation may already have reshaped performance. Sepe et al. instead assessed visuomotor behavior 3 to 4 weeks after unilateral V1 damage in 2 macaques. Normal saccades to blind-field targets were rare, but responses were structured: temporal cueing increased delayed, inaccurate, and multistep eye movements, while catch trials showed bias toward the scotoma border. These errors indicate residual but poorly calibrated visuomotor processing, consistent with early reweighting of V1-independent circuits, and may inform longitudinal studies and early rehabilitation.</p>","PeriodicalId":9715,"journal":{"name":"Cerebral cortex","volume":"36 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13636091/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149103588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Blindsight vs weaksight.","authors":"Hakwan C Lau, Tomoya Nakamura","doi":"10.1093/cercor/bhag146","DOIUrl":"10.1093/cercor/bhag146","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Blindsight is a highly informative phenomenon because it dissociates relatively preserved visual function from subjective awareness, unlike other common experimental paradigms that often confound unawareness with weak or near-absence of perception. We assess recent evidence for early post-lesional blindsight-like behavior in macaques and wonder if reduced saccade rates may alternatively reflect degraded sensory processing or decision criteria. Decisive tests should compare matched Yes/No and two-alternative forced-choice sensitivity using signal-detection theory, potentially aided by reaction-time methods. Establishing genuine early dissociations would enable reversible animal models and more rigorous identification of neural mechanisms specific to awareness rather than visual processing strength.</p>","PeriodicalId":9715,"journal":{"name":"Cerebral cortex","volume":"36 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149104653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Early-stage recovery after visual cortical damage for blindsight.","authors":"Tadashi Isa","doi":"10.1093/cercor/bhag150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhag150","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>It is well known that humans and nonhuman primates can retain residual visuomotor abilities following chronic damage to the primary visual cortex (V1), a phenomenon known as blindsight. Sepe et al. investigated the behavior of monkeys with unilateral V1 lesions during a visually guided saccade task in the early post-lesion stage. Their study revealed that recovery initially manifests as atypical behavior, characterized by less accurate saccade trajectories and longer reaction times, while responses were nonetheless reliably triggered by the visual presentation of targets within the scotoma. Such detailed, fine-grained behavioral analyses provide valuable insights into the processes underlying functional recovery following V1 lesions.</p>","PeriodicalId":9715,"journal":{"name":"Cerebral cortex","volume":"36 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149104661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preserved intrinsic neural timescale organization with hierarchical variation in autism spectrum disorder.","authors":"Yumi Shikauchi, Ryuta Aoki, Takashi Itahashi, Masaaki Shimizu, Taiga Naoe, Tsukasa Okimura, Haruhisa Ohta, Ryu-Ichiro Hashimoto, Motoaki Nakamura","doi":"10.1093/cercor/bhag121","DOIUrl":"10.1093/cercor/bhag121","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Intrinsic neural timescales (INTs) index the temporal decay of neural activity and form a hierarchy from fast sensorimotor to slow transmodal regions. Although altered INTs have been reported in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), it remains unclear whether this hierarchical organization is preserved and how individual variability along it relates to sensory traits. Using resting-state fMRI from 182 participants (67 ASD, 115 typically developed controls [TDC]), we estimated INTs from the autocorrelation half-life and averaged them across four runs. The cortical INT hierarchy was preserved in ASD, with comparable sensorimotor-to-transmodal organization across groups. Regions operating at longer timescales exhibited relative prolongation in ASD, with effect size increasing along the hierarchy. However, no statistically significant group differences were identified at any spatial resolution examined. To characterize individual INT profiles relative to a TDC-derived template, we decomposed each participant's profile into global shift, hierarchical scaling, and residual deviation components. Global shifts and hierarchical scaling were associated with demographic variation (primarily sex) rather than diagnosis, whereas residual deviations showed a modest association with sensory traits characterized by reduced sensory registration. These findings indicate that large-scale temporal organization is largely preserved in ASD, while individual-specific deviations from this hierarchy may underlie variability in sensory experience.</p>","PeriodicalId":9715,"journal":{"name":"Cerebral cortex","volume":"36 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13548320/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148900208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Brain-wide fMRI responses to auditory and visual stimuli in awake mice.","authors":"Jaakko Paasonen, Lenka Dvořáková, Petteri Stenroos, Raimo A Salo, Ekaterina Paasonen, Shalom Michaeli, Silvia Mangia, Heikki Tanila, Olli Gröhn","doi":"10.1093/cercor/bhag137","DOIUrl":"10.1093/cercor/bhag137","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The functions of individual senses are well studied, but the mechanisms of cross-sensory integration remain poorly understood. Although invasive studies in mice can elucidate cellular and circuit-level processes, it is unclear whether mice exhibit macroscale cross-sensory activity comparable to that reported in human imaging studies-an important criterion for the translational relevance of preclinical studies. To address this gap, we investigated responses to unimodal and bimodal auditory and visual stimulation in awake mice using a quiet zero echo time (zero-TE) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) approach. Both stimulation modalities evoked responses in cross-sensory primary pathways, high-order regions, non-primary thalamus, and cerebellum, indicating robust brain-wide responses to simple sensory stimulation. Bimodal stimulation elicited subadditive responses in regions responsive to both modalities, and primary cortices contained subregions with stronger cross-modal responses. Many of these patterns resembled those observed in humans and non-human primates, suggesting conserved principles across species and supporting the translational value of mechanistic and disease model-oriented studies of cross-sensory processing in mice. In contrast, ketamine-xylazine anesthesia caused widespread suppression of cross-modal and high-order activity during sensory processing, highlighting the importance of performing cross-sensory investigations in awake animals.</p>","PeriodicalId":9715,"journal":{"name":"Cerebral cortex","volume":"36 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13580225/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148982081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"N400 sensitivity to inhibitory load during ambiguous word processing.","authors":"Haim Raviv, Rivka Ben-Atar, Nira Mashal","doi":"10.1093/cercor/bhag147","DOIUrl":"10.1093/cercor/bhag147","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Semantic comprehension requires not only accessing word meanings but also suppressing contextually inappropriate meanings. Recent accounts suggest that the N400 component is sensitive to such suppression demands, yet few studies have examined suppression using dedicated paradigms. The present study introduced a suppression-based context verification paradigm with 3 graded levels of semantic processing difficulty. Forty participants performed a context verification task involving sentences ending with homophonic (eg \"bank\") or heterophonic (eg \"tear\") homographs that biased readers toward the subordinate meaning (eg \"The tailor repaired the → tear\"). After a short interval, a target word related to the dominant but contextually inappropriate meaning (eg \"CRYING\") was presented. If the dominant meaning was not yet suppressed, the target was expected to interfere with suppression of the contextually inappropriate meaning, making its rejection more difficult. The findings revealed a graded pattern of behavioral and N400 responses, with amplitudes increasing gradually with semantic processing difficulty: smallest for unambiguous control trials involving semantic incongruency, larger for ambiguous trials, and largest for heterophonic relative to homophonic homographs in left anterior electrodes. This pattern is consistent with the meaning-suppression framework suggesting that 500 ms following heterophonic homograph presentation the irrelevant dominant meaning is still activated.</p>","PeriodicalId":9715,"journal":{"name":"Cerebral cortex","volume":"36 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148982386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flexibility of internal attention: divergent spatiotemporal profiles for feature and object cueing.","authors":"Xiaoshu Lin, Kristina Pultsina, Simo Monto, Chaoxiong Ye, Tiina Parviainen","doi":"10.1093/cercor/bhag110","DOIUrl":"10.1093/cercor/bhag110","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Internal attention efficiently prioritizes information in working memory (WM), yet it remains unclear whether it reflects a unified, domain-general mechanism, or a flexible set of operations tailored to the format of selected information. Using magnetoencephalography (MEG), we characterized the spatiotemporal alpha-band dynamics underlying feature-based (color, orientation) and object-based (left, right) retro-cues that direct internal attention within WM. Behaviorally, both cue types improved performance relative to neutral conditions, with object-based cues yielding a modest advantage. Neurally, both formats elicited robust modulations of induced alpha-band (8 to 14 Hz) activity distributed across visual, frontoparietal control, and memory-related networks. These effects followed a common temporal progression from early weak modulation to mid-latency reconfiguration and sustained late activity. However, object-based cueing produced more sustained and spatially widespread alpha suppression than feature-based cueing, indicating format-dependent differences in the dynamics of internal selection. Although neural effects closely tracked behavioral benefits at the condition level, no reliable brain-behavior correlations were observed across individuals. Together, these findings suggest that internal attention operates through a shared large-scale control architecture while flexibly adapting its temporal dynamics to representational format, with alpha-band activity playing a central role in the prioritization of WM content.</p>","PeriodicalId":9715,"journal":{"name":"Cerebral cortex","volume":"36 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13584068/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148988246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pre-stimulus alpha power during mind-wandering in adults with ADHD.","authors":"Gabriela Horáková, Sébastien Weibel, Ugo Tissot, Bich-Thuy Pham, Anne Bonnefond","doi":"10.1093/cercor/bhag142","DOIUrl":"10.1093/cercor/bhag142","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In neurotypical adults, mind-wandering (MW) is associated with increases in posterior alpha power, reflecting inward-directed mentation, but tonic, cortical arousal remains largely unexplored in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), particularly prone to MW. The main aim of this study was to characterize stimulus-independent oscillatory activity during MW and determine how global and spatially localized MW-related cortical arousal differs between ADHD patients and controls. In total, 28 medication-naïve ADHD patients and 28 controls completed a Go/No-Go task, which included thought-probes to detect MW episodes. The electroencephalography (EEG) analysis focused on cortical arousal measures indexed by pre-stimulus alpha power and its variability, using both global scalp-wise analyses and cluster-based permutation approaches. Deliberate and spontaneous MW were associated with distinct spatial patterns of alpha power synchronization, indicating that deliberate (unlike spontaneous) MW maintains relatively active attentional systems. Furthermore, permutation analyses revealed that controls exhibited significantly higher global alpha power without increased variability during MW, consistent with a stable internally oriented attentional state. Patients displayed no alpha power modulations between attentional states and higher alpha power variability during MW, reflecting unstable attentional engagement. These findings highlight dysregulated and variable alpha power dynamics as markers of unstable internal distraction in ADHD.</p>","PeriodicalId":9715,"journal":{"name":"Cerebral cortex","volume":"36 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149015678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Motor cortex rTMS modulates adult ocular dominance plasticity.","authors":"İzel D Sarı, Vasileia Papakosta, Xavier Corominas Teruel, Hanna Willis, Antoni Valero-Cabré, Claudia Lunghi","doi":"10.1093/cercor/bhag139","DOIUrl":"10.1093/cercor/bhag139","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Well-established evidence supports cross-modal interactions of sensory brain plasticity. Here, we extend cross-modality beyond the boundaries of sensory regions and provide first-time evidence in adult healthy humans that motor plasticity influences homeostatic visual plasticity. To this end, we employed repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), known to modulate the excitation/inhibition balance in the primary motor cortex (M1), while examining the impact of this intervention on ocular dominance plasticity induced by short-term monocular deprivation (MD). Specifically, participants completed, in counterbalanced order, two neuromodulation sessions delivering either Active or Sham rTMS (10 Hz, 1600 pulses), during a 90-min MD period. We show that Active but not Sham rTMS significantly increased amplitudes of peak-to-peak motor evoked potentials, confirming facilitatory cortico-spinal after-effects driven by M1 stimulation. While robust ocular dominance shifts were observed for both rTMS conditions, greater increases of cortico-spinal excitability scaled with smaller ocular dominance shifts, suggesting interference of primary visual cortex plasticity ensuing a modulation of M1 excitability and competitive interactions between motor and visual plasticity. These results hint at global homeostatic mechanisms governing adult cortical plasticity across distant networks and highlight the need to consider cross-modal interactions between motor and visual systems when designing learning and rehabilitation strategies for adults.</p>","PeriodicalId":9715,"journal":{"name":"Cerebral cortex","volume":"36 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13594663/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149015704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic functional connectivity in left frontal and temporal tumors.","authors":"Samra Iftikhar, Saeed Rahmani, Amirali Aali, Antonio Napolitano, Jennifer Moliterno, Todd Constable, Luca Pasquini","doi":"10.1093/cercor/bhag159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhag159","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study examined dynamic resting-state functional connectivity and graph-theoretic measures in 71 patients with left intra-axial tumors (40 left frontal lobe tumors and 31 left temporal lobe tumors) and 53 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Dynamic functional connectivity was estimated across 8 80-s sliding windows, region of interest-to-region of interest Fisher-z connectivity values from 132 atlas regions were harmonized using ComBat, and graph metrics were calculated at a 20% proportional density. The primary within-study comparison was restricted to left frontal lobe tumors and left temporal lobe tumors to avoid the confounding between diagnosis and the public healthy control datasets. In restricted maximum likelihood mixed-effects models with AR(1) within-subject covariance, adjusted for z-scored age, categorical TR, and window, none of the 11 graph metrics showed an overall tumor-location effect (P = 0.219 to 0.928; partial eta-squared < 0.001 to 0.019). However, tumor location-by-window interactions survived correction across 11 metrics for clustering coefficient, transitivity, modularity, and assortativity, at T8, adjusted values were higher in left temporal lobe tumors than left frontal lobe tumors for all 4 metrics. Grade-stratified analyses provided no corrected evidence that grade moderated these temporal location effects, while adjustment for peritumoral edema or standardized log lesion volume did not materially alter the primary tumor-location findings. Secondary comparisons indicated lower integration and altered path-based and centrality measures in tumor groups relative to healthy controls, but diagnosis was partially confounded with acquisition protocol; healthy control-only models identified residual acquisition-batch effects for betweenness centrality and eccentricity after correction. Global connectivity laterality index differences did not survive multiple-comparison correction (minimum q = 0.334) and are interpreted descriptively. These findings distinguish temporally specific topology differences from generalized tumor-location effects and require confirmation in uniformly acquired, clinically characterized cohorts.</p>","PeriodicalId":9715,"journal":{"name":"Cerebral cortex","volume":"36 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149079765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}