{"title":"A review on benzoselenazoles: synthetic methodologies and potential biological applications","authors":"Manisha Yadav and Vijay P. Singh","doi":"10.1039/D4OB01897D","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4OB01897D","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Among the various heterocyclic organoselenium compounds, a new class of benzoselenazoles has received great attention due to their chemical properties and biological applications. The ever-growing interest in the five-membered benzoselenazole heterocycles amongst chemists has made commendable impact. These heterocycles are a prominent class of organic molecules that have emerged as potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of a wide range of diseases. Substantial progress has been made in elucidating the complex chemical properties of these heterocycles. Moreover, they have garnered significant importance in a wide range of biological applications. However, despite their biological activities, research on benzoselenazoles remains relatively limited, emphasising the need for further exploration in this area. Hence, considering the importance of benzoselenazoles, this comprehensive review compiles various synthetic procedures, highlighting the recent advances in their synthesis that have been disclosed in the literature. This review would offer chemists an array of information that will assist them in the development of more affordable and effective synthesis processes for benzoselenazoles. Therefore, it is believed that this review would provide relevant context on these achievements and will inspire synthetic organic chemists to use these effective technologies of such heterocycles for the future treatment of diseases caused by oxidative stress. The biological and pharmacological properties of these organoselenium heterocycles, which include their antioxidant, antitumor, and antibacterial activities and their application in Alzheimer's disease treatment and as pancreatic lipase inhibitors, are thoroughly summarized. Finally, this review provides some perspectives on the challenges and future directions in the development of benzoselenazoles as heterocyclic organoselenium compounds.</p>","PeriodicalId":96,"journal":{"name":"Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry","volume":" 16","pages":" 3712-3740"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143727234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Rh(iii)-catalyzed C–H alkenylation of NH-sulfoximine with vinylsilanes†","authors":"Yu Gao, Ya-Li Xu and Lin Dong","doi":"10.1039/D5OB00213C","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D5OB00213C","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The rhodium(<small>III</small>)-catalysed <em>ortho</em>-C–H alkenylation of NH-sulfoximine using readily available vinylsilanes as an olefinating reagent to introduce vinylsilane groups has been achieved. These groups are adaptable synthetic intermediates, and can be selectively changed into a variety of substituents.</p>","PeriodicalId":96,"journal":{"name":"Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry","volume":" 16","pages":" 3819-3823"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143750335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hui Cai, Chaoyang Song, Dan Ling, Youlin Deng, Zhichao Jin and Tingting Li
{"title":"Access to chiral phthalidyl ester prodrugs via an isothiourea-catalyzed dynamic kinetic resolution reaction†","authors":"Hui Cai, Chaoyang Song, Dan Ling, Youlin Deng, Zhichao Jin and Tingting Li","doi":"10.1039/D4OB02057J","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4OB02057J","url":null,"abstract":"<p >An isothiourea-catalyzed acylative dynamic kinetic resolution reaction has been developed for the synthesis of chiral phthalidyl ester prodrugs. Various chiral phthalidyl esters were obtained in moderate to excellent yields (up to 97%) and good to excellent optical purities (up to 99 : 1 er). Notably, a variety of acyl chlorides were well tolerated, even those derived from pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and natural products. This catalytic transformation is an effective strategy for the development of chiral phthalidyl ester prodrugs.</p>","PeriodicalId":96,"journal":{"name":"Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry","volume":" 15","pages":" 3680-3688"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143699076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Qiao Song, Shun Wang, Sheng Wang, Dong Xing and Zhouyu Wang
{"title":"A novel strategy for alkylation via amide activation: synthesis of N-substituted 2-pyridones and tetrahydropyridines†","authors":"Qiao Song, Shun Wang, Sheng Wang, Dong Xing and Zhouyu Wang","doi":"10.1039/D5OB00140D","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D5OB00140D","url":null,"abstract":"<p >This study introduces a novel strategy for utilizing amides as direct alkylating agents. The activation of amides with Tf<small><sub>2</sub></small>O and 2-F-Py induces the migration of the alkyl group from the nitrogen of the amide to the nitrogen of 2-F-Py. Following a one-pot hydrolysis or reduction step, <em>N</em>-substituted 2-pyridones or tetrahydropyridines are generated <em>in situ</em>. A total of 34 related compounds were synthesized with high yields across various substrates. This methodology was further applied to the synthesis of key intermediates for C3a receptor inhibitors. Mechanistic studies indicate the formation of a pyridinium salt as a reactive intermediate in the process. Overall, this work presents a novel approach to the application of amides in synthetic chemistry.</p>","PeriodicalId":96,"journal":{"name":"Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry","volume":" 16","pages":" 3951-3955"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143727182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"O-Acylation triggered γ-umpolung functionalization of electron-poor alkenyl sulfoxides for the synthesis of 3-allyl indoles†","authors":"Wenjie Wei, Qiangrong Xie, Xiaoyu Li, Yuanyuan Xie and Hongwei Zhou","doi":"10.1039/D5OB00112A","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D5OB00112A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Indole scaffolds, which are important structural motifs in organic chemistry, have garnered sustained interest due to their prevalence in pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and natural products. This study establishes a novel umpolung activation strategy for γ-position functionalization of electron-poor alkenyl sulfoxides, generating allylidenesulfonium intermediates that are subsequently trapped by indoles, achieving the synthesis of 3-functionalized indoles. Further transformations and plausible mechanism were investigated.</p>","PeriodicalId":96,"journal":{"name":"Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry","volume":" 16","pages":" 3937-3941"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143717695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ajay G. Mamale, Balaji M. Ghodake, Rajesh G. Gonnade and Asish K. Bhattacharya
{"title":"Catalyst and transition-metal free 1,6-conjugate addition of azobisisobutyronitrile: access to isobutyronitrile containing diarylmethanes†","authors":"Ajay G. Mamale, Balaji M. Ghodake, Rajesh G. Gonnade and Asish K. Bhattacharya","doi":"10.1039/D5OB00012B","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D5OB00012B","url":null,"abstract":"<p >A catalyst and transition-metal free 1,6-conjugate addition of azobisisobutyronitrile to <em>para</em>-quinone methides for the synthesis of isobutyronitrile containing diarylmethanes has been achieved. This protocol enables the synthesis of isobutyronitrile containing diarylmethanes in good yields and with a broad substrate scope. This is the first example wherein azobisisobutyronitrile has been used as a cyanide source for 1,6-conjugate addition under catalyst and metal-free conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":96,"journal":{"name":"Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry","volume":" 16","pages":" 3956-3966"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143750332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Total synthesis of the HDAC inhibitor (+)-(<i>R</i>)-trichostatin A <i>via O</i>-directed dialkylacetylene free radical hydrostannation with Ph<sub>3</sub>SnH/Et<sub>3</sub>B. The unusual inhibitory effect of a proximal α-OPv group on the course of a vinyl iodide Stille cross-coupling.","authors":"Ke Pan, Soraya Manaviazar, Karl J Hale","doi":"10.1039/d4ob01848f","DOIUrl":"10.1039/d4ob01848f","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this paper, a new asymmetric total synthesis of optically pure (+)-trichostatin A (1a) is described via a route that utilises a Marshall chiral allenylzinc addition between 9 and 4-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde (10) and an <i>O</i>-depivaloylation at its early stages. <i>O</i>-Directed free radical hydrostannation of the resulting propargylic alcohol 15 with Ph<sub>3</sub>SnH/cat. Et<sub>3</sub>B/O<sub>2</sub> in PhMe at rt thereafter provided the (<i>Z</i>)-α-triphenylstannylvinyltin 16 in 80-89% yield, with complete stereocontrol and very high α : β regioselectivity (25 : 1). A stereoretentive I-Sn exchange reaction between 16 and I<sub>2</sub> (1.4 equiv.) in CH<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub> (-78 °C to rt, 1 h) subsequently secured the vinyl iodide 18 in 84-96% yield. The latter was transformed into the enal 4 by successive TPAP/NMO (Ley-Griffith) oxidation and a high yielding (80%) Stille reaction between the α-iodo enal 20 and Me<sub>4</sub>Sn, catalysed by Pd(PPh<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub> in DMF at 60 °C, under the Baldwin-Lee conditions, which use CsF and CuI as promoters. A Wittig reaction between 4 and Ph<sub>3</sub>PCHCO<sub>2</sub>Et (5), saponification, and DDQ oxidation next afforded (+)-trichostatic acid (22). Helquist's ethyl chloroformate mixed-anhydride/TBSONH<sub>2</sub> coupling procedure (ref. 17e) thereafter secured (+)-trichostatin A (1a) in good yield. This new total synthesis of 1a is the first-ever successful application of the <i>O</i>-directed dialkylacetylene free radical hydrostannation with Ph<sub>3</sub>SnH/cat. Et<sub>3</sub>B/O<sub>2</sub> in a dialkylaniline <i>N</i>-containing disubstituted alkynol system, and it now provides a convenient means of accessing many novel trichostatin analogues for future biological screening.</p>","PeriodicalId":96,"journal":{"name":"Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143690474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Koki Ogawara, Naoya Ieda, Hideo Takakura, Kohei Nakajima, Akari Mukaimine, Mei Harada, Kazuaki Hashimoto, Osamu Inanami and Mikako Ogawa
{"title":"Effect of hydroxy groups on X-ray-induced reactions of azo benzene derivatives†","authors":"Koki Ogawara, Naoya Ieda, Hideo Takakura, Kohei Nakajima, Akari Mukaimine, Mei Harada, Kazuaki Hashimoto, Osamu Inanami and Mikako Ogawa","doi":"10.1039/D5OB00003C","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D5OB00003C","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Caged compounds whose chemical bonds are cleavable by specific stimuli are useful tools for life science research because they facilitate control of various biological activities spatiotemporally. Although caged compounds activatable by hard X-rays can be employed for control in deep tissue owing to the high bio-permeability of X-rays, chemical bond cleavage by ionizing radiation has not been investigated adequately. Previously, we demonstrated that an azo bond tethered to a rhodamine scaffold can be efficiently cleaved by hydrated electrons, which is one of the radiolysis products of water, to release rhodamine. In this study, we synthesized novel azo benzene derivatives, AZO1–4, which can release 3-aminobenzamide (3-ABA), a poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor, and hydroxy groups or amino groups were introduced into them in order to assess the substituent effect on azo bond cleavage. While the amount of 3-ABA was nearly the same for all the azo compounds, decomposition of azo compounds increased according to the number of hydroxy groups. Furthermore, a methoxyl-radical-adding product was detected from AZO2. These results suggested that the hydroxy group accelerates not azo bond cleavage but the other decomposition pathway.</p>","PeriodicalId":96,"journal":{"name":"Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry","volume":" 15","pages":" 3595-3600"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/ob/d5ob00003c?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143672952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sena Ozturk, Alexander R Davis, Colin C Seaton, Louise Male, Sarah J Pike
{"title":"Solvatomorphism of a 2,6-pyridyldicarboxamide-based foldamer.","authors":"Sena Ozturk, Alexander R Davis, Colin C Seaton, Louise Male, Sarah J Pike","doi":"10.1039/d5ob00342c","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5ob00342c","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A detailed solvatomorphism study conducted on a diamine-terminated 2,6-pyridyldicarboxamide-based foldamer 1 is reported. This investigation establishes the influence of a diverse range of polar and non-polar solvents including chloroform (1A), a trifluorotoluene/dichloromethane mixture (1A), dimethylformamide/diethyl ether (1B), tetrahydrofuran (1·THF), butanone (1·butanone), dichloromethane (1·DCM), a methanol/dichloromethane mixture (1·MeOH) and dimethylsulfoxide (1·DMSO) on the solid-state conformation and crystal packing behaviour of this supramolecular scaffold. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of the seven solvatomorphs of the studied foldamer (1A, 1B, 1·DCM, 1·THF, 1·butanone, 1·MeOH and 1·DMSO) identified that 1·DCM, 1·THF, 1·butanone, 1·MeOH and 1·DMSO form supramolecular aggregates (<i>e.g.</i>, channels/cavities) which incorporate solvent molecules within the voids of the system, leading them to adopt channels of differing dimensions between 3.5 and 9.0 Å. Solid-state analysis identified that a diverse array of intermolecular non-covalent interactions form between the foldamer and the solvent molecule, including N-H⋯O, N-H⋯Cl, O-H⋯O, N-H⋯Cl and C-H⋯O hydrogen-bonding interactions, stabilising the formation of these solvent-mediated channel aggregates within the different solvatomorphs of the studied foldamer. We envisage that these solvatomorphism studies will facilitate the future design of foldamers, particularly given the emerging solid-state applications of foldamers which could hold relevance in the field of crystal engineering or for the uptake of small molecules for long-term use in energy storage and materials chemistry.</p>","PeriodicalId":96,"journal":{"name":"Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143668531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Weiyan Xu, Haowen Dang, Huiru Sheng, Jiabin Shen and Min Wang
{"title":"Synthesis of 3,4-unsubstituted isoquinolone derivatives from benzimidates and vinylene carbonate via cobalt(iii)-catalyzed C–H activation/cyclization†","authors":"Weiyan Xu, Haowen Dang, Huiru Sheng, Jiabin Shen and Min Wang","doi":"10.1039/D5OB00319A","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D5OB00319A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >A cobalt(<small>III</small>)-catalyzed C–H activation/cyclization of benzimidates and vinylene carbonate has been developed. Various benzimidates showed good compatibility, providing isoquinolone derivatives in moderate to good yields. This strategy employs the inexpensive Co(<small>III</small>) as the catalyst and provides an efficient and practical solution for the synthesis of medicinally valuable 3,4-unsubstituted isoquinolone derivatives.</p>","PeriodicalId":96,"journal":{"name":"Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry","volume":" 16","pages":" 3836-3840"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143750369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}