Case Studies in Thermal Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Inherent thermodynamic performance assessment of a variable refrigerant flow system under transient cooling load: A case study of an eco-villa","authors":"Muhammad Reshaeel,&nbsp;Mohamed I. Hassan Ali","doi":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.106171","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.106171","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Variable refrigerant flow systems are recognized for their energy efficiency, yet their performance under fluctuating cooling loads and interdependencies among intrinsic performance variables remains insufficiently explored. This study investigates the thermodynamic and environmental performance of a variable refrigerant flow system for an eco-villa in Masdar City, Abu Dhabi, under dynamic operating conditions. A mathematical model exhibiting a coefficient of determination of 0.89, a mean absolute error of 0.04, and a mean square error of 0.01, has been developed in MATLAB to evaluate system behavior. Analysis of the system's intrinsic performance variables reveals its ability to dynamically adjust compressor speed in response to fluctuating cooling loads, enhancing isentropic efficiency. This dynamic adaptability results in a reduction in power consumption by 11.1 % and an enhancement in the coefficient of performance by 12.5 % during minimum load conditions compared to constant-speed compressors. Energy and exergy evaluations indicate that cooling load profiles dominate system performance. Compressor power ranges from 6.06 kW at peak load conditions to 2.64 kW at minimum load conditions, with the corresponding increase in the coefficient of performance (3.73–4.40) and exergy efficiency (36.91 %–43.58 %), and a decrease in exergy destruction (2.95–1.05 kW). Statistical analysis using Pearson correlation highlights strong interdependencies among variables, including ambient temperature's positive correlation with compressor speed (0.89) and condensation temperature's negative correlation with isentropic efficiency (−0.22). Conversely, evaporation temperature shows a positive correlation with isentropic efficiency (0.29), enhancing system performance and reducing exergy destruction. Finally, the environmental evaluation analysis a 15.38 % reduction in annual energy consumption and a 1.51-ton reduction in carbon dioxide emissions per eco-villa annually, scaling to 1509.75 tons for 1000 villas, underscoring the system's potential for energy efficiency and environmental sustainability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9658,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","volume":"71 ","pages":"Article 106171"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143874401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prediction and sensitivity analysis of pressure pulsation in a LDI combustor based on a fully connected neural network","authors":"Qian Yao ,&nbsp;Shize Tian ,&nbsp;Wei Pan ,&nbsp;Wu Jin ,&nbsp;Jianzhong Li ,&nbsp;Li Yuan","doi":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.106151","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.106151","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents a pressure pulsation prediction model and conducts sensitivity analysis on pressure pulsation. Experiments are performed on a multi-swirl lean direct injection (LDI) combustor under varied operating conditions to establish a comprehensive dataset. The raw data undergo fast Fourier transform (FFT) and phase space reconstruction to determine combustion mode (stable/unstable), dominant frequency, and amplitude. A fully connected neural network (FCNN) is utilized to predict these pressure parameters, and it demonstrates superior performance compared to support vector regression (SVR) and random forest (RF) models. For test data, the FCNN achieves an average relative error (MRE) of 2.54 % for dominant frequency and a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.64 % for pressure amplitude, suggesting high accuracy and generalization ability. Furthermore, the FCNN model is assessed for its alignment with physical laws by varying input features. Results indicate that the FCNN model exhibits the best physical consistency among the models. Employing the FCNN model as the surrogate, Sobol’ sensitivity analysis identifies the fuel-air ratio as the most influential parameter, with significant impacts also from inlet flow rate and inlet temperature, while nozzle position exerts a minor influence. Additionally, individual parameter effects on combustion instability are minimal, and instability is primarily driven by parameter interactions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9658,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","volume":"71 ","pages":"Article 106151"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143879457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fractional photo-thermoelastic waves of hydrodynamic semiconductors with Hall currents and variable thermal conductivity","authors":"Khaled Lotfy ,&nbsp;Ibrahim S. Elshazly ,&nbsp;Imed Bachar ,&nbsp;Saurav Sharma ,&nbsp;Alaa A. El-Bary ,&nbsp;Nesreen A. Yaseen","doi":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.106180","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.106180","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a novel investigation of fractional photo-thermoelastic wave propagation in hydrodynamic semiconductor media, incorporating the combined influences of Hall currents and spatially variable thermal conductivity under laser-pulsed excitation. The model builds upon the generalized photo-thermoelasticity framework, extending it with fractional-order heat conduction to account for memory effects and non-Fourier behavior at the nanoscale. By introducing a temperature-dependent thermal conductivity function, the heat transfer equation reflects realistic diffusion patterns found in poro-semiconductor materials under dynamic thermal loading. The Hall current effect introduces additional electromagnetic-mechanical coupling, modifying carrier transport and wave dynamics. A system of coupled field equations is formulated, incorporating fractional heat conduction, charge carrier motion, and excess pore pressure in a poro-hydrodynamic semiconductor environment. The normal mode analysis technique is employed to derive analytical expressions for the physical variables, and the influence of thermal conductivity variation is examined in detail. Results illustrate the significant impact of non-uniform thermal conduction and Hall currents on the physical fields. The findings contribute to the optimization of semiconductor device design, with implications for advanced photothermal technologies, optoelectronic systems, and energy harvesting applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9658,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","volume":"71 ","pages":"Article 106180"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143864052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal performance and applications of Bauhinia Vahlii fiber-reinforced epoxy composites with porcelain Filler: Development and characterization","authors":"Thandavamoorthy Raja ,&nbsp;Yuvarajan Devarajan ,&nbsp;Jayant Ku Nath ,&nbsp;Raghavendra Rao P S ,&nbsp;Bhumika ,&nbsp;Snehal Trivedi ,&nbsp;Krishna Kumar Shukla","doi":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.106182","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.106182","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work presents an alternate material for sustainable building, primarily aimed at tile replacement, through the development of a unique Bauhinia Vahlii fiber (BVF)-reinforced epoxy composite infused with porcelain filler. The formulation with 4 % filler (C4) proved to be the most beneficial, demonstrating enhanced mechanical, thermal, and antibacterial qualities, hence serving as a feasible alternative to traditional tile materials. C4 exhibited remarkable mechanical properties, featuring a tensile strength of 42 MPa, compressive strength of 46 MPa, flexural strength of 43 MPa, and an impact strength of 15.92 kJ/m², hence providing durability for high-stress applications. The Shore D hardness of 53 further validates its appropriateness for rigorous building settings. Thermal investigation demonstrated C4's capacity to endure high temperatures, exhibiting a heat deflection temperature of 98 °C and a thermal conductivity of 1.52 W/mK, underscoring its enhanced thermal stability and suitability for energy-efficient applications. C4, possessing a minimal water absorption rate of 2.4 %, is suitable for moisture-resistant applications in damp environments within structures. Fatigue tests validated its durability, sustaining a fatigue strength of 70 MPa after 10,000 cycles. C4 had notable antibacterial action, producing a 17 mm inhibition zone against Streptococcus pyogenes, comparable to streptomycin's efficacy. Biofilm studies shown significant bacterial suppression, rendering it extremely appropriate for sanitary environments such as kitchens and toilets. The hydrophobic characteristics of C4, evidenced by a contact angle of 89.80°, augment its resistance to moisture and contaminants, so bolstering its viability as a sustainable and high-performance alternative to traditional tiles in contemporary construction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9658,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","volume":"71 ","pages":"Article 106182"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143873111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel concentrating solar plant configuration with multiple solar fields and thermal energy storage to reduce energy production costs","authors":"Irfan Shaikh,&nbsp;Anish Modi","doi":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.106185","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.106185","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We propose and evaluate the use of a two-tank direct thermal energy storage system with a multi-field concentrating solar power plant. The plant includes parabolic trough collector and linear Fresnel reflector solar fields to generate electricity using a steam Rankine power cycle. Prior literature has assessed the performance of a multi-field configuration, but without thermal energy storage. Integrating thermal energy storage within the plant presents the potential to increase the plant's capacity factor while reducing the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE). A techno-economic analysis is performed considering the design and the off-design characteristics of the proposed configuration. A parametric analysis is also performed to minimize the levelized cost of electricity for the location of Jodhpur, India. The study reveals that there exists a minimum LCOE corresponding to each combination of the parabolic trough collector aperture area and hours of storage. Among all the combinations, the minimum LCOE is 0.283 $ kWh^-1, corresponding to 34372 m² of parabolic trough aperture area and 12 h of storage, which is 20 % less than that for a multi-field concentrating solar power plant without storage. The plant capacity factor is also increased to 70 %, thereby resulting in better dispatchability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9658,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","volume":"71 ","pages":"Article 106185"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143868863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrothermal behavior of a novel conical twisted strip turbulator in a heated tube: A numerical analysis","authors":"Azher M. Abed ,&nbsp;Bhavesh Kanabar ,&nbsp;T. Ramachandran ,&nbsp;Aman Shankhyan ,&nbsp;Jasgurpreet Singh Chohan ,&nbsp;A. Karthikeyan ,&nbsp;Deepak Gupta ,&nbsp;Bashir Salah ,&nbsp;Waqas Saleem","doi":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.106186","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.106186","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increasing use of heated pipes and heat exchangers has created a pressing need to enhance thermal efficiency. This research introduces a novel turbulator design known as the conical twisted strip turbulator. The turbulator design resembles a cone and is composed of several twisted strip tentacles. This unique configuration is expected to generate strong rotational and radial flow patterns, leading to enhanced heat transfer. A numerical analysis was conducted using the RNG k-epsilon model to investigate various geometric parameters of the turbulator. The study examined the twisted angle, which varied from 60 to 270°, the number of twisted strip tentacles, which ranged from 4 to 10, and the width of the twisted strip tentacles, which spanned from 1 to 4 mm. This comprehensive approach allows for a thorough understanding of how these parameters influence the hydrothermal characteristics. The findings reveal that incorporating the conical twisted strip turbulator can significantly elevate heat transfer and pressure drop—by factors of up to 3.31 and 5.45, respectively—when compared to a plain tube design. The optimal performance enhancement criteria of 1.93 was achieved with a turbulator featuring a twisted angle of 180°, six twisted strip tentacles, and a strip width of 4 mm. Moreover, the results showed that heat transfer and pressure drop are directly related to the twisted angle, the number of twisted strip tentacles, and the width of the twisted strip. However, the performance enhancement criteria may improve or worsen as these parameters increase.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9658,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","volume":"71 ","pages":"Article 106186"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143882618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of groove geometry around pin-fin perforation circumference on thermohydraulic behavior of pin-fin heat sinks under turbulent flow","authors":"Athasit Wongcharoen ,&nbsp;Jenn-Kun Kuo ,&nbsp;Wei-Cheng Wang ,&nbsp;Parinya Ackaradetruangsri ,&nbsp;Naratip Sangsai ,&nbsp;Pawat Jantasorn ,&nbsp;Ukrit Thamma","doi":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.106184","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.106184","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The thermohydraulic performance of perforated pin-fin heat sinks (PPFHS) with different groove geometries around pin-fin perforation circumference is numerically investigated using ANSYS Fluent under turbulent flow conditions with Reynolds numbers (<span><math><mrow><mi>R</mi><mi>e</mi></mrow></math></span>) ranging from 24,484 to 55,088. Four groove geometries—trapezoid, half-circle, rectangle, and triangle—are assessed for their effects on convective heat transfer efficiency, hydraulic resistance, and overall thermohydraulic performance. The groove sizes are designed to maintain a consistent air-solid interfacial surface area to total volume ratio across all configurations. The study finds that the trapezoid-grooved PPFHS exhibits the highest Nusselt number (<span><math><mrow><mi>N</mi><mi>u</mi></mrow></math></span>), achieving improvements of 11.8 %–20.9 % compared to the ungrooved PPFHS over the investigated <span><math><mrow><mi>R</mi><mi>e</mi></mrow></math></span> range. The half-circle, rectangle, and triangle grooves show <span><math><mrow><mi>N</mi><mi>u</mi></mrow></math></span> enhancements of 10.9–20.2 %, 10.9–20.1 %, and 9.87–18.6 %, respectively. Friction factor reductions range from 4.35 to 8.57 %, 4.22–7.71 %, 3.10–6.62 %, and 0.87–5.05 % for the trapezoid, half-circle, rectangle, and triangle grooves, respectively. The thermal performance factor (<span><math><mrow><mi>T</mi><mi>P</mi><mi>F</mi></mrow></math></span>) of the trapezoid-grooved PPFHS is the highest, with improvements of 13.5–24.5 % over the ungrooved design, followed by the half-circle (12.5–23.4 %), rectangle (12.1–22.9 %), and triangle (10.2–20.7 %) grooves. While <span><math><mrow><mi>T</mi><mi>P</mi><mi>F</mi></mrow></math></span> increases with <span><math><mrow><mi>R</mi><mi>e</mi></mrow></math></span>, a diminishing rate of enhancement is observed at higher <span><math><mrow><mi>R</mi><mi>e</mi></mrow></math></span>. The superior performance of the trapezoid groove is attributed to its ability to promote the most efficient airflow through the perforations while maintaining the lowest perimeter-to-cross-sectional area ratio.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9658,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","volume":"71 ","pages":"Article 106184"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143869212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance and efficiency analysis of a new annular cooler for waste heat recovery in sintering process","authors":"Yan Peng ,&nbsp;Yaodong Zhang ,&nbsp;Kun Jiao ,&nbsp;Jian Cui ,&nbsp;Hengjian Jin ,&nbsp;Zhen Li ,&nbsp;Naitao Guo ,&nbsp;Huixia Wang ,&nbsp;Xinru Zhang ,&nbsp;Lin Lin ,&nbsp;Zeyi Jiang ,&nbsp;Xinxin Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.106172","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.106172","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Currently, the waste heat recovery rate in the sintering process is less than 40 %. Developing annular coolers with high efficiency is critical for waste heat recovery in sintering processes. Herein, we studied the performance and efficiency of a new annular cooler system that connects two cooling beds in series, by developing a mathematical model. The influence of four parameters on the performance and exergy efficiency of this new process was further studied, including the temperature of cooling gas (<em>T</em>_{g, in4}), the temperature of sinter entering annular coolers (<em>T</em>_{s, in}), the movement speed of sinter bed (<em>V</em>_{sinter bed}), and the height of sinter bed (<em>H</em>_{sinter bed}). The results indicate that the recovered exergy of the new process (300.72 MJ/t·sinter) significantly increases compared to the conventional process (186.51 MJ/t·sinter), with the exergy efficiency rising to 72.34 %, which is 1.6 times higher than that of the conventional process (44.87 %). The internal exergy loss in the new process is reduced by 4.01 MJ per ton of sinter compared to the conventional process. Moreover, <em>T</em>_{s, in} has a significant effect on the recovered exergy of hot gas, while, <em>H</em>_{sinter bed} notably influences the exergy efficiency of the new process. The study provides important theoretical insights to develop new annular coolers for improving waste heat recovery in the sintering process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9658,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","volume":"70 ","pages":"Article 106172"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143852094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of employing external condensers or phase-change materials on the performance of different solar still systems with different modifications","authors":"Shaaban M. Shaaban ,&nbsp;Ali Basem ,&nbsp;Suha A. Mohammed ,&nbsp;Wissam H. Alawee ,&nbsp;Hasan Sh Majdi ,&nbsp;A. Aldabesh ,&nbsp;Z.M. Omara ,&nbsp;M.M. Younes","doi":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.106181","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.106181","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The yield of the solar still has been increased using a variety of techniques. The condensing surface's temperature has consequently risen, this negatively impacts the speed of condensing. Numerous techniques have been investigated to cool the condensing surface, such as water cooling, air cooling, adding phase-changing material (PCM), or an external condenser with a suction fan. Analysing previous investigations on cooling glass covers using an external condenser or PCM to ascertain which is more effective was the primary objective of this study. Also, this review aims to promote greater innovation in this field by highlighting promising directions for further investigation. The findings of the literature review indicate that cooling glass with a fan and condensing vapor in the feed water tank works better than cooling glass utilizing Nano PCM. Besides, the thermal efficiency ranges resulting from the addition of an external condenser or PCM are 42 %–72.4 % and 50.7 %–65 %, respectively. And the increases in solar still production when PCM or an external condenser is added range from 26 % to 44 % and 25 %–68 %, respectively. Where the lowest expenses per liter of freshwater generated by external condenser or PCM systems are 0.01 $ and 0.011 $, respectively. Consequently, as compared to PCM systems, solar still systems with an external condenser have higher output, better efficiency, and a lower cost per liter of freshwater.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9658,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","volume":"71 ","pages":"Article 106181"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143864049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated thermal and energy management systems using particle swarm optimization for energy optimization in electric vehicles","authors":"Yu-Hsuan Lin,&nbsp;Yi-Hsuan Hung","doi":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.106136","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.106136","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, a three-variable control system with an energy management system (EMS) and a thermal management system (TMS) of a fuel cell/battery electric vehicle (EV) was developed using particle swarm optimization (PSO). The objectives are to enhance the temperature stability, decrease the temperature rise time, while reducing total energy consumption of dual energy sources. The control strategies for TMS and EMS were developed and modeled using a PSO, incorporating five inputs and three outputs. Previous experimental data were input for the model. The results demonstrate that, compared to the rule-based (RB) control strategies applied to both EMS and TMS under the NEDC and WLTP cycles, the PSO control strategies applied to both EMS and TMS led to energy consumption improvements of 12.33 % and 24.19 %. With EM_RB/TM_RB is the baseline, the temperature rise-time improvements for EM_RB/TM_PSO were 11.55 % and 1.94 %, and the average temperature errors improvements were 80.73 % and 81.12 %. When EM_PSO/TM_RB is the baseline, the temperature rise-time improvements for EM_PSO/TM_PSO were 10.56 % and 20.82 %, while the average temperature error improvements were 32.21 % and 21.30 %. In future work, the developed TMS and EMS will be applied to real vehicles for benefit verification.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9658,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","volume":"71 ","pages":"Article 106136"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143858767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}