Case Studies in Thermal Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Temperature gradient and heat source/sink impacts on triple-diffusive surface-tension-driven convection","authors":"Manjunatha Narayanappa ,&nbsp;Vijaya Kumar ,&nbsp;Sumithra Ramakrishna ,&nbsp;Thabet Abdeljawad ,&nbsp;Nabil Mlaiki","doi":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.106531","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.106531","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The impact of temperature gradients and internal heat sources/sinks on triple-diffusive surface-tension-driven (Marangoni) convection within a two-layer framework is analytically investigated using an exact solution methodology. A non-Darcy flow model is employed to capture the fluid behavior in the porous medium accurately. The two-layer system, assumed to be horizontally infinite and bounded by adiabatic conditions, exhibits fundamental temperature and concentration gradients. Through the utilization of conventional mode analysis, the ensuing collection of ordinary differential equations is resolved explicitly to derive the eigenvalue. Exact analytical expressions are derived for the temperature distribution considering linear, parabolic, and inverted parabolic profiles as well as for the thermal Marangoni number, with particular emphasis on the roles of the rigid lower and free upper surfaces affected by surface tension. A specialized analytical approach is adopted to address the stability of the system via an eigenvalue formulation. The analysis reveals that system stability is strongly influenced by parameters such as the solutal Marangoni numbers, corrected Rayleigh numbers, and viscosity ratios. In contrast, destabilizing effects are associated with the Darcy number and the corrected Rayleigh number in the porous domain. Among the temperature profiles examined, the inverted parabolic model offers the greatest system stability, whereas the linear profile leads to the highest instability. The study underscores how temperature variations and internal heat generation or absorption significantly affect surface-tension-driven convection, altering surface tension and modifying the interaction of thermal and solutal fields. These phenomena are critically relevant to applications such as microgravity crystal growth, geothermal energy extraction, cryogenic systems, multilayer insulation, and liquid metal batteries. The analytical results align well with existing literature, validating the developed model.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9658,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","volume":"73 ","pages":"Article 106531"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144335516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance analysis of a PV/T system with metal hydride-based energy storage","authors":"Sofiene Mellouli ,&nbsp;Faouzi Askri ,&nbsp;Talal Alqahtani ,&nbsp;Salem Algarni ,&nbsp;Badr M. Alshammari ,&nbsp;Lioua Kolsi","doi":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.106503","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.106503","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examines an PV/T solar collector with a Metal Hydride bed for efficient thermal energy storage, using hydrogen as an energy carrier, which has not been previously utilized, to generate electricity and hot water day and night. We included specific application scenarios to illustrate the practical use cases of system. A 3D-theoretical model has been developed, a calculation Fortran code has been created, and the accuracy of the numerical method has been validated. We simulated the dynamic behavior of the PV/T-MH system and compared it with a standard case without the MH bed. Additionally, the study provides detailed insights into electrical energy output, thermal energy output, heat stored in MH bed, and outlet water temperature. The influence of hydrogen dehydriding pressure and water flow rate during daytime on the system's electrical and thermal performance are comprehensively analyzed. For instance, the findings showed that i) at 2.5 bar dehydriding pressure, 56.7 % of the thermal solar energy received by the collector can be stored in the MH bed and reused during the nighttime, ii) the PV/T-MH collector achieves an outlet water temperature about 36 % higher than the standard collector, iii) for the standard collector the average conversion efficiency of PV cells (13.88 %) is less than the case with MH bed (16.69 %), and iv) the average electrical efficiency without MH bed is about 11.02 %, however, this efficiency can reach 13.25 % when using the proposed PV/T-MH solar collector.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9658,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","volume":"73 ","pages":"Article 106503"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144335519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Model order reduction for CAE simulation of the windbox in a 500 MW tangentially fired coal boiler","authors":"Hyesu Yu ,&nbsp;Woojoo Han ,&nbsp;Jihyun Lim ,&nbsp;Kang Y. Huh ,&nbsp;Donghyun You","doi":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.106535","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.106535","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A non-intrusive reduced-order model (ROM) is developed to reproduce the steady-state three-dimensional velocity field in the windbox of a 500 MW tangentially fired coal boiler. The model is constructed using proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) of simulation results obtained under sampled operating conditions. These conditions are defined by the six key operational parameters: boiler power, coal heating value, excess air ratio, and damper angles for burner, separated over-fire air (SOFA), and under-fire air (UFA) nozzles. The POD mode coefficients are predicted using Kriging regression. The ROM demonstrates high accuracy, achieving a normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) below 1 %, and a maximum normalized error (MNE) approximately an order of magnitude higher and an R² exceeding 0.99, indicating good agreement with the full order model. A sensitivity analysis reveals that the steady-state convergence criterion has the greatest impact on accuracy, with the NRMSE reduced by up to fourfold when tightening the criterion from 10⁻⁴ to 10⁻⁶. Increasing the sample size from 100 to 150 reduces the NRMSE by 30–50 %, while increasing the POD energy level from 99 % to 99.9 % has little effect. The ROM can generate accurate 3-D velocity field in seconds, compared to 28 h per full order CFD simulation, supporting its potential as a real-time digital twin for thermal-fluid systems in complex industrial environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9658,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","volume":"73 ","pages":"Article 106535"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144335514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A wave-based heat source model for predicting frictional temperature rise in wheel–brake shoe contacts on long downhill slopes","authors":"Jinyu Zhang ,&nbsp;Jianyong Zuo ,&nbsp;Jingxian Ding","doi":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.106528","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.106528","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents an enhanced numerical model for simulating frictional temperature rise during long-duration tread braking, employing wave-based heat source formulations. A three-dimensional wheel–brake shoe contact model was developed in ANSYS to compare various heat source models, including constant, moving, and wave-based functions (sine, cosine, triangular, and parabolic). Results demonstrate that wave-based heat sources more realistically capture the spatial and temporal temperature evolution than constant heat sources. Among them, the cosine-based heat source method offered the optimal trade-off between computational efficiency and accuracy, reducing the discrepancy between constant and moving heat source models from 2.54 %–6.10 % to 1.87 %–5.42 %. The moving heat source method, which accounts for contact-separation-recontact processes, provided the most accurate results, showing the least deviation from experimental results. However, it demands over 5.3 times more computational effort than wave-based methods. Based on these results, the cosine-based heat source is recommended for balancing computational efficiency and accuracy in temperature analysis of tread braking under long downhill gradient conditions. This work provides key insights into frictional heat generation and supports engineering design and optimization in braking systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9658,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","volume":"73 ","pages":"Article 106528"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144335517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research on interconnected operation characteristics of combined cooling heating and power system based on load difference","authors":"Yaohong Li ,&nbsp;Xiaoyang Bian ,&nbsp;Bin Peng ,&nbsp;Pengxiang Wang ,&nbsp;Haolong Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.106509","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.106509","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The two combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) systems in the region can be connected through the power and heat grids to realize interconnected operation, taking advantage of the spatial and temporal complementarity of load demand and significantly improving the overall performance of the regional energy system. In this paper, a mathematical model of the interconnected combined cooling, heating, and power (ICCHP) system is first constructed, and three operation strategies, namely following electric load (FEL), following thermal load (FTL), and following hybrid electric-heating load (FHL), are considered. The combined performance index (CPI) of the two CCHP systems under interconnected and independent operation is calculated based on the conventional split-supply (SP) system by combining the strategies. Subsequently, a load characterization parameter (the time interval at which the load is shifted along the time axis) is proposed to further investigate the effect of load difference on the performance of the ICCHP system. The results indicate that the system performance of CCHP systems with different building users in the interconnected mode of operation is improved compared to the independent mode of operation, which is mainly due to the energy complementary characteristics between different load demands and operation strategies. In particular, when both CCHP systems are operated with the FTL strategy, the CPI of the systems in the three interconnection scenarios improves the most compared to when they are operated independently, which are 9.14 %, 9.37 %, and 5.02 %, respectively. Overall, when CCHP systems for two different building users operate interconnected, the reduction in the difference in load peak and valley durations results in a reduction in ICCHP system performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9658,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","volume":"73 ","pages":"Article 106509"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144329809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative analysis of the heat transfer for a linear Fresnel reflector in Jordan","authors":"Rami Haddad,&nbsp;Bashar R. Qawasmeh","doi":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.106533","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.106533","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study analyzes the potential occurrence of two-phase flow within the absorber tube of a Linear Fresnel Reflector (LFR) system installed at a factory in Amman, Jordan. The analysis compares the existing heat transfer fluid, water, with Therminol VP-1, a synthetic thermal oil, to address and mitigate challenges associated with two-phase flow formation. Using FluidFlow V3.44 software, simulations were conducted to evaluate temperature rise, output pressure, vapor quality, and the likelihood of two-phase flow under three distinct operational cases provided by the system operators. The results demonstrated that the simulations closely align with the actual system behavior for water. When Therminol VP-1 was analyzed under the same inlet conditions, it exhibited superior thermal stability by eliminating two-phase flow formation, and achieved an improved temperature profile compared to water such as the output temperature increased from 131.48 °C using water to 138.66 °C using Therminol VP-1, enhancing the overall performance of the LFR system stability. These findings position Therminol VP-1 as a viable and competitive alternative for improving the thermal performance and operational reliability of LFR systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9658,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","volume":"73 ","pages":"Article 106533"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144322538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental investigation of photovoltaic thermal (PVT) system incorporating water-copper oxide nanofluid","authors":"Jitendra Satpute ,&nbsp;Srinidhi Campli ,&nbsp;Khaled Alnamasi ,&nbsp;Abdullah M.A. Alsharif ,&nbsp;Muhammad Nasir Bashir","doi":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.106519","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.106519","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The present study investigates energy performance characteristics by incorporating spiral flow rectangular thermal absorber using water, CuO-water nanofluid and comparing it with a non-cooled PV system. The study aims to introduce advance method to enhance thermo-electrical performance and lifespan of PV by reducing PV surface temperature. The study present newly designed PVT configuration, nanofluid preparation, characterization at altering concentration, experimental methodology and its significance in identifying the optimum design of PVT system. The non-cooled system reached an average PV temperature of 61.4 °C reduced to 50.80 °C with water cooling and further reduced to 45.30 °C with nanofluid-associated cooling. The electrical efficiency of PVT with nanofluid was 9.05 % which was 7.1 % with water cooling and limited to 5.74 % for non-cooled systems. The thermal efficiency of nanofluid PVT was 67.40 % which was 56.52 % higher than water-cooled PVT due to improved heat recovery by nanoparticles. The energy-saving efficiency of PVT with water and PVT with nanofluid coolant was 20.91 % and 31.22 % respectively. It was seen that increasing nanoparticle concentration increases heat transfer thereby electro-thermal efficiency of PVT with nanofluid. The study was performed for 1 -5wt% CuO-nanoparticle concentration and found that the highest thermal, electrical, and energy-saving efficiency of 67.40 %, 9.05 %, and 31.22 % were obtained at 5 wt% concentration values. It is concluded that designed PVT system maximize performance efficiency than water and conventional non cooled system and can in implemented in large scale and has potential in domestic and industrial applications for commercialization with slight modifications. It was also found that increasing nanoparticle concentration also increases friction factor and pressure drop and also carries additional manufacturing and processing costs as a counterpart.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9658,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","volume":"73 ","pages":"Article 106519"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144335518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of stress on the spontaneous combustion characteristic and molecular structure of coal","authors":"Fei Gao, Hai-xin Wang, Zhe Jia, Qi-hui Bai, Shu-Mao Zhao, Zheng Cui","doi":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.106513","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2025.106513","url":null,"abstract":"To investigate the impact of stress on the low-temperature oxidation characteristic and molecular structure, temperature-programmed experiment and spectroscopy tests were conducted on Hegang lignite (HG) and Ciyaogou bituminous coal (CYG) under different stress. The results are the following: As stress increases, the CO concentration of the coal samples showed a decreasing-increasing-decreasing trend. The CPT of the two coal samples at 4 MPa, 20 MPa, and 30 MPa all were higher than 0 MPa. The highest temperatures reached were 160.5°C for HG coal and 164°C for CYG coal. In contrast, at 8 MPa and 12 MPa, the CPT of both coals were lower than 0 MPa. The lowest temperatures recorded were 144°C for HG coal and 142°C for CYG coal. This means that the tendency of coal spontaneous combustion showed a three-stage change with the increase of stress. In the 0-4 MPa, the content of aliphatic hydrocarbons, oxygen-containing functional groups, and structural parameter: <ce:italic>d</ce:italic><ce:inf loc=\"post\">002</ce:inf>, I<ce:inf loc=\"post\">D</ce:inf>/I<ce:inf loc=\"post\">G</ce:inf>, and A<ce:inf loc=\"post\">D</ce:inf>/A<ce:inf loc=\"post\">G</ce:inf> all decreased; In the 4-8 MPa, the above parameters all exhibited an increasing trend; In the 8-30 MPa, the above parameters all showed a downward trend again. The variation of coal microscopic structure under the stress effect was consistent with the effect of stress on the macroscopic oxidation characteristics of coal. The research results provided a theoretical basis for the difference in oxidation spontaneous combustion characteristics at different depths of coal seams.","PeriodicalId":9658,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144335515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wind pressure characterization on ground-mounted solar PV systems: A combined experimental and numerical study","authors":"Krishna Debnath, Jagadish Barman, Chien-Chun Hsieh, Chao-Yang Huang, Rei-Cheng Juang, Chih-Wei Chiu, Chung-Feng Jeffrey Kuo","doi":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.106501","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2025.106501","url":null,"abstract":"This study introduces a novel integrated methodology combining wind tunnel (WT) experiments, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), and Finite Element Analysis (FEA) to thoroughly evaluate wind-induced effects on ground-mounted photovoltaic (PV) tracking systems. A full-scale numerical simulation alongside a detailed 1:100 scale wind tunnel experiment comprising 96 PV panels were conducted across twelve distinct wind directions (0°–330°). Experimental results indicated edge and corner panels experienced maximum pressure coefficients (Cp) of +1.0 at 0° and −0.5 at 180°, thus supporting the largest aerodynamic loads. CFD simulations validated these findings with high accuracy (RMSE &lt; 0.2), also replicating turbulence intensity (13% at panel height). Structural analysis under critical wind (100.8 km/h) confirmed structural integrity, showing a maximum von Mises stress of 201.55 MPa, strain of 0.0012, and deformation of 6 mm, all safely below material limits (yield strength: 235 MPa). This study's main scientific contribution is the establishment of practical, verified design wind pressure coefficients for massive ground-mounted PV arrays, which closes a significant gap in current engineering standards. These insights significantly enhance structural optimization practices, ensuring material efficiency and reinforcing vulnerable panel zones, thereby contributing substantially to the resilience and economic sustainability of PV infrastructure under extreme wind conditions.","PeriodicalId":9658,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","volume":"101 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144335520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exergy and energy-based sustainability evaluation of diesel-biodiesel-ethanol blends with emission forecasting using advanced machine learning models","authors":"Harish Venu ,&nbsp;V. Dhana Raju ,&nbsp;Jayashri N. Nair ,&nbsp;Sameer Algburi ,&nbsp;Ali E. Anqi ,&nbsp;Ali A. Rajhi ,&nbsp;Mohammed Kareemullah","doi":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.106516","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.106516","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increasing influence of machine learning in engine emission prediction is on rising trend. The present study of thermodynamic analysis of ternary fuel with advanced Machine learning model provides valuable insights and adds significant outcomes to existing analysis. The current work deals with performance and sustainability of binary (diesel-biodiesel) and ternary (diesel-biodiesel-ethanol) fuel blends in a single-cylinder engine. Engine experiments were conducted using a structured design of experiments (DOE) approach, followed by thermodynamic analyses to evaluate key performance parameters, including exergy efficiency, brake thermal efficiency (BTE), and sustainability index. To optimize fuel parameters, the Desirability Function Approach (DFA) integrated with Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was employed. Additionally, advanced machine learning (ML) techniques were utilized to predict these performance characteristics. Notably, the binary blend demonstrated superior performance, achieving a 3.76 % higher BTE, 5.62 % higher exergy efficiency, and a 1.56 % increase in the sustainability index compared to conventional fuel. However, the inclusion of ethanol in the ternary blend (45 % Diesel–45 % Biodiesel–10 % Ethanol) resulted in a slight reduction in the sustainability index, which reached a peak value of 1.28 under full-load conditions. Interestingly, both sustainability index and exergy efficiency exhibited a consistent increase with rising engine load. At 5.2 kW, the blend BDE50 exhibits lower thermal efficiency than D100 and BDE10 by about 14.06 % and 7.36 %. Also, BDE50 blend exhibits lower exergy efficiency than D100 and BDE10 by about17.01 % and 11.66 % respectively. At full load, BDE50 blend possess 2.684 kW thermal loss and 18.583 kW exergy destruction, while BDE10 possess 2.331 kW thermal loss and 14.817 kW exergy destruction respectively. When comparing predictive models, the ML model demonstrated superior accuracy over RSM, as evidenced by higher R² values. Furthermore, desirability analysis confirmed the blends' strong performance and emission characteristics, achieving an optimal desirability rating of 0.777. Among the advanced ML models evaluated, XGBoost outperformed all others across multiple performance metrics, indicating its robustness in predicting fuel blend efficiency and sustainability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9658,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","volume":"73 ","pages":"Article 106516"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144335523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}