Case Studies in Construction Materials最新文献

{"title":"Characterization and modification mechanism of recycled silty clay slurry as a shield slag conditioner: Macroscopic, mesoscopic, and microscopic multiscale analysis","authors":"Keqi Liu,&nbsp;Pengxi Lu,&nbsp;Wen Zhao,&nbsp;Shuhong Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.cscm.2024.e04158","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cscm.2024.e04158","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The large amount of slag generated during the construction of earth pressure balance shield (EPBS) not only incurs significant disposal costs, but also exacerbates environmental pollution. To improve the utilization of the shield slag, silty clay with additive is proposed as a slag conditioner instead of bentonite. Firstly, various macroscopic properties of the bentonite and silty clay slurries are tested. Subsequently, the relationships between the macroscopic properties of the silty clay slurries containing additives and the modification mechanism are evaluated at microscopic, mesoscopic, and macroscopic scales by using infrared spectroscopy (IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and Zeta potential tests, respectively. Based on these tests, reasons for variations in modification effects of different slurries are identified. The results show that addition of 3 % sodium carbonate to the silty clay can effectively improve the rheological properties of the slurry. The modification mechanism of sodium carbonate involves the formation of hydrogen bonds between water molecules and inner surface hydroxyl groups within the lattice layer of kaolinite. This process significantly enhances the rheological properties of the silty clay slurry. Furthermore, sodium carbonate alters the contact relationships between the silty clay particles, which increases viscosity and reduces permeability of the slurry. Finally, sodium carbonate increases thickness of the electrical double layer of the silty clay particles. This allows the particles to bind more water molecules, therefore improving slurry-making capacity of the silty clay. This paper presents an innovative multiscale analysis of the modification process of silty clay. The substitution of recycled silty clay for bentonite as a slag conditioner not only substantially reduces the cost of purchasing materials, but also considerably decreases the expenses associated with transportation and disposal of the soil discharged by EPBS.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9641,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Construction Materials","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article e04158"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143146228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainable concrete using seawater, sea-sand, and ultrafine palm oil fuel ash: Mechanical properties and durability","authors":"Dahlia Patah,&nbsp;Amry Dasar,&nbsp;Amalia Nurdin","doi":"10.1016/j.cscm.2024.e04129","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cscm.2024.e04129","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Concrete production is a significant contributor to CO₂ emissions and the depletion of natural resources, such as river sand and freshwater. However, these environmental impacts can be mitigated by incorporating seawater, sea-sand, and agricultural waste into concrete. Palm-oil fuel ash (POFA), an agricultural by-product from palm oil production, is often discarded in open spaces and landfills without prior processing, leading to environmental contamination. When finely ground into ultrafine POFA (UPOFA), it enhances material properties and pozzolanic reactions, making it suitable as a partial replacement for cement. After grinding with a disc mill, the UPOFA particles achieve a fineness of approximately 50 μm. However, limited research exists on the mechanical properties and durability of concrete made with seawater, sea-sand, and UPOFA. This study investigates the use of POFA as a partial cement replacement (10 %, 20 %, and 30 %) in concrete mixed with seawater and sea-sand, focusing on its role in sustainability. The study further evaluates the mechanical properties and durability of seawater sea-sand concrete incorporating UPOFA as a cement replacement. The results indicate that using seawater for mixing concrete containing 10 % UPOFA significantly enhances its mechanical properties, with the highest compressive strength of 37.95 MPa at 28 d (UP10-RS-SW), a 10.82 MPa (39.90 %) increase compared to the normal concrete (N-RS-TW), which had a compressive strength of 27.13 MPa. Additionally, the incorporation of 10 % UPOFA as a cement replacement improved compressive strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity, and corrosion resistance while reducing water absorption, porosity, and chloride penetration depth.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9641,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Construction Materials","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article e04129"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143146182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strength deterioration mechanism of horizontal stratified cemented tailings backfill under uniaxial compression","authors":"Shuaijun Chen ,&nbsp;Aibing Jin ,&nbsp;Yiqing Zhao ,&nbsp;Zhongshu Wang ,&nbsp;Youmei Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.cscm.2024.e04154","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cscm.2024.e04154","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Horizontal stratified cemented tailings backfill (SCTB) inevitably appears in the underground stope. Exploring the mechanical characteristics of horizontal SCTBs and explaining the strength deterioration mechanism of horizontal SCTBs is essential for the strength design of backfill. In this study, experiments were used to investigate, on a macro-scale, the mechanical characteristics of horizontal SCTBs with varying filling interval time. Numerical simulations were utilized to explore the primary elements determining the strength of horizontal SCTBs from the micro-scale. The results show that, at the macro-scale, the interval time has an impact on the samples’ mechanical properties by affecting the stratified surface’s initial width. The change in the stratified surface’s initial width leads to a change in the stratified surface’s stiffness, which affects the mechanical properties of the sample. At the micro-scale, neither the stratified surface’s bonding strength nor its friction coefficient significantly affects the mechanical properties of horizontal SCTBs. The monti-form bulges with different heights reduce the stratified surface’s stiffness. Axial stress causes microcracks to form easily close to the stratified surface, destroying the sample’s integrity and reducing SCTB’s strength. The stiffness and number of stratified surfaces are the key variables impacting the mechanical properties of the horizontal SCTBs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9641,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Construction Materials","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article e04154"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143146183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Silicate refractory brick waste as quartz sand filler replacement in MOC-based composites","authors":"Anna-Marie Lauermannová ,&nbsp;Michal Lojka ,&nbsp;Oskar Chmel ,&nbsp;Ondřej Jankovský ,&nbsp;Martina Záleská ,&nbsp;Adam Pivák ,&nbsp;Milena Pavlíková ,&nbsp;Zbyšek Pavlík","doi":"10.1016/j.cscm.2024.e04156","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cscm.2024.e04156","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study focuses on the design and development of environmentally sustainable construction composites with an accent on the utilization of secondary raw material sources or wastes, whose secondary purpose was not discovered yet and are landfilled or downcycled only. This approach leads to a significant reduction in the environmental burden resulting from activities related to the construction industry and thus ensures its sustainability. Spent refractories are a potential candidate for this purpose. The presented experiment deals with the replacement of standard quartz sand filler by silicate refractory brick waste (SW) in magnesium oxychloride- (MOC-) based composite materials. The standard filler was replaced either partially, fully, or in excess in order to fully uncover the potential of SW as a filler in construction composites. As a matrix, MOC phase 5 (Mg₃(OH)₅Cl∙4 H₂O), which is considered an eco-friendly alternative to Portland cement, was used, as it is known to be able to contain large amounts of filler of various origins. This way, three types of construction utilizing a waste material, which would otherwise end up landfilled, were prepared. To assess the effect of the filler replacement, a reference MOC-based composite using quartz sand as the only filler was prepared. In the SW-filled composites, the replacement ratio was 50, 100, and 150 % by weight. The introduction of SW caused an increase in compressive strength for all of the prepared samples, most significantly for composite SW50, in which the quartz sand was replaced by 50 wt%. The compressive strength of this composite reached a mean value of 101.30 MPa, which is 25 % higher than the reference composite. This value exceeds the lower compressive strength limit for a construction composite to work as a high-performance concrete by more than 20 MPa. Furthermore, all of the prepared composites show very high flexural strength values (over 30 MPa). The microstructural analysis also proved that the presence of capillary pores with a diameter range between 100 and 1000 nm, which are generally responsible for the water-induced damage in MOC-based composites was significantly decreased with the replacement of quartz sand by SW in the amount of 50 wt%.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9641,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Construction Materials","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article e04156"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143146191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unraveling the structural deterioration of Isfahan's Sio-Se-Pol Historical Bridge: A finite element analysis approach","authors":"Amir M. Halabian ,&nbsp;Lili Mirshahzadeh ,&nbsp;Rasool Sadeghian ,&nbsp;Mohammad Maleki","doi":"10.1016/j.cscm.2024.e04149","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cscm.2024.e04149","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The extent of damage to historic structures is influenced by several factors, including the magnitude and distribution of static and dynamic loads applied over time, as well as fluctuations in the stability level that lead to nonlinear behavior. In this study, the nonlinear behavior of the Sio-Se-Pol Bridge in Isfahan is investigated with respect to these factors. The complex behavior of building materials under different loading conditions poses a challenge for numerical modeling of historical structures. Tensile cracks in building materials can occur due to static and dynamic loading and lead to a reduction in cross-sectional stiffness. This phenomenon exacerbates the severity of existing cracks, stimulates the formation of new cracks and increases the structural deformation of the building. Therefore, it is crucial to use an advanced behavior model that is able to effectively simulate the occurrence and growth of tensile cracks. In this study, the damage-plasticity model based on plasticity theory was used to analyze stresses in brittle materials such as brick building materials. Insufficient knowledge about the material behavior and lack of information about the strength parameters made it necessary to perform various tests on the brick unit (brick and mortar) used in the bridge. According to the results of the non-linear analysis, the dimensions of the current foundation are considered sufficient for the stress distribution under the foundation, taking into account the bearing capacity ratio and the settlements in the transverse direction. The drop in the groundwater level does not appear to have a significant impact on the width of the bridge in terms of structural damage. The occurrence of longitudinal tension cracks with a uniform pattern over the entire length of the bridge can be attributed to changes in the load transfer system and the associated local effects.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9641,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Construction Materials","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article e04149"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143147269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improvement of crack detectivity for concrete surface of subway tunnels with anti-corrosion coatings using deep learning and image processing","authors":"Qingyu Du,&nbsp;Qi Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.cscm.2024.e04131","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cscm.2024.e04131","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The long-term survivability of subway tunnels heavily depends on the durability and stability of concrete structures. Cracks in concrete, caused by factors such as severe loading, environmental influences, and chemical effects etc., lead to a reduction in structural durability and may even result in a loss of stability. In this study, crack detection is achieved through deep learning and image processing. We design a novel crack locally ordered annotation method. Training the object detection model using the proposed annotation method can achieve more accurate crack localization. Subsequently, based on the proposed annotation method, we improve the You Only Look Once version 8 nano (YOLOv8n) model by incorporating Focal Efficient Intersection over Union (FEIoU) and a path aggregation feature pyramid network with dynamic snake convolution (PADFPN), resulting in a YOLOv8n model combined with FEIoU and PADFPN (YOLOv8n-FED). This model effectively integrates multi-scale information of cracks. Finally, we extract the detected crack regions and segment them using a region-growing algorithm. In terms of object detection, based on the proposed annotation method, YOLOv8n-FED, compared with the original model, achieves a detection precision of 95.0 %, an improvement of 3.7 %; and a mean Average Precision (mAP) 50–95 of 80.7 %, a gain of 6.2 %. For semantic segmentation, our method yielded satisfactory results without requiring laborious pixel-level annotations, achieving a precision and F1-score of 75.2 % and 80.9 %, respectively, both outperforming the comparison models. Moreover, it can capture finer crack edge features.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9641,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Construction Materials","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article e04131"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143147276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental and numerical study on longitudinal structural performance of soil-steel composite bridges","authors":"Yu Zhang ,&nbsp;Baodong Liu ,&nbsp;Weiming Sun ,&nbsp;Lingwen Meng","doi":"10.1016/j.cscm.2024.e04148","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cscm.2024.e04148","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Soil-steel composite bridges (SSCBs) are commonly utilized as overpasses. In the majority of existing studies, the transverse structural performance of SSCBs is primarily focused on, while neglecting their longitudinal structural performance. The aims of this paper are to clarify the longitudinal properties and compensate for the paucity of research on the longitudinal structural performance of SSCBs. In current study, field tests were conducted on a SSCB case bridge in a mining area, both in the construction stage and post-construction stage. Subsequently, longitudinal differences in the structural settlements, deformations, and hoop strains were analyzed. Additionally, a refined three-dimensional finite element model was developed and verified to analyze the transfer behavior of soil pressure above the structure along the longitudinal direction. The results indicate that in the construction stage, the difference in the soil-covered height primarily account for the differences in structural performances along the longitudinal direction. At the end of backfilling, the settlements, deformations, and hoop strains in the middle section are all greater than those in the end sections. In the post-construction stage, further developments of longitudinal structural characteristics occur due to creep deformation of the foundation soil and disturbances from mining trucks. One year after construction, the structural characteristics have stabilized. The maximum settlement reaches −1.014 m and the maximum settlement difference reaches 0.365 m. The differential settlement ratio, at 0.62 %, remains within the 1 % limit specified in the CHBDC code. Due to longitudinal settlement differences, the soil pressure in the higher settlement zone is transferred to the lower settlement zone by the longitudinal soil arching effect, which benefits the load-bearing capacity of SSCBs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9641,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Construction Materials","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article e04148"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143146166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance and ecological assessment of eco-friendly high-strength cementitious matrix incorporating pottery sand derived from heavy metal sludge","authors":"Hongrui Ma ,&nbsp;Qicheng Shi ,&nbsp;Lei Wang ,&nbsp;Jianming He ,&nbsp;Lijiong Shen ,&nbsp;Mingfang Ba","doi":"10.1016/j.cscm.2024.e04155","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cscm.2024.e04155","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study used pottery sand from heavy metal sludge to mitigate high shrinkage in the high-strength cementitious matrix (HSCM), which simultaneously serves as a solution to environmental concerns. The results show that both coarse and fine pottery sand can effectively reduce the autogenous shrinkage of HSCM. When the replacement rate of coarse pottery sand is 47.5 %, the autogenous shrinkage can be reduced by 73.2 % at the age of 90 days. The strength advantage of pottery sand gradually manifests as curing age increases, and the high replacement rate of coarse pottery sand can increase the strength of HSCM by 56 % at the age of 28 days. The results of the hydration heat test and the internal temperature and humidity test showed that adding pottery sand is beneficial in delaying the hydration peak and increasing the humidity in the middle and late stages. SEM-BSE and X-CT also revealed that the incorporation of pottery sand was beneficial in improving the pore structure and strengthening the interfacial transition zone, which indicates that pottery sand can effectively be utilized as an internal curing agent in HSCM, thereby enhancing the performance of HSCM. The leaching test results demonstrate the effective consolidation of heavy metals by the HSCM, with leaching concentration below regulatory limits. This achievement can provide effective technical support for the high-value resource utilization of heavy metal sludge.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9641,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Construction Materials","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article e04155"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143147268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Machine learning-based prediction of torsional behavior for ultra-high-performance concrete beams with variable cross-sectional shapes","authors":"Elhabyb Khaoula ,&nbsp;Baina Amine ,&nbsp;Bellafkih Mostafa ,&nbsp;A. Deifalla ,&nbsp;Amr El-Said ,&nbsp;Mohamed Salama ,&nbsp;Ahmed Awad","doi":"10.1016/j.cscm.2024.e04136","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cscm.2024.e04136","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) is renowned for its exceptional mechanical properties; however, its torsional behavior remains inadequately understood, posing challenges for its application in structures subjected to twisting loads. Existing prediction methods often fall short of accurately capturing the complex interplay between material characteristics, cross-sectional geometry, and reinforcement, leading to significant errors. This work introduces a unique Machine Learning (ML) method to accurately anticipate the torsional behavior of UHPCs. Three powerful algorithms, Random Forest, Gradient Boosting Regressor, and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), were trained and assessed on a dataset of 113 UHPC specimens. The best R-squared was 99 % provided by the Gradient Boosting Regressor, while the LSTM and Random Forest showed 98 % and 96 % accuracy. The ML approach determined that splitting tensile strength, fiber length, web width, and stirrup diameter were the most important factors controlling torsional force. These results provide insight into the complex interaction affecting UHPC torsional performance, opening the path for accurate UHPC design in challenging applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9641,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Construction Materials","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article e04136"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143146163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing concrete strength and durability through incorporation of rice husk ash and high recycled aggregate","authors":"Mohammad Alharthai ,&nbsp;Kennedy C. Onyelowe ,&nbsp;Tariq Ali ,&nbsp;Muhammad Zeeshan Qureshi ,&nbsp;Aïssa Rezzoug ,&nbsp;Ahmed Deifalla ,&nbsp;Khalid Alharthi","doi":"10.1016/j.cscm.2024.e04152","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cscm.2024.e04152","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The global environment faces significant challenges due to the massive use of concrete, a dominant material in construction. Addressing this challenge, the present study explores the potential of recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) combined with rice husk ash (RHA) to enhance the durability and strength of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC), particularly in mixes with high RCA content. The research examines RHA as a partial substitute for Ordinary Portland Cement at 5 %,10 %,15 % and 20 % replacement levels, alongside RCA substitution rates of 80 %, 90 %, and 100 %. Five RAC mixes were evaluated: Mix-1 served as the control group with varying RCA percentages (80 %, 90 %, and 100 %) without RHA, whereas Mix-2, Mix-3, Mix-4 and Mix-5 incorporated 5 %,10 %,15 % and 20 %RHA as a cement substitute. The study evaluated parameters such as workability, compressive strength, tensile strength, water absorption, and acid resistance, in addition to employing non-destructive testing techniques like ultrasonic pulse velocity and rebound hammer tests. After 28 days of curing, Mix-4 (comprising 15 % RHA and 80 % RCA) exhibited the highest compressive strength among the tested RAC mixes, achieving a value of approximately 27 MPa. However, economic analysis revealed that Mix-5 (20 % RHA and 100 % RCA) offers a 31 % reduction in production costs, making it a viable choice for concrete manufacturing. This integration of RCA and RHA presents a sustainable, eco-friendly, and cost-effective approach to enhancing concrete strength and durability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9641,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Construction Materials","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article e04152"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143146187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}