Case Studies in Construction Materials最新文献

{"title":"Experimental and analytical study of temperatures developed by the heat of hydration of high-strength self-compacting mass concrete","authors":"Alexandre Almeida Del Savio ,&nbsp;Darwin La Torre Esquivel ,&nbsp;Enrique Pasquel Carbajal ,&nbsp;Flávio de Andrade Silva","doi":"10.1016/j.cscm.2024.e04098","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cscm.2024.e04098","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study addresses the gap in research on large-scale high-performance concrete (HPC) structures that exhibit self-compacting characteristics and high compressive strength through a detailed case study. It examines the temperature evolution due to hydration heat in a significant HPC structure consisting of an L-shaped reaction slab and wall arrangement. It is heavily reinforced and constructed for a structural laboratory in Lima, Peru. The investigation involved comprehensive instrumentation of the laboratory's reaction slab and wall to assess the impact of boundary conditions on temperature dynamics. Utilizing fifteen thermocouples, temperatures were monitored at various depths, and their progression over time was analyzed. Findings revealed that the peak temperatures reached 78.3°C in the slab and 74.6°C in the wall. Notably, the timing of formwork removal played a critical role in the thermal behavior of the reaction wall, significantly affecting its heating and cooling rates compared to the reaction slab. Despite these variations, the maximum established temperature gradients were not surpassed. Furthermore, the study critically evaluates the ACI method for predicting peak temperatures, identifying an average prediction error of 11.25 % against experimental outcomes. These insights contribute valuable data on the thermal performance of HPC in substantial structural elements, with broader implications for design and construction practices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9641,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Construction Materials","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article e04098"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143146620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Collapse prevention of pre-stressed electric transmission poles using glass fiber reinforced polymers","authors":"Rattapoohm Parichatprecha ,&nbsp;Kittipoom Rodsin ,&nbsp;Songsak Suthasupradit ,&nbsp;Tahir Mehmood ,&nbsp;Adnan Nawaz","doi":"10.1016/j.cscm.2024.e04110","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cscm.2024.e04110","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Natural hazards such as strong winds, typhoons, and earthquakes have caused massive economic losses in the form of damage to residential and life-line structures. Electric transmission infrastructures are life-line structures susceptible to severe damage under lateral loads like wind and earthquakes. This study focused on vulnerability assessment and measures to reduce the expected damage to the prestressed electric transmission poles under lateral loads. The Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) sheet is selected as a strengthening material because the fiber cost is affordable but still has acceptable high tensile strength. A full-scale 12-meter-long prestressed transmission pole was tested under reversed cyclic lateral loading. Furthermore, another specimen strengthened with the GFRP sheet was tested to quantify the effectiveness of this technique. The experimental results show significant improvement in the lateral response behavior of prestressed poles in terms of lateral drift capacity, ductility, and energy dissipation characteristics. The GFRP-strengthened specimen exhibited a significantly enhanced lateral drift capacity (more than 100 %) compared to the control specimen. The performance of GFRP in preventing the collapse of a full-scale transmission pole is proved experimentally in this study. Finally, a numerical model based on the fiber modeling concept was also implemented in the open-source platform OpenSees to simulate the observed hysteretic behavior for strengthened and unstrengthened prestressed electric transmission poles. The application of this strengthening method is shown to be very practical for collapse prevention of existing PC poles both in terms of performance and budget.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9641,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Construction Materials","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article e04110"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143147266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A case study on the impact of fiber distribution on X-connections of complex-shaped UHPFRC footbridges cast with recyclable formwork","authors":"Duc Anh Tran ,&nbsp;Sandrine Heroux ,&nbsp;Luca Sorelli ,&nbsp;Mahdi Ben Ftima ,&nbsp;David Conciatori ,&nbsp;Christian Dupuis ,&nbsp;Samuel Bernier-Lavigne","doi":"10.1016/j.cscm.2024.e04064","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cscm.2024.e04064","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ultra-High Performance Fiber Reinforced Concrete (UHPFRC) is emerging as a transformative construction material, enabling the creation of slender, thin architectural structures with outstanding surface textures. This study examines the influence of fiber distribution on the mechanical behavior of the X-connection, a critical structural detail in a novel latticework concept for UHPFRC footbridges, while also introducing an innovative approach using recycled wax formwork for shaping complex geometries.</div><div>Following the architectural design process for the latticework UHPFRC footbridge, the methodology involves: (i) fabrication of fully recyclable wax formwork using CNC milling for two X-connection configurations with distinct crossing angles (i.e., the angle formed at the intersection of the X shape); (ii) gravity casting of UHPFRC, incorporating 1 % steel microfibers; (iii) application of the magnetic inductance method (MIM) for non-destructive testing to evaluate fiber distribution, supplemented by fiber counting and image analysis of cracked sections post-testing; (iv) mechanical testing of the X-connection under bending to assess structural performance; and (v) a nonlinear Finite Element Analysis (NLFEA) to comprehensively examine the impact of fiber distribution. The findings underscore the pivotal role of fiber distribution in determining the ductility and strength of X-connections within the latticework UHPFRC footbridge, elucidating both the strengths and constraints of contemporary magnetic methods integrated with the Finite Element Method for accurately predicting the effects of fiber distribution.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9641,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Construction Materials","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article e04064"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143147274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimising thermo-mechanical treatments of residual rice husk ash for cement blending","authors":"Ayman Almutlaqah ,&nbsp;Riccardo Maddalena ,&nbsp;Sivakumar Kulasegaram","doi":"10.1016/j.cscm.2024.e04103","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cscm.2024.e04103","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rice husk ash (RHA) is commonly considered a promising cement replacement in concrete; however, RHA obtained through uncontrolled combustion often exhibits limited pozzolanic activity due to excess unburnt carbon and a porous structure. This study investigates the effect of microstructure on the burning process for enhancing RHA properties and reducing cement content in the binder. Coarse RHA and finely ground RHA were subjected to burning at various temperatures and durations, with Particle size distribution (PSD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Loss of ignition (LOI), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and fluorescence (XRF) used to investigate their properties. The pozzolanic activity index and heat of hydration were examined in mortars incorporating RHA as a cement replacement. The results demonstrated that the microstructure of RHA had a marginal effect on silica properties during the burning process, as confirmed by XRD analysis of the materials at temperatures below 800 °C. Nevertheless, noticeable variations were observed in PSD, SEM, LOI, XRF, heat of hydration, and pozzolanic activity, indicating that burning coarse RHA had more beneficial effect on combustion efficiency compared to burning finely ground RHA. This highlights the importance of an effective combustion strategy to transform residual RHA into a potent supplementary cementitious material (SCM).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9641,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Construction Materials","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article e04103"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143147264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comprehensive analysis of mechanical characteristics in self-compacting concrete (SCC) with aluminum oxide (Al2O3) nanoparticles and glass fibers: An experimental and analytical investigation","authors":"Hamed Heidarzad Moghaddam ,&nbsp;Mohammad Ali Lotfollahi-Yaghin ,&nbsp;Ahmad Maleki","doi":"10.1016/j.cscm.2024.e04095","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cscm.2024.e04095","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This research investigates the synergistic effects of aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃) nanoparticles and glass fibers on the mechanical and durability properties of self-compacting concrete (SCC) using an experimental and analytical approach. The experimental analysis involved assessing fresh concrete properties and mechanical performance through tests such as compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, slump flow, L-box, V-funnel, T50, ultrasonic pulse velocity, and bond strength. Durability was evaluated using water absorption, water penetration depth, and electrical resistance tests. Glass fibers were added at volumes of 0 %, 0.5 %, 1.0 %, and 1.5 %, while Al2O3 nanoparticles were incorporated at weight percentages of 0 %, 0.5 %, 1.0 %, 1.5 %, 2.0 %, and 3.0 %. The optimal mix, comprising 2.0 % Al₂O₃ nanoparticles and 1.5 % glass fibers, resulted in a 61 % increase in compressive strength and a 107.6 % increase in tensile strength. Water absorption was reduced by up to 46 %, while electrical resistance increased by 265 %, demonstrating improved durability. The combination also enhanced bond strength by 39 %, providing better adhesion between rebars and concrete. Analytical correlations between mechanical and bond properties were established. This study offers crucial insights for optimizing SCC performance, making it highly relevant for structural applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9641,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Construction Materials","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article e04095"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143147119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hybrid FRP strengthening of reinforced concrete deep beams: Experimental, theoretical and machine learning-based study","authors":"Phromphat Thansirichaisree ,&nbsp;Qudeer Hussain ,&nbsp;Mingliang Zhou ,&nbsp;Ali Ejaz ,&nbsp;Shabbir Ali Talpur ,&nbsp;Panumas Saingam","doi":"10.1016/j.cscm.2024.e04057","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cscm.2024.e04057","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents experimental findings from testing seventeen reinforced concrete deep beams, categorized into four groups based on the presence and type of openings. A novel and cost-effective hybrid strengthening scheme is proposed comprising glass chopped mat sheets and eco-friendly basalt FRP sheets (GF-BFRP). Group 1 consisted of solid beams without openings, while Group 2 included beams with circular openings, Group 3 with square openings, and Group 4 with rectangular openings of varying dimensions. Each group comprised beams tested in various strengthening configurations using GF-BFRP layers with and without anchor support. Analysis of failure modes revealed initial flexural cracking in control beams, with beams containing openings exhibiting diagonal cracking and reduced shear capacity. Results revealed that beams with openings experienced a significant reduction in shear capacity. Circular, square, and rectangular openings reduced peak capacity by 26.11 %, 30.67 %, and 31.91 %, respectively, while rectangular openings oriented vertically caused the most substantial reduction at 47.46 %. Strengthening using a single GF-BFRP sheet led to debonding, which was mitigated by anchors, enhancing confinement and reducing diagonal cracking. However, strengthened beams did not recover the original strength of the solid beam, which reached a peak load of 245.51 kN. For instance, the C-W1-A beam achieved a peak load of 173.58 kN, which was 4.31 % lower than its control beam due to the extensive anchor installation. Evaluation of predictive models for shear capacity highlighted discrepancies. None of the existing codes provide expressions that account for the shear contributions of externally bonded FRP systems on beams with opening shape and size implicitly defined. To overcome this issue, machine learning approaches were utilized, employing gradient boosting regression and random forest methods. Data on deep beams, both with and without openings (and without strengthening), was collected from eight studies. The models were trained on this dataset, and predictions were made based on the results of this study. While the gradient boosting regression model tended to overestimate the peak capacity of the deep beams, the random forest model provided predictions that were much closer to the experimental results.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9641,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Construction Materials","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article e04057"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143146147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of interlocking block pavement performance under varying construction conditions by model chamber tests","authors":"Inhyun Kim,&nbsp;Choong-Ki Chung,&nbsp;Jung-Hyun Ryu","doi":"10.1016/j.cscm.2024.e04067","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cscm.2024.e04067","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As the demand for interlocking block pavements (IBPs) grows to accommodate diverse traffic loads, it is crucial to comprehensively understand how construction conditions, such as block thickness, joint width, and bedding thickness, affect IBP performance. This study addresses these factors through a series of repeated loading tests on model IBPs constructed with bedding thicknesses of 30, 50, and 80 mm and joint widths of 5 and 8 mm for 100 mm-thick general blocks, and bedding thicknesses of 50, 80, and 110 mm with a joint width of 5 mm for 160 mm-thick heavy-duty blocks. The performance of IBPs was evaluated based on deflection resistance, load-dispersion ability, and interlocking effect, the latter being assessed through the relative deflection of adjoining blocks, a key mechanism for load resistance in IBPs. The results demonstrated that an enhanced interlocking effect was achievable with a bedding thickness of 50 mm and a joint width of 5 mm for general blocks. Additionally, heavy-duty blocks required an increased bedding thickness of 80 mm to achieve greater interlocking. Under these conditions, the blocks rotated sufficiently to produce an arching effect and higher relative deflection. Conversely, IBPs constructed under inadequate conditions exhibited rutting failures, with a maximum block uplift of 0.374 mm due to excessive stress transmission to the base and bedding sand migration. Finally, the elastic modulus, estimated from transmitted stress, reached higher values of 5417.06 and 2075.45 MPa for general and heavy-duty blocks, respectively, under optimal construction conditions. This study highlights the importance of construction factors in ensuring IBP performance and suggests that both deflection and interlocking effect should be considered key performance indicators.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9641,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Construction Materials","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article e04067"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143145820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel vibratory compaction quality indices developed from particle migration and distribution characteristics for unbound aggregate materials","authors":"Meng WANG ,&nbsp;Qunding YU ,&nbsp;Yuanjie XiAO ,&nbsp;Wenjun HUA ,&nbsp;Wenqi LI","doi":"10.1016/j.cscm.2024.e04076","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cscm.2024.e04076","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Unbound aggregate materials (UAMs) with large air voids are increasingly used to construct pavement base and subbase layers as part of the initiative to develop sponge cities and improve drainage performance. However, the motion of particles and the spatial distribution of kinetic energy during the particle rearrangement process induced by vibratory loading remain unclear. This study presented the results of laboratory vibratory plate compaction tests conducted on UAM specimens under various combinations of vibratory parameters and different levels of Gravel to Sand ratio (<em>G/S</em>). SmartRock (SR) sensors were embedded within the specimens to monitor real-time particle motion, while kinematic energy and its spatial distribution were analyzed from the acceleration time-history signals collected by the SR sensors. Based on high-precision industrial X-ray computed tomography (XCT) and three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction technology, the motion and migration characteristics of coarse particles were analyzed. A new compaction index was proposed based on particle motion and kinematic energy to evaluate the compaction quality of the specimens. The findings of this study reveal that vibratory compaction can be divided into three distinct stages. During the first stage, coarse particles primarily move vertically, while energy dissipation occurs mainly through the compression of air voids but does not form a dense skeleton structure. In the second stage, coarse particles translate horizontally while rotating vertically, resulting in a tendency of the particles to align horizontally with their long axes. During this stage, dissipated kinematic energy is primarily used to fill air voids, leading to the formation of a densely packed skeleton structure. Kinematic energy indices and particle movement in the middle of the specimens can be used to evaluate the compaction stage and quality. Additionally, the lateral particle motion within the specimens transitions from continuous ascent to gradual descent (i.e., culminating in minimal kinematic energy), thus indicating a relatively dense compaction state. Reducing the void ratio and increasing the contact area between particles within the size ranges of 4.75–9.5 mm and 2.36–4.75 mm can significantly increase the compaction density and improve the stability and deformation resistance of unbound pavement base/subbase layers. The results of this study provide valuable insights into the mechanisms of vibratory compaction and can be used to optimize compaction methods and improve pavement performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9641,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Construction Materials","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article e04076"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143146190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of wetting and drying cycles on resilient modulus and microstructure characteristics of heterogeneous quicklime-stabilized subgrade","authors":"Richmond Owusu ,&nbsp;Frank Siaw Ackah ,&nbsp;Yuanjie Xiao","doi":"10.1016/j.cscm.2024.e04009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cscm.2024.e04009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The resilient modulus changes due to post-compaction seasonal variations in weather such as wetting and drying, thus affecting pavement performance. Existing research highlights significant differences in back-calculated resilient modulus test outcomes for compacted quicklime-stabilized subgrades after construction. Nonetheless, limited studies exist on the effect of the wetting and drying cycles considering the variability in the compacted quicklime stabilized composites. By using a Taguchi <em>L</em>⁹ orthogonal array, four groups of nine samples varying in dry density and water and quicklime contents were created and subjected to multiple wetting and drying cycles (i.e., 0th, 4th, 8th, and 12th). Resilient modulus testing revealed an initial increase up to the 8th cycle, followed by a decrease, with a more pronounced negative effect on samples with lower quicklime and water contents. Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses indicated distinct microstructural responses after each cycle, with SEM micrographs showing complex pore structures of low circularity and the average formation factors ranging from 0.301 to 0.356. Canonical correlation coefficient between the pore geometrical properties and resilient modulus is approximately 0.689, the associated Wilks' Lambda value is 0.526, and the eigenvalue is 0.901, thus offering direct relationships between macroscopic and microscopic properties of the materials. The highest calcium content was found in the samples subjected to 0th cycle. This study contributes to a better understanding of the resilient modulus characteristics and microstructural evolution of quick-lime stabilized subgrades, offering valuable insights for engineers and researchers in pavement design and maintenance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9641,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Construction Materials","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article e04009"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143147261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research progress in the application of calcium-based expansive agents as compensation for autogenous shrinkage in high-strength concrete","authors":"Yulu Zhang ,&nbsp;Yifan Pan ,&nbsp;Tiezhen Ren ,&nbsp;Jianfeng Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.cscm.2024.e03685","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cscm.2024.e03685","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, comprehensive investigation of the shrinkage compensation mechanisms of calcium-based expansive agents (CEAs), their effects on the properties of (ultra) high-strength concrete (HSC/UHSC), and the existing problems in applying this methodology was conducted. Analyses showed that the rational use of CEAs under certain conditions could greatly or completely inhibit the development of autogenous shrinkage of HSC/UHSC, and significantly reduce the risk of associated cracking. However, it was found that the hydration of the CEAs affected the hydration process of other binders, thereby altering the microstructure of concrete. This was in turn observed to lead to a degree of decrease in compressive strength, flexure strength and elastic modulus, and the decrease rate increasing as with the rise in proportion of CEAs. Moreover, when attempting to improve the shrinkage compensation effects, increasing the amount of CEA presented a risk of delayed expansion cracking of HSC/UHSC. Neither the expansion mechanism, expansion conditions, nor the inhibition methods have yet been fully clarified in the current stage. Lastly, newly proposed Ca-Mg composite EAs were outlined, and the research prospects of Ca-Mg composite EAs in HSC/UHSC were explored.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9641,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Construction Materials","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article e03685"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143147267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}