Case Studies in Construction Materials最新文献

{"title":"Improved in-situ direct shear test of rock mass structural plane and its application to stability analysis of bedding slope","authors":"Zhiming Wang ,&nbsp;Changguang Qi ,&nbsp;Zhichao Zhang ,&nbsp;Rufa Huang ,&nbsp;Chaoxu Guo ,&nbsp;Lijin Dong ,&nbsp;Rongyue Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.cscm.2025.e04976","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cscm.2025.e04976","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Landslides along bedding planes are a common type of rocky landslide, and the shear strength parameters of structural planes play a crucial role in the stability of bedding slopes. Previous tests of shear strength parameters for rock mass structural planes have mostly focused on laboratory experiments, which inevitably suffer from sample disturbance, boundary effects, size effects, and grading scale error. An improved in-situ direct shear test method, utilizing an angle-adjustable leveling steel frame adapted to the rock mass structural planes with different dip angles was developed to test the shear strength parameters of the rock mass and its structural planes in natural and saturated states on a bedding rocky slope. The test results show that the shear strength parameters of the rock mass are: cohesion <span><math><mrow><mi>c</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>50.4</mn><mi>kPa</mi></mrow></math></span> and friction angle <span><math><mrow><mi>φ</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>411</mn><mo>°</mo></mrow></math></span> in natural state; The cohesion <span><math><mrow><mi>c</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>34.6</mn><mi>kPa</mi></mrow></math></span> and friction angle <span><math><mrow><mi>φ</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>41.8</mn><mo>°</mo></mrow></math></span> in saturated state. The shear strength parameters of the structural planes are: cohesion <span><math><mrow><mi>c</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>49.0</mn><mi>kPa</mi></mrow></math></span> and friction angle <span><math><mrow><mi>φ</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>27.1</mn><mo>°</mo></mrow></math></span> in natural state; The cohesion <span><math><mrow><mi>c</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>24.8</mn><mi>kPa</mi></mrow></math></span> and the friction angle <span><math><mrow><mi>φ</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>28.0</mn><mo>°</mo></mrow></math></span> in saturated state. The shear stress-shear displacement curves of the rock mass and its structural planes in the natural state show strain softening characteristics with some brittle damage, while the shear stress-shear displacement curves in the saturated state show a slight strain hardening characteristic. The numerical simulation shows that the unsupported slope is in a critical state, and the dangerous structural plane is determined. Based on this, a reasonable supporting scheme is proposed. The conclusion of this study verifies the feasibility and validity of the improved in-situ direct shear test method in the testing of the shear strength parameters of rock structural plane. It solves the problem that the previous in-situ direct shear test is too complicated and has poor applicability, and it can obtain the shear strength parameters of rock structural plane more accurately and conveniently. Hence, it provides a more reasonable parameter selection basis for the evaluation and support design of bedding rocky slope.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9641,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Construction Materials","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article e04976"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144471924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance evaluation of geopolymer masonry units: A hybrid approach combining laboratory testing and AI modeling","authors":"Md. Zia Ul Haq ,&nbsp;Sandeep Singh ,&nbsp;Tarak Vora ,&nbsp;A.K. Dasarathy ,&nbsp;Kaushik Bharti ,&nbsp;Vanitha S ,&nbsp;Priyadarshi Das ,&nbsp;Laura Ricciotti","doi":"10.1016/j.cscm.2025.e04961","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cscm.2025.e04961","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a comprehensive investigation into the compressive strength and stress–strain behavior of geopolymer brick masonry, focusing on both prisms and wallettes. Geopolymer bricks and mortars were used to fabricate specimens, and their mechanical performance was experimentally evaluated. The study also employs nine machine learning algorithms on a dataset comprising 612 prism and 63 wallette data points, assessing performance based on six predictive metrics. Experimental results revealed that prisms exhibited higher compressive strength (7.2 MPa to 2.6 MPa) compared to wallettes (6.5 MPa to 1.2 MPa), with a linear regression indicating wallettes achieve approximately 88 % of prism strength. Among the ML models, Random Forest performed best, with R² values of 0.92 and 0.97 for prism and wallette datasets, respectively. The results emphasize the influence of brick-and-mortar properties and dimensional parameters on masonry performance. This study advances the understanding of geopolymer masonry and demonstrates the synergy of experimental analysis and machine learning for predictive modeling in sustainable construction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9641,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Construction Materials","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article e04961"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144472006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental and numerical studies on the impact resistance of reinforced concrete-steel liner composite targets subjected to the tube-type missile impact","authors":"Delei Zou ,&nbsp;Bo Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.cscm.2025.e04973","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cscm.2025.e04973","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the dynamic response, damage mechanisms and strategies for enhancing the resistance of reinforced concrete-steel liner (RC-SL) composite structures subjected to tube-type missile impacts. Experimental tests were conducted on eight RC-SL specimens with varying configurations using a large-caliber single-stage gas gun. Finite element (FE) models were developed and validated against experimental data, accurately predicting displacement, acceleration, and damage patterns, though minor limitations in capturing localized failures were noted. The study identified characteristic damage patterns of RC-SL composite structures, including front-side craters, rear-face spalling, tensile tearing, bulging, and localized buckling. Design optimizations, such as rear-mounted steel liners and welded stud-rebar mesh, were found to enhance energy dissipation and interfacial load transfer. The validated finite element (FE) model was utilized to evaluate the safety of a 1.6 × 10⁵ m³ LNG storage tank dome under industry-standard missile impact scenarios. The analysis confirmed that a 400 mm-thick dome sustains only localized damage, with penetration depths varying between 30 and 160 mm, surface crater diameters ranging from 10 to 50 mm, and rear collapse area diameters spanning from 500 to 900 mm. These results demonstrate that the dome maintains both structural integrity and air tightness under such threats. The research conclusions and analytical methods establish a robust foundational framework for the design and failure analysis of RC-SL protective structures, enhancing the reliability of engineering applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9641,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Construction Materials","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article e04973"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144365817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanical properties, pore structure, and carbon emission of concrete by using coal-fired slag powder to partially replace cement","authors":"Dongdong Ren ,&nbsp;Dongsheng Shi ,&nbsp;Xin Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.cscm.2025.e04972","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cscm.2025.e04972","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study offers a cleaner option for the utilization of coal-fired slag powder (CFP), which can partially (10 %, 20 %, 30 %) replace cement as cementitious material. An analysis carried out on the influence of CFP on the mechanical properties and pore structure of concrete. Meanwhile, the carbon emissions of CFP concrete were evaluated using life cycle assessment (LCA). The results showed that the mechanical properties decline with the CFP admixture increases, the reduction was not significant. The addition of CFP results in an increase in the porosity of concrete, reduces the more harmful pores and increases the harmful pores. The fractal dimension (<em>D</em>_r＞50 nm) is negatively correlated with harmful pores. A porosity-harmful pores strength model and a porosity-<em>D</em>_r＞50 nm strength model were established, with regression coefficients of 0.9862 and 0.9903, respectively. Utilization of CFP to partially replace cement can reduce carbon emissions, when the replacement rate is 30 %, the unit MPa CFP concrete can reduce 0.13 kg carbon emissions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9641,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Construction Materials","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article e04972"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144472036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Model experimental study on mechanical characteristics of prestressed concrete (PC) wall piles for waterway revetment","authors":"Yuedong Wu ,&nbsp;Yichen Que ,&nbsp;Jian Liu ,&nbsp;Shixu Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.cscm.2025.e04965","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cscm.2025.e04965","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bank protection engineering in inland waterways is crucial for maintaining channel stability and reducing sediment deposition. Precast bank protection piles have rapidly developed due to their structural advantages and economic construction. This study proposes a novel prestressed concrete wall pile (PC wall pile) characterized by high strength, excellent water resistance, and convenient installation. The mechanical properties were investigated through laboratory model tests replicating actual engineering conditions, analyzing pile deformation, horizontal load resistance, and pile-soil interaction characteristics. The results indicate that during load-bearing under dredging embankment conditions, the PC wall pile system rotates forward around the toe with localized deflection. The front soil pressure demonstrates essentially linear distribution, while the rear soil pressure exhibits significant nonlinear characteristics attributed to pile-soil interactions, soil arching effects, and soil unloading phenomena. Prestressing application reduces the maximum bending moment at ultimate state by 18 %-25 %. When pile length increases by 14 %, the ultimate load-bearing capacity improves by 36 %-47 %. These findings provide valuable insights for optimizing prestress levels and pile length ratios in practical PC wall pile designs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9641,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Construction Materials","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article e04965"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144364395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving mechanical performance and reducing CO2 emissions of cement-based composites via one-step synthesis of highly dispersed flake g-C3N4","authors":"Jiaqian Pang ,&nbsp;Yangrui Wang ,&nbsp;Lingjie Jiang ,&nbsp;Haijie He ,&nbsp;Bin Wang ,&nbsp;Yufei Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.cscm.2025.e04971","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cscm.2025.e04971","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) has demonstrated significant potential in enhancing the mechanical properties of cement-based materials. However, the poor dispersibility and complex preparation of bulk g-C₃N₄ (B-CN), along with the lack of research on its environmental impact, remain major obstacles to its widespread application. To address this issue, this study employs a one-step method to synthesize highly dispersed flake g-C₃N₄ (F-CN) for improving the mechanical properties and reducing the CO₂ emissions of cement-based composites, and investigates the underlying mechanisms. In addition, the CO₂ emissions of F-CN-modified cement are evaluated. Specifically, F-CN exhibits significantly higher dispersibility and a smaller particle size (20–80 nm), allowing it to be directly applied to cement-based systems without the need for additional dispersing agents. The highly dispersible F-CN is more favorable for accelerating cement hydration and refining the microstructure. Compared with the control and B-CN groups, F-CN increases the 28-day compressive strength of cement paste specimens by 8.65 % and 16.90 %, respectively. Moreover, compared with conventional cement and B-CN-modified cement, F-CN-modified cement reduces CO₂ emissions during production by 14.37 % and 6.37 %, respectively. This study proposes a simple and effective approach for improving both the performance and environmental profile of cement-based composites using highly dispersed flake g-C₃N₄, offering new insights into nanomaterial–cement interactions and contributing to low-carbon construction solutions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9641,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Construction Materials","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article e04971"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144351531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of freeze-thaw cycles on bending properties and microstructure of slag-fly ash based geopolymer cemented iron tailings sand","authors":"Hongchun Xu ,&nbsp;Hang Yin ,&nbsp;Shasha Lu ,&nbsp;Ge Pei","doi":"10.1016/j.cscm.2025.e04962","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cscm.2025.e04962","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aims to reveal the damage characteristics of slag-fly ash cemented iron tailings sand controlled low-strength material (SFG-T-CLSM) under freeze-thaw cycles, as well as the mechanism of fibers enhancing the durability performance in SFG-T-CLSM. Through three-point bending tests, CT scanning tests, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) tests, the microstructural changes and macro-mechanical property responses of fiber-reinforced SFG-T-CLSM in freeze-thaw environments were comprehensively analyzed. The research results show that: with the increase in the number of freeze-thaw cycles, the flexural strength of SFG-T-CLSM gradually decreases. After 15 freeze-thaw cycles, the flexural strength loss of the specimen without fiber addition is 43.84 %, while the strength loss decreases to 29.10 % after adding 5 ‰ fibers. Three-dimensional reconstructed CT slices reveal that the number of pores inside the matrix gradually increases. However, the presence of fibers during freeze-thaw cycles effectively alleviates pore development, plays a role in bridging cracks and dispersing stress, improves the pore distribution characteristics inside the CLSM matrix, significantly reduces the number and width of cracks, and remarkably enhances the crack resistance of SFG-T-CLSM. SEM results further confirm that fibers exhibit significant anti-damage effects in SFG-T-CLSM under harsh freeze-thaw cycle environments through their three-dimensional network structure. The debonding mode of fibers gradually evolves with the increase in the number of freeze-thaw cycles: from good bonding in the early stage, to interfacial damage in the middle stage, and then to significant debonding in the later stage. Consequently, the role of fibers in SFG-T-CLSM gradually weakens, and the crack resistance and structural integrity also decline accordingly. This study demonstrates that the introduction of fibers is an effective strategy to enhance the freeze-thaw durability of CLSM, providing a theoretical basis for improving the application of CLSM in extreme environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9641,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Construction Materials","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article e04962"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144365810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Compressive behavior of prestressed SFRCFST stub columns after heating: Effect of fresh concrete compression technique","authors":"Manouchehr Nemati ,&nbsp;Arman Aminian ,&nbsp;Sepideh Rahimi ,&nbsp;Mahdi Nematzadeh ,&nbsp;Mobin Jafarzadeh-Taleshi ,&nbsp;Huu-Tai Thai","doi":"10.1016/j.cscm.2025.e04968","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cscm.2025.e04968","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>One innovative and effective technique to enhance the compression response of concrete-filled steel tube (CFST) columns is the compression of the fresh concrete, which actively confines the concrete core by prestressed steel tubes. To utilize active confinement in structural design, the behavior of prestressed CFST columns under different conditions should be investigated. In this research, the compression response of steel fiber-reinforced concrete-filled steel tube (SFRCFST) stub columns prestressed by the fresh concrete compression (FCC) technique was assessed before and after experiencing heat. Toward this goal, 60 cylindrical SFRCFST specimens were fabricated, with key variables of the prestressing ratio, volume percentage of steel fibers, applied temperature, external diameter-to-wall thickness ratio (D/t) of steel tube, and water/cement ratio. Post-heating axial compression tests examined the loading capacity, ductility, peak strain, toughness, and load-strain response. It was revealed that due to prestressing and the temperature rise to 600 °C, the heat-induced reduction in load capacity was negligible, while this drop was notable in the specimens without prestressing. At a temperature of 600°C, the load-bearing capacity of the specimens with a prestressing ratio of 0.5 <em>f</em>_<em>y</em> increased by 40 % compared to the non-confined specimens, while the axial and lateral strain capacities decreased by 40 and 49 %, respectively. With an increase in the prestressing ratio to 0.7 <em>f</em>_<em>y</em>, the load-bearing capacity increased by 50 %, and the axial and lateral strain capacities decreased by 26 and 25 %, respectively. In prestressed and non-prestressed SFRCFST columns, with or without thermal exposure, a steel fiber content of up to 1.5 % improved toughness and increased peak strain and ductility in most specimens. Finally, the nonlinear regression analysis was employed to present a proper prediction model for the loading capacity of SFRCFST columns.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9641,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Construction Materials","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article e04968"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144471925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prediction of the elastic properties and strength of unidirectional carbon fiber reinforced polymers based on representative volume element simulation","authors":"Miao Su ,&nbsp;Lei Liu ,&nbsp;Yuxi Xie ,&nbsp;Hui Peng ,&nbsp;Chongjie Kang","doi":"10.1016/j.cscm.2025.e04963","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cscm.2025.e04963","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The mechanical properties of unidirectional carbon fiber reinforced polymer (UD-CFRP), such as its elastic modulus and ultimate strength, are crucial and fundamental indicators. Examining these properties from a microscopic perspective through numerical simulations can provide valuable insights for material modification and the design of new materials. This study employs a micromechanics-based representative volume element (RVE) method to predict the macroscopic mechanical properties of UD-CFRP. The results demonstrate that the established RVE models accurately predict the elastic and shear modulus, as well as the ultimate tensile and compressive strength of UD-CFRP. Additionally, simulations of 300 RVE models with varying input parameter combinations were performed, generating a dataset that encompasses both microstructure parameters and macroscopic mechanical properties of UD-CFRP. Using the dataset, random forest regression models were created and SHAP analysis was performed to identify the key microstructural parameters with significant feature importance. Subsequently, we systematically investigated their effects on the macroscopic mechanical properties of UD-CFRP. In the end, simplified analytical prediction formulas were proposed to evaluate the macroscopic mechanical properties of UD-CFRP, demonstrating superior predictive performance compared to existing formulas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9641,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Construction Materials","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article e04963"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144472007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of resilient behavior of a fine-grained subgrade filler under graded variable confining pressure","authors":"Fang Xu ,&nbsp;Youwei Chen ,&nbsp;Qishu Zhang ,&nbsp;Junli Dong ,&nbsp;Wuming Leng ,&nbsp;Qi Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.cscm.2025.e04960","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cscm.2025.e04960","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The prestressed subgrade is a novel subgrade reinforcement technique wherein horizontal prestress is applied to the subgrade soil through prestressed reinforcement devices. The applied prestress propagates from the slope to the interior of the subgrade, thereby enhancing the confining pressure (<em>σ</em>₃) of the subgrade filler/soil. A series of dynamic triaxial tests with graded variable confining pressure was performed to assess the impact of horizontal prestress on the resilient behavior of a typical fine-grained subgrade filler. The resilient modulus (<em>M</em>_R) characteristics and its variation patterns were meticulously analyzed and discussed. The results demonstrate that graded increasing <em>σ</em>₃ could enhance the subgrade filler’s resistance to dynamic elastic deformation, thereby significantly improving its <em>M</em>_R, with final increments around 10 MPa. The dynamic loading cycle interval (<em>N</em>_c) between two adjacent graded confining pressures markedly influences the developmental trend of <em>M</em>_R, and earlier increasing <em>σ</em>₃ and smaller <em>N</em>_c lead to a higher stable <em>M</em>_R of the filler. Each graded increment in the <em>σ</em>₃ initially results in an immediate increase in the specimen’s <em>M</em>_R, which is subsequently followed by a decline and eventual stabilization with increasing the dynamic loading cycles. Additionally, the advantages of graded increasing <em>σ</em>₃ may not counterbalance the detrimental effects of increased moisture content on the <em>M</em>_R. Subsequently, a prediction model for the <em>M</em>_R was developed accounting for the conditions of graded variable confining pressure. The model was validated by a high degree of concordance between the predicted and measured <em>M</em>_R values of a stable specimen.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9641,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Construction Materials","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article e04960"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144338837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}