Case Studies in Construction Materials最新文献

{"title":"Re – activation of recycled fly ash – based geopolymer binder to enhance mechanical properties","authors":"A. Naghizadeh ,&nbsp;M. Welman-Purchase ,&nbsp;L. Lagrange ,&nbsp;S.O. Ekolu ,&nbsp;L.N. Tchadjie","doi":"10.1016/j.cscm.2025.e04967","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cscm.2025.e04967","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This research delved into employment of thermal activation as a technique of enhancing the reactivity of recycled binders produced from parent hardened geopolymer systems. The production process involved crushing hardened fly ash – based geopolymer pastes and concretes, followed by milling the resulting powder to produce non – calcined or raw recycled binders, that were in turn exposed to various high temperatures of 250° to 550 °C, then used to prepare geopolymer paste mixtures at activator to binder ratio of 0.5. The alkali activator used was a combined solution mixture of sodium silicate and 12 M sodium hydroxide. The recycled binders produced were characterised using particle size /shape analysis, Brunauer – Emmett – Teller surface area measurements and thermogravimetry, prior to microanalyses. The synthesized paste mixtures were evaluated to determine their setting times and compressive strength values, followed by analytical studies done using X – Ray Diffraction, Fourier – Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy. Results showed that setting times of the raw or calcined recycled binder – based geopolymer mixtures were a drastic 70–90 % shorter than those of the control fly ash – based paste. It was found that calcination substantially enhanced geopolymeric reactivity of recycled binders, increasing the strengths of their mixtures by 36–54 %. Interestingly, mixtures that were synthesized using the paste – derived recycled binder calcined at the optimal 400 °C temperature, exhibited strength development that was similar or comparable to that of the control fly ash – based geopolymer paste.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9641,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Construction Materials","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article e04967"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144338758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of CO₂-ceramsite foam concrete: Mechanical properties, microstructure and environmental benefits","authors":"Jing Zhang ,&nbsp;Yuxin Su ,&nbsp;Hongshuai Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.cscm.2025.e04957","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cscm.2025.e04957","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the advancement of the global carbon neutrality goal, the construction industry, as a major resource consumption and carbon emission sector, is facing increasingly severe environmental pressures. Building material production not only consumes substantial energy but also generates significant CO₂ emissions. This context necessitates the development of novel low-carbon materials and carbon sequestration technologies. This study proposes a novel CO₂-foamed ceramsite foam concrete (CCFC), and systematically investigates its mechanical properties, multi-scale pore structure evolution, and environmental benefits through experimental approaches. CO₂ foaming significantly refined the pore structure of CCFC, enhancing its compressive strength and water absorption capacity while reducing thermal conductivity. Multi-scale analyses from macro to micro levels revealed that CaCO₃ generated through carbonation filled pores and optimized pore distribution. Life cycle assessment (LCA) demonstrated that each cubic meter of CCFC sequesters approximately 25 kg CO₂, reducing global warming potential (GWP) by 12 % compared to conventional ceramsite foam concrete (CFC). These findings indicate that CCFC can serve as a sustainable alternative to traditional insulation materials in building envelopes, significantly lowering carbon footprints in construction projects. By integrating CO₂ sequestration into lightweight concrete production, this technology aligns with global carbon neutrality goals and offers a scalable solution for reducing embodied carbon in urban infrastructure. Furthermore, the improved mechanical and thermal performance of CCFC supports its application in energy-efficient buildings, contributing to both structural safety and long-term energy savings. The findings offer practical guidance for scaling low-carbon construction practices. Compared to other emerging low-carbon concretes such as geopolymer or mineralized systems, CCFC demonstrates a balanced integration of environmental performance, structural applicability, and industrial scalability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9641,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Construction Materials","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article e04957"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144364391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flexural strengthening of corroded steel beams with CFRP by using the end anchorage: Experimental, numerical, and machine learning methods","authors":"Amin Shabani Ammari ,&nbsp;Younes Nouri ,&nbsp;Habib Ghasemi Jouneghani ,&nbsp;Seyed Amin Hosseini ,&nbsp;Arash Rayegani ,&nbsp;Mehrdad Ebrahimi ,&nbsp;Pooria Heydari","doi":"10.1016/j.cscm.2025.e04966","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cscm.2025.e04966","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This article presents the mechanical behavior of corroded steel beams that have been strengthened with carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) layers in order to mitigate the effects of corrosion. Six beams are analyzed experimentally, including unreinforced and CFRP-reinforced specimens, with regard to the corrosion percentage, location, and shape on strength, ductility, and modes of failure. In the beam with 50 % corrosion, reinforcing with CFRP compensated for the strength reduction. In the beam with 100 % corrosion, after CFRP reinforcement, the strength was only 4 % lower than that of the control beam. A new end anchorage system was developed to avoid CFRP slippage, ensuring full utilization of its tensile capacity. Numerical modeling further validated the experimental results and then numerical specimens were used for parametric and Machine Learning (ML) studies. The results indicated that corrosion in the upper flange gave the most severe strength reduction up to 39.7 %, although this was effectively mitigated by CFRP reinforcement. The ML prediction showed that the CatBoost algorithm had the highest accuracy, with an <span><math><msup><mrow><mi>R</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></math></span> score of 0.954. Additionally, the feature importance analysis revealed that the location and level of the corrosion are the most influential features affecting the reduction in the capacity of the corroded beam.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9641,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Construction Materials","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article e04966"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144365197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Meso-scale mechanical damage behavior of ECC-repaired wide and narrow joints of longitudinally continuous slab tracks","authors":"Long Chen ,&nbsp;Tianzhi Xuan ,&nbsp;Jinjie Chen ,&nbsp;Fengzhuang Tong ,&nbsp;Yujie Feng ,&nbsp;Yang Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.cscm.2025.e04959","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cscm.2025.e04959","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The narrow and wide joint concrete of longitudinally continuous slab tracks is prone to diseases such as crushing and cracking under temperature load, which affects the integrity and durability. Therefore, this paper introduces high-toughness Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC) as the repair material for the wide and narrow joints and conducts experimental and numerical investigation on the temperature-induced meso-scale damage characteristics. Firstly, experimental tests were carried out to determine the bonding parameters between concrete and ECC. Then, a macro-meso simulation model of longitudinally continuous slab tracks that accounts for the meso-scale characteristics of the wide and narrow joints and the nonlinear interlayer bond behavior was constructed using a sub-modeling approach. Finally, the meso-scale damage behavior and interface damage characteristics of the wide and narrow joints under different fiber contents, matrix strengths, and interface bond strengths under overall temperature loads were studied. Results show: (1) The fracture load of wide and narrow joints with 2.5 % fiber added is 31 % higher than that without fiber added, but it has little effect on the initial crack load and displacement. (2) The influence of matrix strength on damage follows a linear pattern. When the concrete strength increased from C35 to C60, the maximum compressive damage factor of the wide and narrow joints under temperature rise decreased from 0.9237 to 0.4752. (3) Improving the normal strength of the bonding surface and reducing the tangential stiffness can effectively delay the initiation of interface damage.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9641,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Construction Materials","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article e04959"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144336004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental and analytical evaluation of mechanical properties of rubberized concrete incorporating waste tire crumb rubber","authors":"Xiaoyan Han ,&nbsp;Li Wang ,&nbsp;Aijiu Chen ,&nbsp;Lingyun Feng ,&nbsp;Yanting Ji ,&nbsp;Zhihao Wang ,&nbsp;Zhenzan Gao ,&nbsp;Keliang Li ,&nbsp;Qun Yuan ,&nbsp;Xiaozhou Xia ,&nbsp;Qing Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.cscm.2025.e04970","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cscm.2025.e04970","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This research elucidates the mechanical behavior of rubberized concrete produced with waste tire crumb rubber as a substitute for fine aggregate, a crucial step given the lack of established standards for rubberized concrete design. We scrutinized the tensile strength (<em>f</em>_ts), flexural strength (<em>f</em>_f), and modulus of elasticity (<em>E</em>_c) of rubberized concrete with varying crumb rubber contents, sizes, and pretreatment methods. The mechanisms through which crumb rubber impacts concrete strength were explored, accounting for variances in particle sizes, rubber contents, and pretreatment methods. Over 400 groups of data from existing studies were analyzed to quantify the effect of rubber size, content, and pretreatment on the mechanical properties of rubberized concrete. Results revealed significant variations; notably, as rubber content increased from 0.0 % to 3.0 %, the <em>f</em>_ts in concrete with crumb rubbers sized 100 mesh, 1–2 mm, and 2–4 mm decreased by 32.2 %, 18.6 %, and 13.2 %, respectively. Conversely, increasing the rubber size from 100 mesh to 1–2 mm and 2–4 mm resulted in notable increases in <em>f</em>_ts, <em>f</em>_f, and <em>E</em>_c. The study further identified that the alterations in concrete's void structure due to crumb rubber inclusion significantly affect its mechanical properties. Our comprehensive analysis led to the development of evaluation equations for <em>f</em>_ts, <em>f</em>_f, and <em>E</em>_c of rubberized concrete, presenting a robust method to predict the mechanical properties of rubberized concrete with varied crumb rubber incorporations. This work bridges a significant gap in the analytical evaluation of rubberized concrete, paving the way for advancing its application in sustainable construction practices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9641,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Construction Materials","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article e04970"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144338760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The water absorption and release performance and mechanism of superabsorbent polymers in the solution and paste","authors":"Jingjing Lyu ,&nbsp;Shuo Feng ,&nbsp;Jian Chen ,&nbsp;Deao Kong ,&nbsp;Runzhao Song","doi":"10.1016/j.cscm.2025.e04955","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cscm.2025.e04955","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) are organic polymers capable of absorbing and retaining large amounts of water, with variations in their absorption and release properties impacting the mix design, microstructure, mechanical properties, and durability of cement-based materials. This study investigated the effects of SAP type (sodium polyacrylate, AA and polyacrylic acid-acrylamide copolymer, AM) and particle size on water absorption capacity, as well as the effects of environmental temperature and humidity on the release behaviour of saturated SAPs. The point-counting method was used to assess the actual absorption performance of SAPs in hardened paste, and SEM was used to observe the pore structure formed after water release. The results show that as the particle size of SAP increases, its water absorption capacity enhances, whereas its water release capacity decreases. AA absorbs water better than AM in deionized water, but the reverse is true in cement filtrate and hardened paste. AA is more sensitive to temperature, while AM shows greater sensitivity to humidity. The actual absorption performance of SAP in the paste can be obtained by using the method of assuming water absorption ratio. As the water-binder ratio increases, the absorption performance of SAP in the paste increases first and then decreases. SEM observations show that AA shrinks into a ball after the paste releases water, with a clear boundary with the surrounding matrix, while AM is tightly bonded to the paste after releasing water.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9641,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Construction Materials","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article e04955"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144335883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Updated internal curing for HPC using pore-regulated coal aggregates","authors":"Changbai Wang ,&nbsp;Qinghua Liu ,&nbsp;Jimin Liu ,&nbsp;Lei Wang ,&nbsp;Peiyuan Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.cscm.2025.e04951","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cscm.2025.e04951","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>An updated internal curing (IC) method was proposed using pore-regulated coal gangue aggregates (PCAs) for high-performance concrete (HPC). Calcination (200—400 °C) was applied to regulate the pore structure of PCAs to achieve an optimal one. The pore structure, morphology, water absorption, and water desorption of PCAs were tested. Their effects on the fluidity, internal relative humidity (IRH), autogenous shrinkage, compressive strength, micromechanical properties, and microstructure of HPC were studied. The results demonstrated that calcination significantly increased the porosity of PCAs by 19.57—34.95 %, particularly within the mesopores ranging from 30 nm to 1 μm, which led to a 29.38—81.12 % increase in the water absorption capacity of PCAs, as well as the improvement of water desorption efficiency. The incorporation of PCAs sustained the IRH of HPCs at elevated levels and reduced the autogenous shrinkage by 44—55 %. The improved IC efficiency facilitated the deposition of more hydration products and enhanced the interfacial transition zone (ITZ), contributing to refined pore structure and a 1—7.92 % increase in compressive strength at 28d.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9641,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Construction Materials","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article e04951"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144329930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Torsional capacity of prestressed assembled quarter-shell concrete tower with adhesive bonded vertical joints","authors":"Wei-Feng Tao ,&nbsp;Dorjee TseDan ,&nbsp;Dong-Liang Zhang ,&nbsp;Ci-Rong Huang ,&nbsp;Kun Fu ,&nbsp;Chu Zhao ,&nbsp;Jia-Wei Zhang ,&nbsp;Jun-Lin Li ,&nbsp;Zhi-Qiang Wan","doi":"10.1016/j.cscm.2025.e04947","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cscm.2025.e04947","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Prestressed assembled concrete tower with adhesive bonded vertical joints is currently a prevailing type of supporting structure of large-scaled onshore wind turbines. However, few works have been done to study the effect of the adhesive bonding on the mechanical behavior of this type of concrete towers. In this paper, the failure mechanism and torsional capacity of a quarter-shell concrete tower with adhesive bonded vertical joints were studied through finite element analysis. The failure sequences of the vertical joints in two typical load cases along with their influence on the stress distributions on the horizontal joints were discussed in detail. In addition, the torsional capacities evaluated by the free torsion model and constrained torsion model were compared with the simulation results, and the differences among them were explained. It was found that in the nonlinear stage of torsion, the compressive stress distributions on the horizontal joints no longer comply with the plain section assumption, and it is inappropriate to regard the concrete segments as thin-walled members. The constrained torsion model can be employed to evaluate the torsional capacity of whole ring towers quite well, but does not apply to quarter-shell towers. The torsional capacity of the quarter-shell tower is determined by the strengths of the vertical joints in several segments below the position of variable cross-section, rather than by the strengths of the horizontal joints. The results presented in this paper are expected to facilitate more rational design of concrete towers in the wind power industry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9641,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Construction Materials","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article e04947"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144471926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"TRM versus FRP: Can cement-based matrices replace organic binders in the flexural strengthening of reinforced low-grade concrete beams?","authors":"Pello Larrinaga ,&nbsp;Jesus-Maria Romera ,&nbsp;David Garcia-Estevez ,&nbsp;Jose-Tomas San-Jose","doi":"10.1016/j.cscm.2025.e04948","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cscm.2025.e04948","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rehabilitation of aging housing estates has become increasingly critical due to the deterioration of concrete structures from environmental exposure, design deficiencies, and poor maintenance. Fibre Reinforced Polymers (FRPs) have been extensively studied and applied for structural strengthening but exhibit limitations such as substrate incompatibility, poor performance under extreme temperatures, and moisture sensitivity—issues particularly pronounced in low-grade concrete and masonry. As an alternative, Textile Reinforced Mortar (TRM), which replaces the organic matrix in FRPs with cement-based mortar, has emerged as a promising solution. The objective of this work is to compare the structural performance of both matrices when applied in flexural strengthening of beams with the same amount of composite reinforcement (steel or carbon textiles). For that aim, twelve one-third scale beams (1.5 m span) fabricated with low quality concrete were tested under four-point bending. For the case of TRM-retrofitted beams, a custom-designed cementitious mortar was designed, characterized and used as composite matrix. The results indicate that TRM composites significantly improve load-bearing capacity and ductility, especially when steel textiles are employed, making it a feasible alternative to traditional FRP systems. The findings underscore TRM’s potential as a durable, compatible, and cost-effective strengthening method, advancing its applicability in the rehabilitation of deteriorated concrete infrastructure. These results contribute to the growing body of knowledge on the application of TRM in structural rehabilitation and offer valuable insights for future research and practical applications in the field of construction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9641,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Construction Materials","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article e04948"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144321627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predictive modeling and degradation mechanisms of rubber sealing materials under stress-thermal oxidative aging for long-term sealing performance","authors":"Long Chen ,&nbsp;Jie Ren ,&nbsp;Yuan Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.cscm.2025.e04949","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cscm.2025.e04949","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rubber sealing materials are extensively utilized in engineering applications due to their superior sealing performance; however, their long-term durability poses a significant challenge. To address this issue, this study examines the aging behaviors of rubber materials, including stress relaxation and compression set, and incorporates these behaviors into a predictive model for impermeability performance. The rubber strain was analytically decomposed into elastic strain and viscoelastic strain, the latter representing permanent compression deformation. Based on this decomposition, a time-temperature conversion model was developed. Compression stress-thermal oxidative aging tests were conducted to validate the model, producing time and temperature-dependent expressions for permanent compression deformation and constitutive parameters of the rubber material. Additionally, degradation mechanisms were investigated using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), revealing significant molecular-level oxidation, polymer chain scission, crosslink degradation, and the emergence of microstructural defects such as cracks and interfacial debonding. The validated model was then employed in numerical simulations, implemented through a UMAT secondary development program, to investigate the degradation trends of impermeability performance under varying time and temperature conditions. The results elucidate the degradation mechanisms and trends of impermeability performance, offering critical insights into the long-term behavior of rubber sealing materials. These findings provide theoretical guidance for optimizing the design and performance evaluation of rubber gaskets in practical engineering applications, thereby enhancing their durability and reliability in demanding operational environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9641,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Construction Materials","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article e04949"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144335823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}