Case Studies in Construction Materials最新文献

{"title":"Creep and mechanical behavior after sustained loading of red mud-slag based geopolymer concrete at early-age","authors":"Xiaolei Zhang,&nbsp;Yongbao Wang,&nbsp;Jianglong Han,&nbsp;Xu Li","doi":"10.1016/j.cscm.2025.e04980","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cscm.2025.e04980","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To investigate the effects of stress levels, silica fume contents, fiber types, and fiber contents on the drying shrinkage, creep, and mechanical properties of early-age Red mud-Slag based GeoPolymer Concrete (RS-GPC), a comprehensive series of experiments, including compressive strength, drying shrinkage, creep were conducted. Based on experimental results and existing models, drying shrinkage and creep prediction models, as well as constitutive relationship models before and after creep, were developed. Respectively, the results revealed that the 7-day cube compressive strength, 28-day drying shrinkage, and creep coefficient of RS-GPC ranged from 29.36 to 57.03 MPa, 330–500 με, and 1.71–2.03. The incorporation of silica fume significantly reduced drying shrinkage but notably weakened compressive strength and creep. Conversely, optimal content of steel fiber and basalt fiber enhanced these properties significantly. After creep, the elastic modulus of RS-GPC increased, whereas peak and ultimate strain decreased. For most test groups, axial compressive strength after creep decreased, with the exception of those incorporating silica fume. The proposed stress-strain curve equations demonstrated good agreement with experiment, underscoring the impact of sustained loading on constitutive relationships. In conclusion, silica fume and fibers exhibit dual effects on the mechanical and shrinkage properties of RS-GPC. Moreover, creep significantly reduces axial compressive strength. It is necessary to consider mechanical properties after creep in the structural design of RS-GPC members subjected to sustained loading.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9641,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Construction Materials","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article e04980"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144491067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Empowering knowledge graphs with hybrid retrieval-augmented generation for the intelligent mix scheme of mass concrete","authors":"Yuqing Shang ,&nbsp;Zhijiang Ke ,&nbsp;Peng Lin ,&nbsp;Qianhui Ren ,&nbsp;Wenshan Zhang ,&nbsp;Xiongwu Wang ,&nbsp;Xiaotao Li ,&nbsp;Fuyuan Gong ,&nbsp;Shiqi Wang ,&nbsp;Baofa Wang ,&nbsp;Zhengkui Xu ,&nbsp;Minglun Sun ,&nbsp;Shunli Tan","doi":"10.1016/j.cscm.2025.e04979","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cscm.2025.e04979","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To achieve precise multi-objective mix design of dam concrete-targeting strength, durability, and crack resistance-this study proposes a Dam Concrete Mix Proportioning intelligent generation System (DCMPS) based on a Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) framework. Firstly, a total of 1723 mix proportioning records collected from 15 hydropower stations were structurally extracted using a customized data transformation tool. A knowledge graph (KG) was then constructed on the Neo4j platform, encompassing entities such as environmental conditions, material compositions, and performance indicators. Secondly, the Moka Massive Mixed Embedding (M3E) model was employed to encode the KG into a vector database, enabling accurate retrieval of relevant mix proportioning cases via cosine similarity calculation. Finally, based on a hierarchical reasoning architecture driven by prompt engineering, DCMPS retrieves relevant cases from the vector database using a semantic search mechanism. A large language model (LLM) conducts comparative analysis on the retrieved cases to generate mix design schemes tailored to specific requirements. The DCMPS’s performance was validated using a test dataset, The results demonstrate that the system outperforms the larger-parameter native LLM in overall evaluation on the test dataset, confirming that knowledge augmentation significantly enhances the performance of smaller models. Case studies indicate that the recommended mix designs closely align with the target performance requirements, and the comparison of relevant cases along with the analysis of material influence mechanisms enhances the interpretability of the results. This DCMPS provides effective technical support for intelligent analysis and engineering decision-making in concrete mix proportioning.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9641,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Construction Materials","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article e04979"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144491077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of quartz and phosphorus impurities on hydration process and early-age properties of sustainable excess-sulphate phosphogypsum slag cement","authors":"Tao Sun ,&nbsp;Yihua Deng ,&nbsp;Gaoshang Ouyang ,&nbsp;Ziyan Wang ,&nbsp;Juntu He ,&nbsp;Minglong Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.cscm.2025.e04975","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cscm.2025.e04975","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Excess-sulphate phosphogypsum slag cement (EPSC), incorporating 40–60 % phosphogypsum (PG), offers a sustainable solution for phosphogypsum disposal while stabilizing hazardous impurities. However, typical impurities in phosphogypsum, such as quartz and phosphorus, significantly impede the hardening kinetics and compromise early strength development of EPSC, thereby constraining its practical application. The influence of quartz on EPSC properties was investigated using quartz with particle size distributions analogous to those found in phosphogypsum. By employing HNO₃ to modulate gypsum pH, the impact of initial alkalinity on EPSC hydration was systematically examined, followed by an in-depth analysis of phosphate doping effects on the hardening and hydration mechanisms. Results revealed that substituting 10.42 % gypsum with quartz in EPSC maintains supersaturated sulfate concentrations, exerting negligible influence on hydration processes. While initial pH suppression transiently inhibited early dissolution of ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS), no long-term interference was observed. Phosphate impurities impair gypsum's dissolution-crystallization equilibrium via Ca²⁺ sequestration, evidenced by 42.9 % suppressed Ca²⁺ release and 14.6 % crystallite coarsening during initial hydration stages. The results show that phosphorus impurities can affect the dissolution and crystal morphology of gypsum and the hydration of cement clinker, delay the activation of GGBS, and seriously affect the condensation and hardening of EPSC.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9641,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Construction Materials","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article e04975"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144491066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improved in-situ direct shear test of rock mass structural plane and its application to stability analysis of bedding slope","authors":"Zhiming Wang ,&nbsp;Changguang Qi ,&nbsp;Zhichao Zhang ,&nbsp;Rufa Huang ,&nbsp;Chaoxu Guo ,&nbsp;Lijin Dong ,&nbsp;Rongyue Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.cscm.2025.e04976","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cscm.2025.e04976","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Landslides along bedding planes are a common type of rocky landslide, and the shear strength parameters of structural planes play a crucial role in the stability of bedding slopes. Previous tests of shear strength parameters for rock mass structural planes have mostly focused on laboratory experiments, which inevitably suffer from sample disturbance, boundary effects, size effects, and grading scale error. An improved in-situ direct shear test method, utilizing an angle-adjustable leveling steel frame adapted to the rock mass structural planes with different dip angles was developed to test the shear strength parameters of the rock mass and its structural planes in natural and saturated states on a bedding rocky slope. The test results show that the shear strength parameters of the rock mass are: cohesion <span><math><mrow><mi>c</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>50.4</mn><mi>kPa</mi></mrow></math></span> and friction angle <span><math><mrow><mi>φ</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>411</mn><mo>°</mo></mrow></math></span> in natural state; The cohesion <span><math><mrow><mi>c</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>34.6</mn><mi>kPa</mi></mrow></math></span> and friction angle <span><math><mrow><mi>φ</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>41.8</mn><mo>°</mo></mrow></math></span> in saturated state. The shear strength parameters of the structural planes are: cohesion <span><math><mrow><mi>c</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>49.0</mn><mi>kPa</mi></mrow></math></span> and friction angle <span><math><mrow><mi>φ</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>27.1</mn><mo>°</mo></mrow></math></span> in natural state; The cohesion <span><math><mrow><mi>c</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>24.8</mn><mi>kPa</mi></mrow></math></span> and the friction angle <span><math><mrow><mi>φ</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>28.0</mn><mo>°</mo></mrow></math></span> in saturated state. The shear stress-shear displacement curves of the rock mass and its structural planes in the natural state show strain softening characteristics with some brittle damage, while the shear stress-shear displacement curves in the saturated state show a slight strain hardening characteristic. The numerical simulation shows that the unsupported slope is in a critical state, and the dangerous structural plane is determined. Based on this, a reasonable supporting scheme is proposed. The conclusion of this study verifies the feasibility and validity of the improved in-situ direct shear test method in the testing of the shear strength parameters of rock structural plane. It solves the problem that the previous in-situ direct shear test is too complicated and has poor applicability, and it can obtain the shear strength parameters of rock structural plane more accurately and conveniently. Hence, it provides a more reasonable parameter selection basis for the evaluation and support design of bedding rocky slope.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9641,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Construction Materials","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article e04976"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144471924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance evaluation of geopolymer masonry units: A hybrid approach combining laboratory testing and AI modeling","authors":"Md. Zia Ul Haq ,&nbsp;Sandeep Singh ,&nbsp;Tarak Vora ,&nbsp;A.K. Dasarathy ,&nbsp;Kaushik Bharti ,&nbsp;Vanitha S ,&nbsp;Priyadarshi Das ,&nbsp;Laura Ricciotti","doi":"10.1016/j.cscm.2025.e04961","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cscm.2025.e04961","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a comprehensive investigation into the compressive strength and stress–strain behavior of geopolymer brick masonry, focusing on both prisms and wallettes. Geopolymer bricks and mortars were used to fabricate specimens, and their mechanical performance was experimentally evaluated. The study also employs nine machine learning algorithms on a dataset comprising 612 prism and 63 wallette data points, assessing performance based on six predictive metrics. Experimental results revealed that prisms exhibited higher compressive strength (7.2 MPa to 2.6 MPa) compared to wallettes (6.5 MPa to 1.2 MPa), with a linear regression indicating wallettes achieve approximately 88 % of prism strength. Among the ML models, Random Forest performed best, with R² values of 0.92 and 0.97 for prism and wallette datasets, respectively. The results emphasize the influence of brick-and-mortar properties and dimensional parameters on masonry performance. This study advances the understanding of geopolymer masonry and demonstrates the synergy of experimental analysis and machine learning for predictive modeling in sustainable construction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9641,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Construction Materials","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article e04961"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144472006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental and numerical studies on the impact resistance of reinforced concrete-steel liner composite targets subjected to the tube-type missile impact","authors":"Delei Zou ,&nbsp;Bo Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.cscm.2025.e04973","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cscm.2025.e04973","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the dynamic response, damage mechanisms and strategies for enhancing the resistance of reinforced concrete-steel liner (RC-SL) composite structures subjected to tube-type missile impacts. Experimental tests were conducted on eight RC-SL specimens with varying configurations using a large-caliber single-stage gas gun. Finite element (FE) models were developed and validated against experimental data, accurately predicting displacement, acceleration, and damage patterns, though minor limitations in capturing localized failures were noted. The study identified characteristic damage patterns of RC-SL composite structures, including front-side craters, rear-face spalling, tensile tearing, bulging, and localized buckling. Design optimizations, such as rear-mounted steel liners and welded stud-rebar mesh, were found to enhance energy dissipation and interfacial load transfer. The validated finite element (FE) model was utilized to evaluate the safety of a 1.6 × 10⁵ m³ LNG storage tank dome under industry-standard missile impact scenarios. The analysis confirmed that a 400 mm-thick dome sustains only localized damage, with penetration depths varying between 30 and 160 mm, surface crater diameters ranging from 10 to 50 mm, and rear collapse area diameters spanning from 500 to 900 mm. These results demonstrate that the dome maintains both structural integrity and air tightness under such threats. The research conclusions and analytical methods establish a robust foundational framework for the design and failure analysis of RC-SL protective structures, enhancing the reliability of engineering applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9641,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Construction Materials","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article e04973"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144365817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanical properties, pore structure, and carbon emission of concrete by using coal-fired slag powder to partially replace cement","authors":"Dongdong Ren ,&nbsp;Dongsheng Shi ,&nbsp;Xin Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.cscm.2025.e04972","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cscm.2025.e04972","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study offers a cleaner option for the utilization of coal-fired slag powder (CFP), which can partially (10 %, 20 %, 30 %) replace cement as cementitious material. An analysis carried out on the influence of CFP on the mechanical properties and pore structure of concrete. Meanwhile, the carbon emissions of CFP concrete were evaluated using life cycle assessment (LCA). The results showed that the mechanical properties decline with the CFP admixture increases, the reduction was not significant. The addition of CFP results in an increase in the porosity of concrete, reduces the more harmful pores and increases the harmful pores. The fractal dimension (<em>D</em>_r＞50 nm) is negatively correlated with harmful pores. A porosity-harmful pores strength model and a porosity-<em>D</em>_r＞50 nm strength model were established, with regression coefficients of 0.9862 and 0.9903, respectively. Utilization of CFP to partially replace cement can reduce carbon emissions, when the replacement rate is 30 %, the unit MPa CFP concrete can reduce 0.13 kg carbon emissions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9641,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Construction Materials","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article e04972"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144472036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Full-scale test and numerical study on seismic performance of bridge piers with 650 MPa grade steel bars","authors":"Yong Li ,&nbsp;Dezhang Sun ,&nbsp;Junwu Dai ,&nbsp;Yuxuan Peng ,&nbsp;Dali Fang ,&nbsp;Tao Jiang ,&nbsp;Hongyu Lei","doi":"10.1016/j.cscm.2025.e04969","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cscm.2025.e04969","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study employs full-scale pseudo-static cyclic tests and advanced numerical simulations to investigate the mechanical behavior and seismic performance of concrete columns reinforced with 650MPa-grade high-strength steel bars. Monotonic tensile testing demonstrates that HRB650E steel bars exhibit significantly higher yield and ultimate tensile strengths than lower-grade HRB400 and HRB500E specimens. And an improved shear strength model is proposed, which can enable precise prediction of the shear capacity for HRB650E reinforced concrete bridge piers, achieving a deviation margin within 3 % of experimental values. A comparative analytical evaluation reveals that bridge piers incorporating HRB650E steel bars exhibit superior performance characteristics in structural performance assessments when compared to HRB400-grade reinforcement systems, with quantifiable improvements observed in critical metrics including load-bearing capacity, ductility, and energy dissipation mechanisms. Notably, the synergistic use of C70 high-performance concrete with HRB650E steel reinforcement demonstrates enhanced load-bearing capacity in bridge pier systems. Then, a four-segment piecewise model is developed through systematic parameterization of experimental skeleton curves, delineating sequential behavioral phases: elastic deformation, crack initiation, yielding plateau, and post-peak strength degradation. Numerical simulations in OpenSees successfully replicates the hysteretic behavior of HRB650E bridge piers. This systematic investigation establishes theoretical and practical foundations for next-generation high-performance reinforced concrete infrastructure design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9641,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Construction Materials","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article e04969"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144480938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Model experimental study on mechanical characteristics of prestressed concrete (PC) wall piles for waterway revetment","authors":"Yuedong Wu ,&nbsp;Yichen Que ,&nbsp;Jian Liu ,&nbsp;Shixu Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.cscm.2025.e04965","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cscm.2025.e04965","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bank protection engineering in inland waterways is crucial for maintaining channel stability and reducing sediment deposition. Precast bank protection piles have rapidly developed due to their structural advantages and economic construction. This study proposes a novel prestressed concrete wall pile (PC wall pile) characterized by high strength, excellent water resistance, and convenient installation. The mechanical properties were investigated through laboratory model tests replicating actual engineering conditions, analyzing pile deformation, horizontal load resistance, and pile-soil interaction characteristics. The results indicate that during load-bearing under dredging embankment conditions, the PC wall pile system rotates forward around the toe with localized deflection. The front soil pressure demonstrates essentially linear distribution, while the rear soil pressure exhibits significant nonlinear characteristics attributed to pile-soil interactions, soil arching effects, and soil unloading phenomena. Prestressing application reduces the maximum bending moment at ultimate state by 18 %-25 %. When pile length increases by 14 %, the ultimate load-bearing capacity improves by 36 %-47 %. These findings provide valuable insights for optimizing prestress levels and pile length ratios in practical PC wall pile designs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9641,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Construction Materials","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article e04965"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144364395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on true triaxial compression test of columnar jointed rock mass made of 3D printed polymer and cement-based materials","authors":"Zhenbo Xu ,&nbsp;Zhende Zhu ,&nbsp;Xiaoyu Wang ,&nbsp;Xinghua Xie ,&nbsp;Chao Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.cscm.2025.e04953","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cscm.2025.e04953","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, a series of true triaxial compression tests were carried out to systematically analyze the mechanical response, failure mode and energy evolution process of irregular columnar jointed rock mass under different irregularity, dip angle and intermediate principal stress ratio ( <em>σ</em>₂ / <em>σ</em>₃). In this paper, the ' complex stress ' condition is defined as the true triaxial stress state of <em>σ</em>₁ ≠ <em>σ</em>₂ ≠ <em>σ</em>₃, and the nonlinear mechanical behavior and failure mechanism of rock mass under this stress state are mainly revealed. The results show that the dip angle and intermediate principal stress ratio are the main factors affecting the mechanical properties and failure modes of columnar jointed rock mass. The change of dip angle leads to the ' U ' -shaped change trend of rock mass strength and shows significant mechanical anisotropy. The increase of the intermediate principal stress ratio strengthens the process of crack propagation and energy dissipation, which significantly affects the transformation of failure modes. Irregularity mainly affects the plastic deformation process, and the effect on strength is relatively small. In terms of energy evolution, it is found that the energy input, transformation and dissipation process of columnar jointed rock mass has obvious stage and nonlinear characteristics, especially in the plastic stage, energy dissipation is dominant and closely related to the failure mode. In addition, based on the traditional Hoek-Brown strength criterion, this paper introduces the irregular joint factor and proposes an improved strength prediction model.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9641,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Construction Materials","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article e04953"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144491065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}