Falak Zeb, Aqsa Mehreen, Huma Naqeeb, Muneeb Ullah, Afraa Waleed, Uzma Azeem Awan, Adnan Haider, Muhammad Naeem
{"title":"Nutrition and Dietary Intervention in Cancer: Gaps, Challenges, and Future Perspectives.","authors":"Falak Zeb, Aqsa Mehreen, Huma Naqeeb, Muneeb Ullah, Afraa Waleed, Uzma Azeem Awan, Adnan Haider, Muhammad Naeem","doi":"10.1007/978-3-031-55622-7_11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-55622-7_11","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The term \"cancer\" refers to the state in which cells in the body develop mutations and lose control over their replication. Malignant cancerous cells invade in various other tissue sites of the body. Chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery are the first-line modalities for the majority of solid cancers. These treatments work by mitigating the DNA damage of cancerous cells, but they can also cause harm to healthy cells. These side effects might be immediate or delayed, and they can cause a high rate of morbidity and mortality. Dietary interventions have a profound impact on whole-body metabolism, including immunometabolism and oncometabolism which have been shown to reduce cancer growth, progression, and metastasis in many different solid tumor models with promising outcomes in early phase clinical studies. Dietary interventions can improve oncologic or quality-of-life outcomes for patients that are undergoing chemotherapy or radiotherapy. In this chapter, we will focus on the impact of nutritional deficiencies, several dietary interventions and their proposed mechanisms which are used as a novel therapy in controlling and managing cancers.</p>","PeriodicalId":9486,"journal":{"name":"Cancer treatment and research","volume":"191 ","pages":"281-307"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141916174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shaista Aslam, Riffat Iqbal, Rida Fatima Saeed, Nuzhat Akram, Farhat Ijaz, Irfana Liaqat, Ahmed Sohaib Aslam
{"title":"Nutritional Genomics and Cancer Prevention.","authors":"Shaista Aslam, Riffat Iqbal, Rida Fatima Saeed, Nuzhat Akram, Farhat Ijaz, Irfana Liaqat, Ahmed Sohaib Aslam","doi":"10.1007/978-3-031-55622-7_9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-55622-7_9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The scientific innovations have emphasized the importance of diet for one's health and wellbeing. The genetic revolution has enhanced our understanding about the effect of nutrients on genomic and transcriptomic profiles and gene-nutrition interactions (nutritional genomics). Furthermore, the contribution of micronutrient insufficiencies and macronutrient excess is evident in the development and progression of many diseases, especially cancer. It is speculated that nutrients have capacity to implicitly affect the physiological and pathophysiological processes via gene expression various regulatory processes. Moreover, the nutrients are known to affect the cellular networks involved in cancer progression and cancer inhibitory mechanisms targeting apoptosis or impaired angiogenesis. The interplay of regulatory processes in physiological systems and nutrients provides basis for the nutrigenomics. The functional genomics data further argue that cellular and molecular processes involved in the cancer progression are possibly programed genes during early development which may persist into adulthood and become detrimental. The incorporation of the functional interactions between nutrients and the genome has revolutionized the field of personalized medicine and provided the foundation for targeted cancer therapy through nutrients. There is growing evidence on the beneficial impacts of eating habits on lowering the risk of cancer, even if it can be difficult to pinpoint the precise role of nutrients. The nutrigenomic information may provide bases to develop disease prevention and treatment via nutrition, at the molecular level.</p>","PeriodicalId":9486,"journal":{"name":"Cancer treatment and research","volume":"191 ","pages":"217-244"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141916175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Modern Treatment Strategies for Borderline Resectable Pancreatic Cancer.","authors":"Dominic Vitello, Mark S Talamonti","doi":"10.1007/978-3-031-61238-1_4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-61238-1_4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) continues to be a daunting clinical challenge. In 2023, it is estimated that 64,000 people will be newly diagnosed with PDAC and 51,000 people will die from PDAC. By 2030, PDAC is predicted to be the second leading cause of cancer-related death, second only to lung cancer (Siegel et al in, CA Cancer J Clin 73(1):17-48, 2023). It is a disease characterized by its late presentation, rapid demise thereafter, and, until recently, relatively ineffective systemic therapies. Despite this grim prognosis, appreciable progress has been made in the identification of patients with localized disease, who may be candidates for potentially curative resections, and in the understanding of the technical nuances and efficacy of aggressive surgical procedures. Currently, the overall 5-year survival rate is 15-25% for patients who undergo resection and receive adjuvant chemotherapy with or without chemoradiation therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":9486,"journal":{"name":"Cancer treatment and research","volume":"192 ","pages":"67-88"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142104679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Histone Readers and Their Roles in Cancer.","authors":"Hong Wen, Xiaobing Shi","doi":"10.1007/978-3-031-45654-1_8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/978-3-031-45654-1_8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Histone proteins in eukaryotic cells are subjected to a wide variety of post-translational modifications, which are known to play an important role in the partitioning of the genome into distinctive compartments and domains. One of the major functions of histone modifications is to recruit reader proteins, which recognize the epigenetic marks and transduce the molecular signals in chromatin to downstream effects. Histone readers are defined protein domains with well-organized three-dimensional structures. In this Chapter, we will outline major histone readers, delineate their biochemical and structural features in histone recognition, and describe how dysregulation of histone readout leads to human cancer.</p>","PeriodicalId":9486,"journal":{"name":"Cancer treatment and research","volume":"190 ","pages":"245-272"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11395558/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138797741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Decision-Making When Diagnostic Testing is Available.","authors":"Benjamin Djulbegovic, Iztok Hozo","doi":"10.1007/978-3-031-37993-2_4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-37993-2_4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>When a decision-maker has the option of diagnostic testing, they face a typical dilemma: (1) do not administer treatment and do not test, (2) test and decide to administer treatment based on the test result, and (3) administer treatment without testing. In this chapter, we will discuss the theory behind threshold modeling when diagnostic testing is available; we will illustrate the approach by presenting a case vignette.</p>","PeriodicalId":9486,"journal":{"name":"Cancer treatment and research","volume":"189 ","pages":"53-65"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41105204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Evidence and Decision-Making.","authors":"Benjamin Djulbegovic, Iztok Hozo","doi":"10.1007/978-3-031-37993-2_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-37993-2_1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Today, every country struggles to provide adequate health care to its citizens. Globally, an average of $8.3 trillion or 10% of gross domestic product (GDP) is annually spent on health services. In 2019, the USA spent nearly 18% ($3.2 trillion) of its GDP on health care, projected to reach $6.2 trillion by 2028.</p>","PeriodicalId":9486,"journal":{"name":"Cancer treatment and research","volume":"189 ","pages":"1-24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41109138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Greek Orthodox.","authors":"Heather N Bitar","doi":"10.1007/978-3-031-29923-0_15","DOIUrl":"10.1007/978-3-031-29923-0_15","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There are approximately 300 million members of the Greek Orthodox Church worldwide. It is the second-largest Christian church. Followers of this religion believe in eternal life. Thus, the church strongly emphasizes a positive outcome in death- \"the deceased is alive with God.\" God is believed to be the healer of our souls and bodies, which is facilitated through prayer and participation in the life of the Church. Traditional medical interventions are generally accepted. Artificial life support is justifiable only when it offers a hope for meaningful recovery. Just as death should not be hastened, the natural dying process should not be prolonged. Timely advance care planning and early treatment goals discussions to help understand how the patient would define quality of life is paramount to setting limitations on what could be considered as nonbeneficial care. The medical team should not assume that all patients of the Greek Orthodox faith will feel the same around end-of-life beliefs and practices. This chapter aims to identify common themes and the historical contextual framework that may influence the way in which medical decision making is made by those who specifically subscribe to the Greek Orthodox faith.</p>","PeriodicalId":9486,"journal":{"name":"Cancer treatment and research","volume":"187 ","pages":"219-229"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41232546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Grief, Loss and Bereavement. Understanding Concepts, Clinical Manifestations and Cultural Considerations at End of Life.","authors":"Kimberly Shapiro","doi":"10.1007/978-3-031-29923-0_8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/978-3-031-29923-0_8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The weight of grief is heavy on both patients with terminal illness, and their loved ones. We are now aware that grief is not limited to the time of death-grief reactions begin to occur at the time of diagnosis of terminal illness and evolve over time, impacting the patient and family unit in a variety of ways. Loss of what life \"could have been\" with better health, decline in physical functioning due to illness, and loss of identity and role within the family or community all play a part in the grieving process.</p>","PeriodicalId":9486,"journal":{"name":"Cancer treatment and research","volume":"187 ","pages":"105-113"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41232547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Judaism.","authors":"Joshua Jacobs, Patricia Jacobs","doi":"10.1007/978-3-031-29923-0_17","DOIUrl":"10.1007/978-3-031-29923-0_17","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Judaism offers a rich body of traditional beliefs and practices surrounding end-of-life, death, mourning, and the afterlife. A more detailed understanding of these topics might prove helpful to clinicians seeking guidance for how best to care for Jewish patients, to anyone supporting dying individuals, or to anyone interested in learning more about the subject. The objectives of this chapter are to examine Jewish approaches to key bioethical issues surrounding palliative care, to analyze meaning-making rituals following a loss, at a funeral, and throughout mourning, and to explore Jewish beliefs in an afterlife. Research was collected from sacred texts, legal codes, modern rabbinic responsa literature, and secondary sources. Core, guiding principles include human beings' creation \"in the image of God,\" an obligation to save life, an obligation to mitigate pain, a prohibition against self-harm and hastening death, respect for the dead, and ritualized mourning periods (\"shiva,\" \"shloshim,\" and \"shanah\"), which feature special liturgy (\"kaddish\") and practices. Judaism is a religion that values thorough questioning, debate, and argumentation. It also encompasses diverse cultural and ethnic backgrounds, and various denominations. Many Jews are also unaffiliated with a movement or rarely engage with traditional law altogether. For all of these reasons, no summary can comprehensively encapsulate the wide range of opinions that exist around any given topic. That said, what follows is a detailed overview of traditional Jewish approaches to artificial nutrition/hydration, extubation, dialysis, euthanasia and more. It also outlines rituals surrounding and following death. Finally, views and beliefs of the afterlife are presented, as they often serve to imbue meaning and comfort in times of grief, uncertainty, and transition.</p>","PeriodicalId":9486,"journal":{"name":"Cancer treatment and research","volume":"187 ","pages":"237-259"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41232550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Memorial Spaceflights and Extraterrestrial Burial.","authors":"Eric D Mecusker","doi":"10.1007/978-3-031-29923-0_25","DOIUrl":"10.1007/978-3-031-29923-0_25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The human desire to explore our world has led to dramatic shifts in science, technology, and culture. As our knowledge expands so too has our ability to more definitively reach places once thought inhospitable or beyond our grasp. In the early ages of human history, the oceans represented a vast unknown, full of rage and danger suggesting the domain of a tempestuous god or gods. As sailing and navigation developed our eyes turned to the stars and heavens as the new, final frontier. The emptiness beyond Earth's atmosphere has only recently become a destination to sate our natural curiosity and, at present, life in outer space remains a dream of science fiction or the lucky few who participate in the scientific study of our universe. For those who feel cheated in being born too late to explore Earth, but also born too early to explore the cosmos, there is a burgeoning space memorials industry that may give some consolation.</p>","PeriodicalId":9486,"journal":{"name":"Cancer treatment and research","volume":"187 ","pages":"341-345"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41232552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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