Recent advances in drug delivery and formulation最新文献

{"title":"Comparative Evaluation of Ethanol and Supercritical CO2 Extracts of Malaysian Stingless Bee Propolis for Oral Formulation: Phytochemical Profile, Antioxidative Property, and Gastrointestinal Digestive Enzyme Inhibition.","authors":"Rania Eltayeb, Wen Jie Ng, Yang Mooi Lim, Cathie Tan Ah Tee, Siew-Keah Lee","doi":"10.2174/0126673878410597251030045118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0126673878410597251030045118","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity are increasingly prevalent and pose major global health challenges. These conditions are characterized by dysregulated glucose and lipid metabolism, often accompanied by chronic inflammation and oxidative stress. One emerging therapeutic strategy involves the inhibition of key digestive enzymes, α- amylase, α-glucosidase, and lipase, in the gastrointestinal tract to reduce postprandial glucose and lipid absorption. Natural products offer a rich source of enzyme inhibitors and antioxidants, with propolis among the promising candidates due to its diverse phytochemical composition. Recent interest has focused on Malaysian stingless bee propolis for its potential use in oral formulations targeting metabolic dysfunction. However, the therapeutic efficacy of propolis is highly dependent on the extraction method used, which influences both chemical composition and bioactivity. Ethanol extraction is commonly used to obtain phenolic- and flavonoid-rich extracts, but it has drawbacks, including solvent residues and limited scalability. Supercritical carbon dioxide (SFE-CO2) extraction offers a greener, solvent-free alternative with tunable selectivity and improved preservation of heat- and light-sensitive compounds.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aims to compare ethanol-extracted (EE-MP) and SFE-CO2-extracted (SFEMP) Malaysian stingless bee propolis, evaluating their phytochemical profiles, antioxidant capacity, and in vitro inhibitory effects on key digestive enzymes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The phytochemical profiles of EE-MP and SFE-MP were assessed by determining Total Phenolic Content (TPC), Total Flavonoid Content (TFC), and free radical scavenging activities via DPPH and ABTS assays. Inhibitory effects against α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and lipase were evaluated using standard in vitro enzyme assays.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Both extracts contained similar classes of bioactive compounds, including phenols, flavonoids, terpenoids, and glycosides. While EE-MP showed higher TPC and TFC, SFE-MP exhibited stronger DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 30.96 μg/mL vs. 35.64 μg/mL), with comparable ABTS results. Enzyme inhibition assays revealed that both extracts significantly inhibited digestive enzymes, with SFE-MP demonstrating greater α-amylase inhibition (61.50% vs. 56.06%) and superior lipase inhibition (91.61% vs. 88.62%) than that of EE-MP, surpassing even orlistat (72.11%).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Both EE-MP and SFE-MP exhibited promising antioxidant and digestive enzymeinhibitory activities, supporting their potential in metabolic disease management. While ethanol extraction yielded higher phenolic and flavonoid content, the SFE-derived extract demonstrated slightly enhanced bioactivity and offered the added advantages of a cleaner, solvent-free, and environmentally sustainable process. These findings highl","PeriodicalId":94352,"journal":{"name":"Recent advances in drug delivery and formulation","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145608206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of Oral Insulin Delivery System in Diabetes - New Insights and Approaches - A Systematic Review.","authors":"Zulfa Nooreen, Anup Patil, Harshita Sachan, K Gowri, Ashish Kumar Kyada, Pratap Kumar Patra, Deepak Nathiya","doi":"10.2174/0126673878387005251102171744","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0126673878387005251102171744","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Diabetes is a condition linked to inadequate synthesis or operation of insulin, a peptide hormone produced by the β cells in the pancreatic islets. Subcutaneous administration remains the most popular mode of administration. With the SC route, non-compliance by patients is common. In an attempt to lower the barrier to oral insulin administration, a number of produced. The present review is to gather information from current researchers on oral insulin delivery in order to make it more bioavailable as an injection that is not painful and does not harm to skin as well.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>The content is taken from Scifinder, PubMed, Google Scholar, Research Gate, Science Direct, Springer Nature, Bentham Science, PLOS One, MEDLINE, and the NCBI database, etc. Results: Insulin delivery is a major concern nowadays. Due to various drawbacks of subcutaneous injection, academia and industrial researchers are working on oral insulin delivery. Numerous novel formulation of oral delivery of insulin is compiled, like nanoparticles, microspheres, liposomes, hydrogel, and niosomes, focused on the effectiveness of dose-dependent therapy that delivers oral insulin that is equivalent to subcutaneous insulin.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>In contrast to the conventional method, novel delivery approaches may improve oral insulin administration. The role of polymers plays an important role in the delivery of insulin through novel approaches.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In this review, we summarize pathophysiology, types, and routes of oral insulin administration, and treatment methods related to oral delivery. Furthermore, we discuss all above mentioned delivery approaches in detail.</p>","PeriodicalId":94352,"journal":{"name":"Recent advances in drug delivery and formulation","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145608228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent Patents and Formulation Strategies for Osmotic Controlled Drug Delivery Systems: A Comprehensive Analysis.","authors":"Kirpa Shanker Tiwari, Parijat Pandey, Harish Dureja, Munish Garg","doi":"10.2174/0126673878393539251118061252","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0126673878393539251118061252","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Conventional drug delivery systems often release drugs immediately at an uncontrolled rate, failing to maintain a sustained and effective concentration at the site of action. This limitation necessitates the exploration of more advanced delivery technologies.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A comprehensive literature review was conducted using databases such as PubMed, Medline, Google Scholar, and patent repositories, including the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) and the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). The inclusion criteria covered peer-reviewed articles, patents, and relevant studies. Data were extracted using a standardized form to ensure consistency and reliability across sources.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Osmotic-controlled drug delivery systems have demonstrated the ability to overcome limitations of conventional methods by providing sustained drug release over extended periods. Core components of these systems include drugs, osmotic agents, semipermeable membranes, plasticizers, wicking agents, and pore-forming agents. Key formulation parameters such as drug solubility, orifice size, and osmotic pressure play a pivotal role in controlling drug release rates.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Various fabrication methods, such as mechanical or laser drilling, indentation, and the inclusion of leaching substances, can be employed to create delivery apertures in osmotic pumps. This review offers insights into both historical and recent patents related to osmotic-controlled delivery systems, highlighting their potential to revolutionize sustained-release formulations.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This review highlights the potential of osmotic-controlled drug delivery systems to improve therapeutic outcomes and patient compliance by enabling sustained and controlled drug release. Key formulation components and recent technological innovations, including patents, are highlighted for their role in enhancing system performance and guiding future pharmaceutical development.</p>","PeriodicalId":94352,"journal":{"name":"Recent advances in drug delivery and formulation","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145567033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent Advances and Patents in Manufacturing Technologies Used for the Preparation of Solid Dispersion.","authors":"Renu Kadian","doi":"10.2174/0126673878379394251018180618","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0126673878379394251018180618","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Solid Dispersions have become an important tool for improving the bioavailability and solubility of drugs that are poorly water soluble in water, especially those classified as BCS class II and IV. Due to advanced manufacturing techniques and patented innovations, the applicability of solid dispersions has increased. A detailed literature search was conducted using databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Google Patents and Science Direct. This review paper analyzes the modern manufacturing techniques and patented innovations used for the preparation of solid dispersion. Modern manufacturing techniques such as solvent evaporation, spray drying, hot melt extrusion, electrospinning and supercritical fluid methods have significantly enhanced the consistency, safety, stability and scalability of solid dispersions. Additionally, patented innovations such as MeltrexTM, KinetiSol, etc., have broadened their potential use in pharmaceutical formulations. Long term stability, recrystallization and process scalability continue to be major obstacles despite these developments. Continued innovations in manufacturing techniques and stability enhancement strategies are important for a safe and stable formulation.</p>","PeriodicalId":94352,"journal":{"name":"Recent advances in drug delivery and formulation","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145558895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanoemulsion Gel as a Novel Delivery System for Phytoconstituents: An Innovative Approach for Improved Solubility, Bioavailability, and Stability.","authors":"Arnima Sharma, Ankur Kapil, Abhishek Pandey, Suman Jain","doi":"10.2174/0126673878414746251106103440","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0126673878414746251106103440","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nanoemulsion gel, a novel method of delivering medication through the skin, is gaining popularity in the pharmaceutical industry. Phytoconstituents derived from plants possess diverse therapeutic properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities. The problem with delivering bioactive phytoconstituents lies in their poor solubility, limited permeability, reduced bioavailability, and instability. Nanoemulgel addresses these challenges by enhancing solubility, increasing bioavailability through improved absorption, offering targeted delivery to specific sites, and providing protection against degradation, ultimately improving the efficacy and therapeutic potential of phytoconstituents. Nanoemulsions are nano-sized emulsions with droplet sizes ranging from 20 to 500 nm, offering an innovative platform for delivering phytoconstituents. Nanoemulsions have great potential applications in the treatment of various diseases, the food industry, and cosmetics due to their properties, which enhance the solubility and absorption of phytoconstituents. This review highlights the major research on various phytoconstituent-based nanoemulgel for their multidimensional applications. Here, we review methods for preparing nanoemulsions, including the high-energy approach and the low-energy approach, and also discuss the stability of nanoemulsions. Furthermore, we discuss 33 bioactive phytoconstituents loaded nanoemulgel for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, cancer, inflammation, wound healing, and skin disorders. Additionally, 11 bioactive phytoconstituent-based nanoemulgels were reported for their miscellaneous benefits in numerous disease conditions, confirming that nanoemulsions enhance solubility, absorption, and bioavailability.</p>","PeriodicalId":94352,"journal":{"name":"Recent advances in drug delivery and formulation","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145508606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanotechnological Advancements in Diabetes Management: Unravelling the Therapeutic Efficacy of Phytosomes.","authors":"Sachin, Rupinder Kaur, Priyanka Kriplani, Deepshi Arora, Rahul Taneja, Kumar Guarve","doi":"10.2174/0126673878374622251002170045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0126673878374622251002170045","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Diabetes, a widespread condition, wreaks havoc on the body's systems over time, particularly affecting nerves and blood vessels, leading to a weakened immune system. According to data from the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), the top three countries with the highest number of diabetics in 2019 were China (116.4 million), India (77.0 million), and the United States (31 million). This article explores the pivotal role of phytosomes, cutting-edge nanotechnology, in addressing diabetes mellitus. This review aims to investigate the therapeutic potential of phytosomes, a novel nanotechnology, in managing diabetes mellitus and addressing its associated physiological challenges.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A thorough literature review was performed, encompassing research papers, clinical studies, and relevant data on diabetes and phytosomes. The focus is on understanding phytosomes' benefits and the complexities involved in diabetes management.</p><p><strong>Result: </strong>Phytosomes have emerged as a game-changer in diabetes mellitus, offering superior efficacy compared to traditional dosage forms. Their unique properties, including small particle size, enhanced cellular uptake, low cytotoxicity, potent anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antioxidant activities, as well as excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability, position them as a promising therapeutic approach.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Phytosomes significantly enhanced the bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy of plant-based compounds, thereby mitigating oxidative stress, inflammation, and insulin resistance.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>By leveraging the advanced capabilities of phytosomes, healthcare practitioners can potentially overcome the challenges associated with diabetes, paving the way for improved patient outcomes and enhanced public health.</p>","PeriodicalId":94352,"journal":{"name":"Recent advances in drug delivery and formulation","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145484629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revolutionizing Hyperlipidaemia Treatment: Magnetic Nanoparticle-Based Delivery Systems.","authors":"Priyanka K M, Shithin Ann Varghese, Nimbagal Raghavendra Naveen","doi":"10.2174/0126673878383901250918195712","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0126673878383901250918195712","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Intramuscular magnetic field-driven therapies are a novel means for drug delivery, and, specifically, for the treatment of hyperlipidaemia. With this paradigm shift, the drug delivery system is intended to overcome the limitations of conventional systemic therapies and deliver the drug with precision to the site of action. Magnetic Drug Delivery Systems (MDDS) take advantage of specific properties of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) to increase drug localisation and penetration within tissues using external magnetic fields, that is, ensuring targeted delivery of therapeutic agents to the target tissues in a controlled and efficient manner. In this review, MDDS was applied to hyperlipidaemia management, including Orlistat-enhanced magnetic systems for lipid-lowering therapy. Green chemistry advances, biomimetic coatings and intelligent carriers are discussed in the synthesis and design of magnetic nanoparticles. Computational models, in vitro techniques, and animal studies that represent preclinical innovations are explored to demonstrate the translational potential of these systems. Long-term nanoparticle stability and biocompatibility are given special attention, and ethical, regulatory and safety concerns are critically analysed. Finally, this review explored the potential of next-generation technologies like magnetoelectric nanoparticles, AI-driven magnetic field modulation, and integration with wearable health technology to illuminate a new path towards personalised and targeted therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":94352,"journal":{"name":"Recent advances in drug delivery and formulation","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145234652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancements in Transdermal Drug Delivery: Nanoemulgels, Essential Oils, and Innovations in Colchicine Delivery for Improved Anti-Inflammatory Effects and Permeability Enhancement.","authors":"Iram Jahan, Atul Pratap Singh, Gaurav","doi":"10.2174/0126673878383010250911124710","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0126673878383010250911124710","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Transdermal drug delivery (TDD) systems offer a patient-friendly alternative to oral and injectable routes by enhancing bioavailability and bypassing hepatic first-pass metabolism. Nanoemulgels, which integrate nanoemulsions with gel matrices, provide improved drug solubilization, stability, and skin permeation. Incorporating both herbal components, such as Nigella sativa oil, and synthetic permeation enhancers, presents a synergistic strategy for enhancing the efficacy of anti-inflammatory agents like colchicine.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This review critically evaluates the formulation, pharmacological benefits, and permeation- enhancing strategies of nanoemulgels containing colchicine. Literature was selected from major scientific databases, emphasizing studies that investigated the combined effects of herbal and synthetic excipients on drug delivery and therapeutic performance.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Evidence indicates that nanoemulgels incorporating Nigella sativa oil and pharmaceuticalgrade permeation enhancers significantly improve colchicine's dermal absorption, sustain drug release, and reduce systemic toxicity. The synergistic interaction between natural bioactives and synthetic agents enhances both anti-inflammatory activity and skin permeability.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>The dual role of Nigella sativa as an anti-inflammatory and natural permeation enhancer, when paired with synthetic excipients, demonstrates superior pharmacodynamic outcomes. This integrated approach enhances the therapeutic index of colchicine while minimizing adverse effects.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Combining herbal oils like Nigella sativa with pharmaceutical excipients in nanoemulgel systems represents a robust strategy for transdermal delivery. This platform improves drug penetration, stabilizes formulation performance, and amplifies therapeutic efficacy, offering a transformative alternative for chronic inflammatory conditions such as gout.</p>","PeriodicalId":94352,"journal":{"name":"Recent advances in drug delivery and formulation","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145082991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beyond the Surface: The Role of Implantable Drug Delivery Systems in Modern Medicine.","authors":"Hammad War, Sumit Sharma, Sanchit Dhankhar, Samrat Chauhan, Supriya Khanra","doi":"10.2174/0126673878369501250404184028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0126673878369501250404184028","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Advanced drug delivery methods have emerged mainly because of the limitations of traditional drug delivery systems like oral and intravenous routes, along with fluctuating concentrations of drugs that have compromised therapeutic outcomes. An implantable drug delivery system (IDDS) presents an attractive alternative: long-term, continuous drug release improves therapeutic efficacy while minimizing toxicity and side effects. IDDS, first presented in the 1930s as subcutaneous hormone pellets, have gained much attention recently in drug delivery due to their controlled release of drugs in a localized and sustained manner. In systemic treatments, drugs administered through IDDS evade first-pass metabolism and enzymatic degradation within the gastrointestinal tract, therefore enhancing drug bioavailability. The most suitable properties of IDDS are its application with drugs that have poor stability or solubility in oral formulations. Even though implantation is invasive, the benefits of infrequent administration, higher patient compliance, and being able to discontinue therapy when side effects are present far outweigh the disadvantages. Today, IDDSs are used in a myriad of therapeutic areas: contraception, chemotherapy, and pain management, to name a few. Future developments in such technologies, fine-tuning these systems further, will revolutionize drug therapy by bringing even better and more patient-friendly drugs with both better efficacy and sustained periods of effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":94352,"journal":{"name":"Recent advances in drug delivery and formulation","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144053914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Drug Delivery through Co-amorphous Solid Dispersions: A Comprehensive and Updated Review on Physicochemical Characteristics and Biological Potential.","authors":"Shailender Mohan, Abdul Hafeez","doi":"10.2174/0126673878351727250409094214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0126673878351727250409094214","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>New chemical entities with low aqueous solubility and permeability encounter significant challenges in formulation development. Low solubility is further accompanied by slow dissolution and poor bioavailability, which in turn leads to unpredictability in terms of both bioavailability and toxicity. Therefore, a significant amount of exertion is necessary to enhance solubility, dissolution, and eventually bioavailability. Additionally, to enhance the solubility properties and amorphous stability of BCS Class II medications and ultimately increase drug bioavailability, coamorphization has emerged as a promising strategy. Co-amorphous solid dispersions (CASD) are multi-component single-phase amorphous solid dispersions comprising two or more small molecules (usually known as co-formers) that might be a combination of drug-drug or drug-excipients. The selection of appropriate co-formers is critical, and the surface properties of co-amorphous formulations must be carefully evaluated, as they influence physical and chemical stability in addition to dissolution performance. Scaling up and processing co-amorphous formulations into the final dosage forms presents challenges that need to be addressed. This review will largely concentrate on the challenges, improvements, and innovations in physicochemical properties, biological characterization, and advancements of co-amorphous systems. This review will also furnish a comprehensive explanation of both established and emerging approaches utilized in the estimation of physicochemical attributes and characterization of CASD (in vitro and in vivo). Regarding CASD's potential to improve patient outcomes and therapeutic efficacy, it has emerged as a viable approach for drug candidates posing the problems of solubility and bioavailability. This approach has also increased the physical stability of drugs.</p>","PeriodicalId":94352,"journal":{"name":"Recent advances in drug delivery and formulation","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144036565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}