Phlebology最新文献

{"title":"Impact of endovenous radiofrequency ablation on restless legs syndrome severity and sleep quality in patients with chronic venous insufficiency.","authors":"Zeynep Vildan Okudan Atay, İbrahim Acır, Mehmet Atay, Vildan Yayla","doi":"10.1177/02683555261490768","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02683555261490768","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>ObjectiveChronic venous insufficiency (CVI) and varicose veins have been associated with restless legs syndrome (RLS), impaired sleep quality, and reduced quality of life. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of endovenous radiofrequency ablation (RFA) on RLS severity, daytime sleepiness, and sleep quality in patients with symptomatic venous insufficiency.MethodologyThis pre-post intervention study included 160 consecutive patients with venous insufficiency who underwent endovenous RFA between January 2022 and January 2023. Restless legs syndrome severity, daytime sleepiness, and sleep quality were assessed before and within 3 months after surgery using the Restless Legs Syndrome Rating Scale (RLSS), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), respectively. Changes in clinical scores following treatment were analyzed using appropriate statistical methods.ResultsThe mean age of the participants was 48.7 ± 10.6 years, and 68.1% were female. Following RFA, RLSS scores decreased significantly from a median of 21 to 7 (<i>p</i> < 0.001), indicating a marked reduction in RLS severity. Sleep quality also improved significantly, with PSQI scores decreasing from a median of 6 to 4 (<i>p</i> < 0.001). The proportion of patients with poor sleep quality declined from 68.8% to 41.9% (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Although ESS scores decreased significantly (<i>p</i> < 0.001), the prevalence of excessive daytime sleepiness did not change significantly after treatment (7.5% vs. 5.6%, <i>p</i> = 0.317).ConclusionEndovenous radiofrequency ablation was associated with significant improvements in restless legs syndrome symptoms and sleep quality in patients with chronic venous insufficiency. These findings suggest that treatment of venous insufficiency may contribute to better sleep-related outcomes and should be considered in patients presenting with both venous symptoms and sleep disturbances.</p>","PeriodicalId":94350,"journal":{"name":"Phlebology","volume":" ","pages":"2683555261490768"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148984401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deep vein thrombosis in the multi-omic era: Towards personalised diagnosis and treatment.","authors":"Thomas Pither, Matthew Tan, Sarah Onida, Alun Davies","doi":"10.1177/02683555261488116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02683555261488116","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":94350,"journal":{"name":"Phlebology","volume":" ","pages":"2683555261488116"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148922379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A modified polidocanol endovenous microfoam (M-PEM) technique for the treatment of incompetent anterior saphenous vein and its large tortuous incompetent tributaries: A pilot study.","authors":"Naina G Subherwal, Simran P Subherwal, Sreejit Nair, Ashwani Sastry","doi":"10.1177/02683555261486518","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02683555261486518","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>ObjectivesTo describe a modified polidocanol endovenous microfoam (M-PEM) technique incorporating cold saline-induced vasospasm and perivenous tumescent infiltration for the treatment of large, incompetent accessory saphenous veins (ASV) and tortuous large tributaries (>8 mm diameter) not amenable to conventional endothermal ablation, not ideal for standard microfoam technique, and for whom phlebectomy was declined.MethodsA retrospective, single-center chart review identified consecutive patients with symptomatic incompetent ASV and large tortuous tributaries (>8 mm) in whom endothermal ablation was not technically feasible, and who had declined phlebectomy. The M-PEM protocol involves limb elevation and manual drainage, intraluminal cold saline (5-10°C) infusion to induce vasospasm, intravenous polidocanol endovenous microfoam (Varithena) injection, and concurrent perivenous tumescent infiltration to mechanically compress the vein wall onto the intraluminal microfoam. The primary outcome was technical success, defined as duplex ultrasound-confirmed closure at 7 and 30 days.ResultsSeven patients (mean age 49 years; 4 male, 3 female) whose largest ASV tributary had a mean diameter of 9.8 mm were treated. Mean Varithena dose was 8.1 mL. Technical success with closure was achieved in all seven patients (100%) at 7- and 30-day duplex follow-up. No major procedural complications, thrombotic events, or episodes of phlebitis were identified at 7 and 30 days.ConclusionsThis pilot study of 7 patients of the M-PEM technique to treat symptomatic incompetent ASV and its large tortuous tributaries achieved 100% technical success, with closure confirmed at 7 and 30 days in a preliminary series of seven patients. A larger prospective, multicenter, randomized controlled non-inferiority trial comparing M-PEM with standard phlebectomy with or without delayed truncal ablation with longer follow-up may extend the treatable range of polidocanol endovenous microfoam and offer a less invasive alternative to phlebectomy and truncal ablation.</p>","PeriodicalId":94350,"journal":{"name":"Phlebology","volume":" ","pages":"2683555261486518"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148901809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Duplex ultrasound surveillance for healed venous leg ulcers: Time for trials?","authors":"Konstantinos Kavallieros, Jessica Bowie, Marwah Salih, Sarah Onida, Alun H Davies","doi":"10.1177/02683555261421015","DOIUrl":"10.1177/02683555261421015","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":94350,"journal":{"name":"Phlebology","volume":" ","pages":"653-654"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146041903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Short term diameter change in iliofemoral venous stents.","authors":"David O Nauheim, Esika Savsani, Sean Maratto, David Moskal, Robert W Ford, Ronald S Winokur","doi":"10.1177/02683555261415590","DOIUrl":"10.1177/02683555261415590","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>ObjectivesThis study analyzed the maintenance of venous caliber compared to nominal package values following the deployment of venous-specific stents.MethodsThis is a retrospective review of patients undergoing iliac vein stenting with Venovo (BD, Franklin Lakes, NJ) at a single institution. Stent diameters were measured with fluoroscopy, IVUS, and 1-month post-operative duplex sonography. These measurements were compared to nominal package stent diameter.ResultsThe study consists of 35 subjects with 75 stents deployed in the common iliac, external iliac, and/or the common femoral veins. Indications for treatment included post-thrombotic syndrome (57%), non-thrombotic venous obstruction (24%), and acute deep vein thrombosis (16%). For all stents, immediate post-deployment diameter, compared to nominal package diameter, changed by 5.2% by fluoroscopy (p = .01) and 4.4% by IVUS (p < .001). After deployment and venoplasty, post-deployment diameter for 16 mm stents was 14.8 mm by fluoroscopy (7.2% change; p = .004) and 15.0 mm by IVUS (6.3% change; p < .001) and 13.4 mm by fluoroscopy (4.1% change, p = .008) and 13.7 mm by IVUS for 14 mm stents (2.2% change, p = .307). Diameter at 1 month compared to immediate post-procedure stent diameter demonstrates a 5.1 % change (p = .16) and 4.4% change (p = .06).ConclusionVenous-specific stents demonstrate a 4.4% to 5.2% diameter decrease immediately post-deployment for 16 mm stents with no significant further reduction at 1 month. Optimal stent sizing to match expected venous diameters based on patient size is important to consider during venous reconstruction to prevent diameter reduction or stent recoil.</p>","PeriodicalId":94350,"journal":{"name":"Phlebology","volume":" ","pages":"696-704"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145949505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Treatment of anterior saphenous vein incompetence with mechanochemical endovenous ablation.","authors":"Marianne E Witte, Suzanne Holewijn, Michel M P J Reijnen, Clark J Zeebregts","doi":"10.1177/02683555251413984","DOIUrl":"10.1177/02683555251413984","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BackgroundMechanochemical endovenous ablation (MOCA) is an established non-thermal technique for treating varicose veins of the great and small saphenous veins, GSV and SSV, with diameters under 12 mm. However, its safety and efficacy in treating anterior saphenous vein (ASV) incompetence remain unclear. This study evaluated the feasibility, safety, and effectiveness of MOCA for ASV reflux.MethodsIn this prospective single-centre registry, 30 patients with symptomatic ASV incompetence underwent MOCA using the ClariVein® system. Anatomical success, clinical improvement (VCSS), pain scores, return to normal activities, and complications were assessed at 30-days and 12-months follow-up. Procedural duration and duplex ultrasound results were also recorded.ResultsTechnical success was achieved in 93.3% (28/30) of patients. Median procedure time was 9.0 min (IQR 7.0-11.5). Median peri-procedural and postoperative pain scores were 3.0 and 1.0, respectively, and most patients resumed normal activities within 1 day. At 30 days, anatomical success was 96.3%, and median VCSS improved from 5.0 to 3.0. At 12 months, duplex ultrasound was available in 25 patients, with evaluable data in 23. Complete occlusion was observed in 82.6%, partial in 4.3%, and no occlusion in 13.0%. Minor complications occurred in 25.0%, and one deep vein thrombosis was recorded. At 1 year, the mean AVVQ score improved by 6.7 points, and RAND-36 scores showed favourable outcomes in pain (81), mental health (85), and general health (64).ConclusionMOCA with the ClariVein® system appears safe, effective, and well-tolerated for ASV incompetence. Larger studies with longer follow-up are warranted.</p>","PeriodicalId":94350,"journal":{"name":"Phlebology","volume":" ","pages":"669-674"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145902186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Patterns of recurrent varicose veins after surgery (REVAS): A systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized trials.","authors":"Konstantinos Kavallieros, Adam M Gwozdz, Benedict Turner, Giannis Konstantinou, Emmanuel Giannas, Iris Soteriou, Julianne Stoughton, Alun H Davies","doi":"10.1177/02683555261418937","DOIUrl":"10.1177/02683555261418937","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BackgroundRecurrence of superficial venous incompetence is common following interventional treatment and a classification system (Recurrent Varices After Surgery, REVAS) has been developed. However, it is not known whether specific, predictable patterns of reflux occur following treatment nor how these may vary by treatment modality. This study aimed to explore varicose vein recurrence patterns according to procedural technique.MethodsFollowing PRISMA guidelines and a registered protocol (CRD42023455512), MEDLINE, Embase, and ClinTrials.gov were searched for randomized control trials (RCTs) on surgical or endovenous treatment of primary saphenous vein insufficiency with at least 1-year follow-up, and assessment of recurrence patterns. The primary outcome was reflux recurrence as per the REVAS classification. A random-effects network meta-analysis was conducted in R, calculating risk ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).ResultsThe 3467 records identified yielded 23 unique RCTs, investigating 8 different modalities. Recurrence rates varied by anatomical section: saphenofemoral junction (SFJ) showed 23.6% cumulative recurrence, thigh perforators 7.6%, and lower leg perforators 4.7% recurrence. Endovenous laser ablation (EVLA) and foam sclerotherapy (FS) had higher risk of SFJ recurrence compared to HLS with a risk ratio of 2.29 (1.40-3.76) and 2.09 (1.20-3.62) (I² = 47.7%). EVLA was associated with a reduced risk of thigh perforator recurrence compared to HLS (0.45, (0.21-0.93)) (I² = 0%). FS was associated with higher risk of recanalization compared to HLS (4.05 (2.23-7.35)), and EVLA (3.14 (1.82-5.41)), Both EVLA and FS were associated with lower risk of neovascularization, compared to HLS; 0.28 (0.18-0.43) and 0.18 (0.08-0.40), respectively (I² = 0%).ConclusionRecurrence patterns varied by treatment modality, with HLS showing lower SFJ and ASV recurrence, while endovenous methods had less neovascularization and thigh perforator recurrence. Concerningly, only 13% of RCTs reported recurrence using REVAS. Improved reporting of varicose vein recurrence to delineate reflux sources will allow better technical outcome assessment and enhanced patient care.</p>","PeriodicalId":94350,"journal":{"name":"Phlebology","volume":" ","pages":"658-668"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13490677/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146041934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the effectiveness and safety of high-intensity focused ultrasound in treating venous insufficiency using a hemodynamic approach.","authors":"Sara Chabouni, Mahine Kashi, Olivia Chauvel, Bassel Dakhil, Rym Zaimi, Jean-Luc Pons, Patrick Bagan","doi":"10.1177/02683555261418961","DOIUrl":"10.1177/02683555261418961","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>ObjectiveTo evaluate the effectiveness and safety of High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) treatment in Chronic Venous Insufficiency (CVI) using a hemodynamic approach.MethodsThis real-world, observational, and retrospective study analyzed 80 patients with CVI from stage C2 to C5 (Clinical, Etiological, Anatomical, and Pathophysiological (CEAP) classification). A single vascular surgeon included and treated all patients consecutively between September 2022 and July 2023. Outcomes were assessed by Doppler ultrasound at 1-month and 1-year. The primary outcome was technical success (complete/partial occlusion by reducing reflux involving reduction in vein diameter >50%); the secondary outcomes included clinical improvement, measured by the Aberdeen varicose vein questionnaire (AVVQ) with visual analogue scale (VAS) and adverse effects. Descriptive statistics include 95% confidence intervals (CI). Subgroups were compared using Chi-squared/Fisher's or Student's t-test/Wilcoxon tests.ResultsTreated veins included great saphenous veins (GSV), small saphenous veins (SSV), anterior accessory saphenous veins (AASV), leg perforating veins (LPV), thigh perforating veins (TPV), perineal veins and GSV neocrosses. At 1-month follow-up, technical success reached 80.6% (95% CI 74.8-85.5%) of cases, with optimal outcomes for LPV (94.4%) and GSV (87.5%). Clinical improvement occurred in 78.8% of patients (68.81-86.54%). At baseline, patients were stratified into subgroups according to their CEAP stage. No significant difference in improvement rates was found across these subgroups (C2S: 78.7%, C3: 83.3%, C4: 75%, C5: 85.7%, <i>p</i> = 0.83). However, adverse events occurred in 21.8% of cases, the most frequent being neuropathic pain (5%) and skin burns (5%), all quickly resolved.One-year per-protocol analysis showed maintained technical success at 79% (73.8-83.9%) and clinical improvement at 95.2% (84.2-99.4%) despite the attrition of 36% of participants.ConclusionHIFU treatment demonstrates lasting effectiveness for CVI, particularly on LPV and GSV, with an acceptable safety profile. Limitations include a steep learning curve and anatomical constraints. Further studies are necessary for confirmation.</p>","PeriodicalId":94350,"journal":{"name":"Phlebology","volume":" ","pages":"724-734"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146013905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lipedema symptoms are not influenced by endothermal ablation in patients with varicose veins.","authors":"Andrés Reyes Valdivia, Alba Zevallos, Martin Fabregate Fuente, Laura Boado Rey, Celso Chuquisana, África Duque Santos, Cristina Gómez Olmos, Belén Alonso, Carolina de Miguel","doi":"10.1177/02683555261418968","DOIUrl":"10.1177/02683555261418968","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BackgroundEndothermal ablation (ETA) is a well-established treatment for chronic venous insufficiency (CVI). However, its effectiveness in patients with concomitant lipedema remains poorly described. Given the distinct pathophysiological features and symptom burden of lipedema, outcomes may differ in this subgroup.MethodsWe conducted a prospective cohort study of patients with CVI alone and those with CVI plus lipedema. All patients underwent ETA, with adjunctive phlebectomies as indicated. Quality of life (QoL) was assessed using the EQ-5D-VAS and CIVIQ-20 questionnaires before surgery and at 3 months postoperatively. Demographic and clinical variables included age, body mass index (BMI), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and symptom profile. The primary outcome was the change in CIVIQ-20 score at 3 months. Secondary outcomes included changes in EQ-5D-VAS and postoperative complications (hematoma, paresthesia, superficial and deep vein thrombosis).ResultsA total of 48 patients were included (32 with CVI alone, 16 with CVI and lipedema). Preoperative QoL impairment was significantly greater in the lipedema cohort (median CIVIQ-20: 61.0 [49.5-69.5]) compared with CVI alone (46.0 [33.0-56.0], p = .001). At 3 months, both groups demonstrated significant improvement (p < .001 for within-group change). However, the magnitude of improvement was greater in CVI alone (median reduction: -13.5 [-19.5 to -5.0]) than in CVI plus lipedema (-4.0 [-7.0 to -1.5]; p = .012). Multivariable regression identified higher baseline CIVIQ-20 (β = 0.60; SE = 0.09; p < .001) and lipedema status (β = 12.44; SE = 2.43; p < .001) as independent predictors of poorer postoperative CIVIQ-20 outcomes. Paresthesia was more frequent in lipedema patients (25.0% vs 18.8% at 1 month; 12.5% vs 6.2% at 3 months).ConclusionWhile ETA significantly improves QoL in patients with CVI, those with concomitant lipedema experience smaller gains and a higher rate of postoperative paresthesia. These findings highlight the importance of setting realistic expectations and counseling lipedema patients regarding potential outcomes of venous interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":94350,"journal":{"name":"Phlebology","volume":" ","pages":"717-723"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146004758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effects of blood flow on the structure of venous thrombi.","authors":"Maxim E Shaydakov, Jose A Diaz","doi":"10.1177/02683555261416662","DOIUrl":"10.1177/02683555261416662","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>ObjectivesThrombolytic therapy can eliminate thrombotic masses from the deep veins, but its effectiveness is not always predictable. We hypothesize that blood flow may influence the composition of an acute venous thrombus contributing to unpredictable outcomes. The aim of the study was to take advantage of two available well-established models to compare venous thrombus composition under flow and stasis conditions in vivo.MethodsC57BL/6 mice, 10-12 weeks old, weighing 20-25g, were used in electrolytic (EIM) and ligation (LM) models of VT. Four groups (n = 5) were used to compare the structure of acute (Day (2) and subacute (Day (6) thrombus in the EIM and LM. Venous thrombus was harvested for thrombus weight (TW) measurement and histology. Expression of PAI-1, t-PA, u-PA, and alfa-2-antiplasmin in the vein wall and D-dimer levels in plasma were investigated at Day 2 and 6.ResultsAcute venous thrombus within the EIM was significantly smaller compared to LM (6.2 ± 3.6 vs 26.2 ± 3.6, <i>P < .05</i>). Thrombus formed within the EIM had a significantly higher amount of plasminogen, especially on the surface and in the tail of the thrombus. In addition, a significantly higher concentration of circulating D-Dimer was found within the EIM.ConclusionsRegional venous blood flow pattern may significantly affect the structure and composition of the venous thrombotic masses. Non-occlusive thrombus has a higher potential to be targeted by the fibrinolytic system and fibrinolytic therapy due to a higher plasminogen content and accessibility for plasminogen activators.</p>","PeriodicalId":94350,"journal":{"name":"Phlebology","volume":" ","pages":"705-716"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145936858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}