Phlebology最新文献

{"title":"Ovarian vein interventions in patients with combined radiologically significant left renal vein compression and symptomatic pelvic vein reflux.","authors":"Sergey Gennadievich Gavrilov, Alexander V Sazhin, Anatoly V Karalkin, Yekaterina P Moskalenko, Sergey V Chubchenko","doi":"10.1177/02683555261424067","DOIUrl":"10.1177/02683555261424067","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BackgroundThe issues of diagnosis and treatment strategy for the left renal vein compression (LRVC) have not been fully resolved, and treatment methods vary widely from medical therapy to renal autotransplantation. The aim of this study was to determine the feasibility of isolated interventions on the left ovarian vein in patients with LRVC of varying severity.MethodsThis prospective cohort study included 63 female patients with LRVC (30 symptomatic and 33 asymptomatic), selected out of 266 consecutively examined patients with pelvic venous disorders (PeVD). All participants underwent blood and urine tests, duplex ultrasound studies (DUS) of the renal and pelvic veins, and dynamic renal scintigraphy (DRS). Patients with LRVC and symptoms of pelvic venous insufficiency (PVI) and/or reflux in the left ovarian vein (LOV) further underwent ovarian vein resection or embolization. Follow-up clinical and laboratory evaluations, DUS, and DRS were performed 1 to 12 months after the intervention.ResultsLRVC was diagnosed in 23.6% of patients with PeVD, and was symptomatic in 11.3% and hemodynamically significant, according to DUS, in 4.9% of them. None of patients with LRVC had renal symptoms (pain in the left flank of the abdomen, hematuria) or impaired filtration and secretory dysfunction of the left kidney (LK), according to DRS. Symptomatic LRVC was accompanied by clinical manifestations of PeVD. Ovarian vein interventions were performed in 24 symptomatic patients and resulted in elimination of chronic pelvic pain (CPP) and pelvic venous reflux (PVR) in all cases. Follow-up examinations did not reveal any deterioration in the blood outflow through LRV or disturbances in the LK function after intervention in any patient.ConclusionsLRVC without hematuria does not deteriorate the LK filtration and secretory functions. Patients with symptomatic LRVC without hematuria can undergo isolated interventions on LOV. These interventions are effective in eliminating CPP and do not impair the LK function.</p>","PeriodicalId":94350,"journal":{"name":"Phlebology","volume":" ","pages":"760-772"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146121010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transfixing Endovenous Thermal Ablation (TEThA) for varicose veins treatment - A prospective single-arm study.","authors":"Nara Medeiros Cunha deMelo Vasconcelos, Marcelo Halfen Grill, Gabriela de Oliveira Buril, Fabrício Rodrigues Santiago, Renata Camila Barros Rodrigues, Gabriel Henrique Simoni, Marcela Zanoni, Isabela Zampirolli Leal, Viviane Santana da Silva, Walkiria Hueb Bernardi, Roberto Augusto Caffaro, Eduardo Ramacciotti","doi":"10.1177/02683555261427233","DOIUrl":"10.1177/02683555261427233","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BackgroundVaricose veins impact quality of life in patients with chronic venous disease (CVD), and their optimal treatment remains unclear. The Transfixing Endovenous Thermal Ablation(TEThA) technique is a procedure that consists of endovenous laser thermal ablation of varicose tributaries by combining the transfixing technique for endovenous procedure with tumescent anesthesia.ObjectiveTo evaluate the impact of the TEThA technique on quality of life and postoperative complications in patients with varicose veins.MethodsThis Prospective, single-arm study included 22 patients (CEAP C2-C6) treated with the TEThA technique. Quality-of-life and clinical scores (CIVIQ-14, AVVQ, rVCSS, CEAP, Caprini) were assessed at baseline, 6 weeks, and 6 months postoperative.ResultsSignificant improvements were observed in CIVIQ-14 (30.95 to 22.76; p = .013), AVVQ (36.43 to 23.49; p = .012), rVCSS (7.73 to 4.18; p = .014), and CEAP (3.09 to 1.94; p = .002). No significant complications, thrombotic events, or need for reintervention occurred.ConclusionTEThA significantly improved clinical and quality-of-life outcomes in patients with varicose veins, with a favorable safety profile.</p>","PeriodicalId":94350,"journal":{"name":"Phlebology","volume":" ","pages":"808-814"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146198320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of YouTube™ videos on lipoedema: Quality, reliability, and educational gaps in a lymphatic disorder.","authors":"Pınar Öztop Çiftkaya, Ömer Faruk Bucak, Furkan Ayan, Mücahit Atasoy, Evrim Coşkun","doi":"10.1177/02683555261424065","DOIUrl":"10.1177/02683555261424065","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>ObjectiveTo evaluate the educational quality, reliability, and transparency of YouTube™ videos on lipoedema, and to examine associations with uploader type and engagement metrics.MethodsOn 15 May 2025 we searched YouTube™ for \"lipoedema,\" screened the first 200 relevance-ranked items, and included videos ≥60 s with intelligible audio. Advertisements, duplicates and soundless videos were excluded. Two independent physicians in Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (PM&R) rated eligible videos using DISCERN, the Global Quality Score (GQS), and the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) benchmark criteria; disagreements were discussed and original ratings retained for agreement analyses. We recorded upload date, duration, views, likes, comments, channel subscribers, uploader category, and content domain.ResultsWe analyzed 92 YouTube™ lipoedema videos uploaded between 25 February 2015 and 8 January 2025. Uploader mix: vascular surgeons 39.1% (largest) and PM&R physicians 4.3% (smallest); the most common topic was definition + symptoms + management (26.1%). Mean DISCERN totals were 33.47 ± 9.88 and 33.42 ± 8.68 (both poor); mean GQS 2.18 ± 0.82 and 2.43 ± 0.81; only 6.6% were high quality and none scored 5/5. Views correlated strongly with likes and comments (both <i>p</i> < .001), moderately with duration (<i>p</i> < .01), and weakly with subscribers (<i>p</i> < .05). Inter-rater agreement was strong (r = 0.859/0.663/1.000; all <i>p</i> < .001).ConclusionThe overall quality and transparency of YouTube™ lipoedema videos are suboptimal despite substantial engagement. Increasing expert-authored, evidence-based content-particularly from PM&R- and co-produced patient-clinician videos may better align reliability with reach.</p>","PeriodicalId":94350,"journal":{"name":"Phlebology","volume":" ","pages":"773-779"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146120851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical efficacy of combined treatment for lower extremity venous reflux and iliac vein obstruction.","authors":"Wei Zheng, Zongheng Gu, Hui Zhao, Changbao Yan, Jie Zhang, Liang Zhao, Yingfeng Wu","doi":"10.1177/02683555261424073","DOIUrl":"10.1177/02683555261424073","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BackgroundChronic venous disease (CVD) arises from venous obstruction, reflux, or both. Iliac vein stenting is standard for obstructive lesions, but the incremental benefit of concurrently treating deep venous reflux remains uncertain. We evaluated the efficacy of combining iliac vein stent placement with deep venous valve reconstruction in CVD patients presenting with both iliac obstruction and reflux.MethodsFrom October 2015 to May 2025, we retrospectively analyzed a prospectively maintained cohort of 74 patients with lower-limb CVD and iliac vein stenosis and stratified them by reflux pattern: Group 1 (<i>n</i> = 14), iliac obstruction + superficial venous reflux; Group 2 (<i>n</i> = 16), iliac obstruction + deep venous reflux; Group 3 (<i>n</i> = 44), iliac obstruction + both deep and superficial venous reflux. Outcomes included Venous Clinical Severity Score (VCSS), ulcer healing, and complications.ResultsAll groups showed symptomatic improvement with significant VCSS reductions. Patients in Group 3, who received comprehensive management for iliac obstruction and both deep and superficial reflux, showed numerically more favorable outcomes than the other groups. Among 27 patients with active ulcers, the overall healing rate was 85.2%; those undergoing deep venous valve reconstruction had higher healing rates and shorter time to closure. Primary patency of iliac stents was 98.3%, and no major complications were observed.ConclusionsIn CVD with coexisting iliac obstruction and venous reflux, a combined strategy-iliac stenting plus deep venous valve reconstruction-was associated with greater clinical improvement and a shorter time to complete ulcer healing compared with treating obstruction alone. This approach appears safe, maintains high stent patency, and may optimize outcomes in complex CVD.</p>","PeriodicalId":94350,"journal":{"name":"Phlebology","volume":" ","pages":"787-796"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146128436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Formaldehyde is released from cyanoacrylate adhesives used in venous occlusion systems.","authors":"Joseph Gracé, David E Connor, Richard O Day, Martin P Bucknall, Andrew Jenner, Danijela Kocic, Thomas Exner, Kurosh Parsi","doi":"10.1177/02683555261416665","DOIUrl":"10.1177/02683555261416665","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>ObjectivesCommercially available cyanoacrylates are known to release formaldehyde during degradation. However, it is unknown whether venous adhesive cyanoacrylates used in the treatment of saphenous veins release formaldehyde. Formaldehyde is a known contact allergen, carcinogen and sensitiser.MethodsVenaSeal^®, VenaBlock^®, Glubran^® Tiss 2, Histoacryl^®, and Supaglue^® were investigated in vitro. All adhesive agents were polymerised in phosphate-buffered saline, sealed in glass bottles and incubated at 37°C for up to 12 weeks. Headspace-gas chromatography mass spectrometry was used to measure formaldehyde release at set time intervals.ResultsPeak levels of formaldehyde were detected in all cyanoacrylate samples within 2 weeks of incubation, with peak levels ranging from 0.05% to 0.17% w/w. These peak concentrations emerged as early as 2 weeks post-polymerisation and remained consistently elevated throughout the 12-week observation period. Glubran Tiss 2 demonstrated the lowest formaldehyde release at 0.05% w/w, while VenaSeal exhibited the highest, reaching a peak of 0.17% w/w at 2 weeks, similar to commercial SupaGlue. Notably, VenaSeal maintained formaldehyde levels above 0.1% w/w for the duration of the 12-week testing period.ConclusionFormaldehyde is released during the post-polymerisation degradation of medical cyanoacrylates. Despite all products containing n-butyl cyanoacrylate (n-BCA), formaldehyde release varied-likely due to undisclosed formulation differences. VenaSeal released the highest level (0.17% w/w) compared to other products tested, suggesting that formulation influences degradation behaviour.</p>","PeriodicalId":94350,"journal":{"name":"Phlebology","volume":" ","pages":"797-807"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145992573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-term outcomes of infrapopliteal versus popliteal venous access for percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy in acute deep vein thrombosis: A propensity score-matched retrospective cohort study.","authors":"Wenrui Li, Saisai Cao, Bin Liu, Hai Feng","doi":"10.1177/02683555261425286","DOIUrl":"10.1177/02683555261425286","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BackgroundDespite anticoagulation, 50% of proximal deep vein thrombosis (DVT) cases progress to post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS). While percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy (PMT) reduces thrombotic burden, optimal venous access selection (popliteal vs infrapopliteal) remains unestablished. This study compares long-term outcomes between these approaches.MethodsA retrospective cohort of 56 acute DVT patients (28 per group) underwent propensity score matching for age, sex, symptom duration, and thrombus extent. All received PMT via either infrapopliteal access or popliteal access at a tertiary center (2021-2024). Primary outcomes included PTS incidence and access site complications.ResultsPopliteal access demonstrated shorter establishment time (15 vs 22.5 min, p < .01), while infrapopliteal access preferentially utilized the peroneal vein (69.2%). No intraoperative complications; minor postoperative events occurred in 5.4% (3/56) without intergroup difference. 48 patients (85.7%) completed ultrasound surveillance (mean follow-up: 21.4 ± 12.4 months). PTS rates were significantly lower with infrapopliteal access (12.5% vs 41.7%, p = .023), with a markedly lower incidence of moderate-to-severe PTS (Villalta ≥10) in the infrapopliteal group (4.2% vs 25.0%, p = .097). These benefits were observed despite comparable residual thrombosis (70.8% overall) and DVT recurrence (12.5%).ConclusionInfrapopliteal PMT, with selective adjunct CDT, is associated with a lower risk of PTS compared to popliteal access, likely due to more complete distal thrombus clearance. Despite longer access times, this approach demonstrates favorable long-term outcomes and represents a viable alternative for DVT management.</p>","PeriodicalId":94350,"journal":{"name":"Phlebology","volume":" ","pages":"780-786"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146133894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Duplex ultrasound evaluation in lymphedema: Pictorial essay.","authors":"Luca Palombi, Fabio Martinelli, Ali Ahmad Chraim, Roberto Parisi, Luca Ferretto, Monica Morelli","doi":"10.1177/02683555261426971","DOIUrl":"10.1177/02683555261426971","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>IntroductionLymphedema is a chronic and progressive condition resulting from impaired lymphatic drainage, leading to protein-rich fluid accumulation, tissue remodeling, and fibrosis. It represents a relevant public health issue worldwide, with substantial functional and psychosocial impact. This pictorial essay aims to illustrate the role of ultrasound in the assessment of lymphedema and to describe sonographic features that assist in distinguishing early from advanced disease stages.MethodsThis exploratory pictorial essay is based on representative cases of upper- and lower-limb lymphedema examined in routine clinical practice. High-frequency ultrasound probes (18-21 MHz) were used with B-mode imaging, colour Doppler, power Doppler, micro-flow presets, elastosonography, and AI-assisted image optimisation. The examination focused on skin, subcutaneous tissue, lymphatic channels, and their dynamic behaviour during provocation manoeuvres. No quantitative measurements or statistical analyses were performed.ResultsDistinct patterns of oedema distribution were observed on ultrasound. Mild lymphedema was characterised by predominantly vertical diffusion of fluid from the dermis toward the superficial fascial plane, whereas moderate to severe forms showed horizontal expansion within the subcutaneous compartment, frequently associated with dilated lymphatic lacunae. Lymphatic channels were identifiable as thin-walled, non-compressible structures without inducible flow on colour or power Doppler, even after distal manual compression. Advanced high-frequency imaging enabled visualisation of isoechoic intraluminal material consistent with fibrin deposition in chronically obstructed lymphatic pathways. Elastosonography demonstrated increased stiffness of the deep dermal and subdermal layers in chronic disease.ConclusionUltrasound provides a non-invasive and detailed visual assessment of lymphatic vessels and soft-tissue alterations in lymphedema. When combined with elastosonography and AI-assisted imaging, it facilitates recognition of disease stage and chronicity and supports its role as a valuable tool in the comprehensive evaluation of lymphedema.</p>","PeriodicalId":94350,"journal":{"name":"Phlebology","volume":" ","pages":"835-842"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146184022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Selected phlebological abstracts.","authors":"Lowell S Kabnick, Mikel Sadek, Aleksandra Jaworucka, Omar Esponda, Tristan Lane","doi":"10.1177/02683555261485127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02683555261485127","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":94350,"journal":{"name":"Phlebology","volume":"41 9","pages":"843-846"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148973025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shear wave elastography of dermal stiffness after radiofrequency ablation for great saphenous vein reflux: A 12-month prospective study.","authors":"Cigdem Tel Ustunisik, Ozan Onur Balkanay, Berk Arapi, Lara Yagci, Savas Cidem, Mehmet Uğurcan Turhan, Vefa Salt, Rauf Hamid, Suat Nail Omeroglu, Deniz Goksedef, Cesur Samancı","doi":"10.1177/02683555261481211","DOIUrl":"10.1177/02683555261481211","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>ObjectivesTo evaluate longitudinal changes in dermal tissue stiffness measured by shear wave elastography (SWE) following radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of the great saphenous vein (GSV) and to examine the relationship between tissue-level and clinical recovery in chronic venous insufficiency (CVI).MethodsThis prospective cohort study enrolled 47 patients (55 extremities, including 8 bilateral cases) who underwent endovenous RFA for grade 4 GSV reflux between May and December 2022. SWE measurements were obtained preoperatively and at 3 and 12 months using a standardized protocol (Canon Aplio 500, lateral calf at a fixed anatomical reference). Longitudinal changes were analyzed using generalized estimating equations (GEE) on log-transformed values with robust standard errors. Spearman correlations between SWE and Venous Clinical Severity Score (VCSS) were examined.ResultsMean SWE values were 19.13 ± 9.81 kPa preoperatively, 18.62 ± 10.10 kPa at 3 months (Holm-adjusted <i>p</i> = 0.669), and 11.30 ± 6.62 kPa at 12 months (<i>p</i> < 0.001). VCSS decreased from 4.04 ± 1.60 to 0.78 ± 0.74 (<i>p</i> < 0.001). VCSS and SWE were moderately associated at 12 months (ρ = 0.499, adjusted <i>p</i> < 0.001), whereas their changes were not significantly associated (ρ = 0.125, 95% CI -0.148 to 0.380; <i>p</i> = 0.37).ConclusionsThese results enhance the current literature by indicating that SWE demonstrated a delayed decrease in dermal stiffness after radiofrequency ablation and may provide complementary quantitative information on tissue-level changes not assessed by Doppler ultrasonography. Although not yet suitable for standard clinical use, SWE shows potential as an additional follow-up tool in chronic venous insufficiency.</p>","PeriodicalId":94350,"journal":{"name":"Phlebology","volume":" ","pages":"825-834"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148809568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Architecture-based interpretation of contemporary dedicated venous stent outcomes: An IDE trial evidence synthesis.","authors":"Karthigesu Aimanan, Muhammad Aizat Tamlikha Ismail, Pradeep Chand Chandran, Hanif Hussein","doi":"10.1177/02683555261494675","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02683555261494675","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>ObjectiveContemporary dedicated venous stent systems differ substantially in structural architecture and inferred mechanical behavior, yet whether this architectural variation translates into differences in clinical outcome remains incompletely understood, because available evidence is derived predominantly from heterogeneous single-arm Investigational Device Exemption (IDE) studies. This study aimed to compare twelve-month outcomes of contemporary dedicated venous stent systems across differing structural architectures, and to determine whether disease phenotype and lesion complexity, rather than architecture alone, account for the observed differences in outcome.MethodsA structured review of prospective multicentre IDE and pivotal studies evaluating dedicated venous stents for symptomatic iliofemoral venous outflow obstruction was performed. Stent systems were classified according to architectural design into flexible laser-cut nitinol platforms, closed-cell constructs, and hybrid systems. Lesion complexity was operationalised as lesion length, occlusive burden, and common femoral vein involvement. Comparative interpretation focused primarily on harmonized twelve month outcomes stratified according to non-thrombotic iliac vein lesions, post-thrombotic disease, and acute deep vein thrombosis. Formal pooled meta-analysis and inter device superiority testing were not performed because of substantial heterogeneity between studies.ResultsFive prospective multicentre IDE or pivotal venous stent studies comprising 945 patients were included. Flexible laser cut nitinol platforms included the Abre, Venovo, and Zilver Vena systems, whereas the Vici platform represented a closed cell architecture and the Duo system represented a hybrid design. Across all studies, twelve month primary patency was consistently higher in non-thrombotic lesions than post-thrombotic disease irrespective of architecture, ranging from 95.2% to 100% and 70.4% to 83.1% respectively. Post-thrombotic cohorts consistently demonstrated greater lesion complexity, including higher occlusive burden and more frequent common femoral vein involvement.ConclusionCurrent IDE trial evidence suggests that disease phenotype and lesion complexity exert greater influence on venous stent outcomes than architecture alone. Although contemporary venous stent systems embody differing architecture related mechanical characteristics, including compression resistance, which was not directly assessed in this analysis, definitive superiority of any individual architectural category has not been established within currently available evidence.</p>","PeriodicalId":94350,"journal":{"name":"Phlebology","volume":" ","pages":"2683555261494675"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149121703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}