Phlebology最新文献

{"title":"Endovenous thermal ablation mid-term outcomes for the treatment of large diameter incompetent great saphenous veins.","authors":"Christos Karathanos, Konstantinos Spanos, Konstantinos Batzalexis, Athanasios Chaidoulis, Konstantinos Tzimas-Dakis, Georgios Volakakis, George Kouvelos, Miltiadis Matsagas, Athanasios D Giannoukas","doi":"10.1177/02683555241272971","DOIUrl":"10.1177/02683555241272971","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of endovenous thermal ablation (EVTA) in treating large diameter, ≥12 mm, incompetent great saphenous vein (GSV) in comparison to smaller ones.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective comparative study was undertaken including 196 patients (205 limbs) undergoing EVTA. According to maximum GSV diameter patients were divided into two groups (group A <12 mm, group B ≥12 mm). Primary outcome was anatomic success defined as absence of reflux of GSV. Secondary outcomes were complications, postoperative pain using the 10-cm Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and improvement of Venous Clinical Severity Score (VCSS) and Chronic Venous Insufficiency Quality-of-Life Questionnaire (CΙVIQ-20) scores assessed at 7- days, 1 month, 12 months and 24 months postoperatively.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>118 patients with GSV diameter <12 mm (group A) and 87 with GSV diameter ≥12 mm (group B) were included. Patients' demographics, CEAP classification and length of ablated vein did not differ between the groups. Preoperative VCSS and VAS pain score were significant greater in group B (6.03 vs 6.94, <i>p</i> = .04 and 5.21 vs 5.77, <i>p</i> = .032, respectively). No differences in adverse events were observed post-operatively among groups. GSV occlusion rate at 1 month was 98.3% (SE 1.3%) in group A and 96.5 % (2.2%) in group B (<i>p</i> = .3), at 12 months 95.7% (SE 2%) and 94.2% (SE 2.8%) (<i>p</i> = .5), and at 24 months 94% (SE 2.4%) and 93.1% (SE 3%) (<i>p</i> = .4) respectively. Both groups experienced significant and similar improvement in their VCSSs and CIVIQ scores postoperatively. In a subgroup analysis among different EVTA and GSV >12 mm, 1470 nm endovenous laser ablation (EVLA) and radiofrequency ablation (RFA) showed comparable results in terms of occlusion rates, complications, VCSS and CIVIQ scores.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Endovenous thermal ablation techniques are efective and safe in the treatment of GSV incompetence regardless the diameter of the GSV. Both 1470 nm EVLA and RFA techniques performed similar outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":94350,"journal":{"name":"Phlebology","volume":" ","pages":"95-103"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142006214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Selected phlebological abstracts.","authors":"Lowell S Kabnick, Kathleen Ozsvath, Jorge H Ulloa","doi":"10.1177/02683555251324282","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02683555251324282","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":94350,"journal":{"name":"Phlebology","volume":" ","pages":"2683555251324282"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143525760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antithrombotic therapies for patients with acute iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis following endovenous recanalization: A single-center study and literature review.","authors":"Nedaa Skeik, Rina Li, Ellen Cravero, Bjorn Engstrom, Jesse Manunga","doi":"10.1177/02683555251321903","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02683555251321903","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>There is no consensus regarding the optimal antithrombotic therapy following endovenous recanalization. We aim to assess the effectiveness of anticoagulant, antiplatelet, or combination therapy to provide evidence-based recommendations for antithrombotic therapy following interventional procedures.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>An Institutional Review Board approved, retrospective study of patients presented to our facility with iliofemoral venous thrombosis requiring thrombolysis and/or thrombectomy with or without venous angioplasty/stenting between January 1, 2010 and April 1, 2023. Incidence of vein or stent patency, thrombosis, and bleeding were considered primary endpoints and were compared between patients on anticoagulant, antiplatelet, or combination therapies at each post-interventional surveillance, up to five visits.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The cohort yielded 128 patients, including 116 adults and 12 minors. We identified a notable trend in the post-recanalization medical routines of patients: those initially prescribed combination therapy post-procedure eventually transitioned to either exclusive anticoagulant or antiplatelet therapy. The initial combination antithrombotic therapy was associated with trends towards higher vein patency (59% vs 47% with anticoagulant vs 25% antiplatelet, <i>p</i> = .3), less recurrent vein and stent thrombosis (46% vs 54% with anticoagulants vs 100% antiplatelet, <i>p</i> = .10), and overall low major bleeding complications (3.2% vs 6.8% anticoagulant, <i>p</i> = .5) at first follow-up compared to those on anticoagulant or antiplatelet regimens alone.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Although the optimal post-interventional antithrombotic therapy remains uncertain, combination therapy was associated with trends towards higher vein patency and lower recurrent thrombosis, with low overall major bleeding complications at the first follow-up visit following interventions. Future studies encompassing larger and more diverse populations are essential to corroborate the findings presented in this report and offer valuable insights for optimizing the management of patients with this condition.</p>","PeriodicalId":94350,"journal":{"name":"Phlebology","volume":" ","pages":"2683555251321903"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143451363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lipedema awareness in fibromyalgia.","authors":"Elzem Bolkan Günaydın, Zeliha Ünlü, Saime Ay, Tolga Oğuz Karapınar","doi":"10.1177/02683555251321042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02683555251321042","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To evaluate the presence of lipedema and lipedema-related factors in fibromyalgia patients.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study included 100 female patients over the age of 18 who met the fibromyalgia diagnostic criteria. The patients were evaluated for the presence/stages of lipedema. The body mass index (BMI), waist-hip ratio, waist-height ratio, and presence of hematoma tendency/telangiectasias were recorded. Patients were asked to mark the severity of their pain (widespread/on lipedema) on a 10 cm visual analog scale (VAS). The ACR 2016 Fibromyalgia Diagnostic Criteria, The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and The Revised Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire were applied.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Lipedema was observed in 50% of the patients (58% Stage 1 lipedema). In the lipedema group, age, duration of fibromyalgia diagnosis, hematoma tendency/presence of telangiectasias (for all; <i>p</i> < .001), menopausal status (<i>p</i> = .004), BDI score (<i>p</i> = .04), BMI (<i>p</i> = .02), history of medication for fibromyalgia (<i>p</i> = .01) were higher, and age at menarche (<i>p</i> = .01) was lower. Lipedema stage was moderately positively correlated with BMI, number of pregnancies (for both; r:0.53 <i>p</i> < .001) and waist-height ratio (r:0.43 <i>p</i>:0.002), while VAS-lipedema pain intensity was strongly positively correlated with VAS-widespread pain intensity (r:0.62 <i>p</i> < .001), and moderately positively correlated with symptom severity score (r:0.55 <i>p</i> < .001), BMI (r:0.54 <i>p</i> < .001), and fibromyalgia severity score (r:0.51 <i>p</i> < .001). Long fibromyalgia diagnosis time (<i>p</i>: 0.005), and low age at menarche (<i>p</i>: 0.05) were significant risk factors for the presence of lipedema.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Lipedema is common in fibromyalgia patients. Long fibromyalgia diagnosis time and low age at menarche are significant risk factors for the presence of lipedema.</p>","PeriodicalId":94350,"journal":{"name":"Phlebology","volume":" ","pages":"2683555251321042"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143416471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preferences of continuing care service options for patients with venous leg ulcer: A discrete choice experiment.","authors":"Panpan Zhou, Fei Gu, Xian Wang, Zheng Huang, Jinzhi Yu, Meng Li","doi":"10.1177/02683555251319839","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02683555251319839","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objective:</b> The purpose of this study was to determine the preferences of patients with venous leg ulcer for wound continuing care programs. <b>Methods:</b> A discrete choice experiment was conducted among patients with venous leg ulcer in three large tertiary hospitals in Shanghai, China. Conditional logit analysis was used to estimate the preference weights for wound continuing care services. <b>Results:</b> A total of 223 VLU patients were surveyed, and 201 valid questionnaires were collected, with a validity rate of 90.1%. The modes of care delivery, service type, consistency of caregiver, and additional services were important considerations for patients when choosing wound continuing care options. Of these, community health service center and wound specialist nurses were preferred, as were options with the same caregiver providing services, online platform appointments, and the inclusion of additional services, while western care and make an appointment in-person at the clinic were relatively less attractive for patients. <b>Conclusion:</b> These results reflect patients' needs and preferences in different aspects and provide valuable references for healthcare organizations and care providers. Patient preferences are deemed as one of the multiple factors that necessitate consideration in the distribution of medical resources. They are integrated with various aspects of deliberations, including geographical location, health conditions, and economic status, so as to construct a comprehensive perspective.</p>","PeriodicalId":94350,"journal":{"name":"Phlebology","volume":" ","pages":"2683555251319839"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143384953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical outcomes following treatment for small saphenous vein insufficiency: An AVLS PRO venous registry study.","authors":"Carlos Echevarria, Sherry Scovell, John Blebea, Micah Thornton, Julianne Stoughton","doi":"10.1177/02683555251317854","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02683555251317854","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Compared to the great saphenous vein, there is a relative paucity of data in the literature focused on treating the small saphenous vein (SSV). Our goal was to evaluate and analyze national registry data related to the diagnosis and treatment of the SSV and identify practice patterns and clinical outcomes.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Subjects undergoing SSV interventions between April 2014 and March 2023 were identified in the AVLS PRO Venous Registry. Data points included Clinical, Etiological, Anatomical, Pathological (CEAP) classifications; Venous Clinical Severity Score (VCSS), Venous Quality of Life (VVSymQ®) instrument scores, Heaviness, Aching, Swelling, Throbbing, Itching (HASTI) symptoms, and Short Form Health Survey (SF-36.) Duplex ultrasound findings included vein diameter, length, and the overall recanalization rate.</p><p><strong>Result: </strong>A total of 92,175 SSV interventions were identified. Over two-thirds of subjects presented with a CEAP classification of C3 (31%) and C4 (C4 40%). Clinical results demonstrated significant improvement immediately after treatment in the first month and maintained beneficial results at 1 year or longer (<i>p</i> < 0.001.) This improvement was reflected in the significant decrease in VCSS scores (6 ± 3.4 to 5 ± 2.9; <i>p</i> < 0.0001), VVSymQ (9.5 ± 6.0 to 5.9 ± 4.4; <i>p</i> < 0.0001), and HASTI (9.4 ± 5.9 to 6.6 ± 5.2; <i>p</i> < 0.0001). The recanalization rate at any follow-up was 3%; 48% of those occurring within the first year. Predictors associated with recanalization were larger vein diameter (mean 4.0 mm, 95% CI 3.9-4.1, <i>p</i> < 0.0001) and shorter SSV length (mean 15.27 mm, 95 % CI 14.4-16.1, <i>p</i> < 0.0001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Treatment of SSV insufficiency improved clinical outcomes by both patient and physician-derived outcome measures. Only 3% of SSV demonstrated recanalization, and nearly half occurred within the first year following the procedure. Predictors of recanalization included larger pre-procedure vein diameters and treatment of a shorter length of SSV.</p>","PeriodicalId":94350,"journal":{"name":"Phlebology","volume":" ","pages":"2683555251317854"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143191441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Compression terms: Defining terminology of compression therapy - An international compression club consensus document.","authors":"Giovanni Mosti, Jean P Benigni, Serge Bohbot, Nele Devoogdt, Isabel Forner-Cordero, Eduardo da Matta, Didier Rastel, Claas Roes, Sara Thomis","doi":"10.1177/02683555241313422","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02683555241313422","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The terminology in compression therapy is not always consistent. Confusion arises from layers, components, materials, whether elastic or inelastic, stiff or not stiff, compression class, and other terms. The aim of this paper is to define a standard terminology for compression therapy.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>the International Compression Club (ICC) board members prepared a draft consensus paper, which was circulated among the ICC members and refined by GM according to the comments and suggestions received.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All the terms used in compression therapy, from the definition to the materials, compression kits or systems, their physical properties, compression pressure, compression characteristics, and components and layers, were considered and agreed upon.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The given definitions allow for consistent classification of compression materials or devices. The International Compression Club hopes that the proposed terminology will be widely accepted and that papers and congress presentations on compression will use precise terminology.</p>","PeriodicalId":94350,"journal":{"name":"Phlebology","volume":" ","pages":"2683555241313422"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143191442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Treatment of lower limb telangiectasias with Nd: Yag 1064 nm laser with and without tumescent anesthesia - TTL technique.","authors":"Julio Cesar Bajerski, Camila Biedler Giordani, Luiza Brum Borges, Juliana Bosso Taniguchi, Elias Arcenio Neto, Rodrigo Kikuchi, Jaber Nashat Saleh, Rafael Stevan Noel, Renan Camargo Puton, Mateus Picada Correa","doi":"10.1177/02683555241273133","DOIUrl":"10.1177/02683555241273133","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Transdermal laser is an option for varicous veins treatment, yet it may be painful. In this study, we will present a technique for performing tumescent anesthesia associated to transdermal laser (TTL) to reduce pain during treatment.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The study compares pain during treatment of telangiectasias in lower limb with and without tumescent anesthesia to offer a less painful procedure.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>50 CEAP C1 patients with bilateral telangiectasias on thighs underwent transdermal laser treatment, using tumescent anesthesia on one side and standard technique on the other. Pain was assessed via the Visual Analogue Scale. The outcomes were compared with Student's t-test. Significance was set at <i>p</i> < .05.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Laser treatment without tumescent anesthesia resulted in a VAS pain score of 7.9, versus 0.0 with anesthesia, showing a significant statistical difference.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Tumescent anesthesia and transdermal laser (TTL) is capable of reducing pain in laser treatment of telangiectasias and reticular veins.</p>","PeriodicalId":94350,"journal":{"name":"Phlebology","volume":" ","pages":"15-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141904047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of staged versus one shot varicose veins treatment: Depending on tributaries diameter.","authors":"Larisa Chernukha, Olexandr Voloshyn, Olexandr Suzdalenko, Viktor Gubka, Serhii Machuskui, Viktor Pavlychenko","doi":"10.1177/02683555241272969","DOIUrl":"10.1177/02683555241272969","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>One of the most debatable phlebology community's issue is the choice of the optimal tactics for endovenous varicose tributaries correction after truncal ablation. Which tactic will be most effective? There is practically no data concerning treatment tactics' choice for varicose tributary depending on its diameter. Therefore, the comparison of staged versus one-stage treatment of varicose veins is relevant problem in modern phlebology. Research on this topic will make possible determination of advantages and potential disadvantages of the proposed tactics.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study included a prospective analysis of the combined treatment of 295 patients with primary varicose veins who underwent outpatient treatment.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Simultaneous EVLA of saphenous trunks and ligation (gentle phlebectomy) of visible large-diameter tributaries (6 mm or more) with staged sclerotherapy after a month, has significant potential benefits.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The use of staged varicose veins treatment minimizes the traumatic intervention and discomfort for the patient, while achieving satisfactory treatment results without affecting the quality of life.</p>","PeriodicalId":94350,"journal":{"name":"Phlebology","volume":" ","pages":"29-38"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141908771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physical activity levels in patients with chronic venous insufficiency.","authors":"Wagner Jorge Ribeiro Domingues, Antonio Henrique Germano-Soares, Gabriel Grizzo Cucato, Lenon Corrêa de Souza, Emely Kércia Santiago de Souza Brandão, Emmina Lima da Cruz de Souza, Thiago Renan da Silva E Silva, Guilherme Peixoto Tinoco Arêas, Cleinaldo Costa, Priscilla Ribeiro Dos Santos Campelo, Neivaldo José Nazaré Dos Santos, Gustavo Oliveira da Silva, Caroline Ferraz Simões","doi":"10.1177/02683555241273153","DOIUrl":"10.1177/02683555241273153","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Increasing the levels of physical activity (PA) is widely recommended for people with chronic venous insufficiency (CVI). However, studies investigating the patterns of PA and adherence to PA guidelines using objective measures are lacking.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The primary aim was to examine the patterns of PA and adherence to PA guidelines among patients with CVI. A secondary aim was to identify whether adherence to PA recommendations differed according to patients' sociodemographic and clinical characteristics.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study included 96 patients with CVI with Clinical-Etiology-Anatomy-Pathology (CEAP) C3 to C6 (69.1% women 59 ± 11 years; 51.5% C5-C6 on CEAP classification). Objective time spent in PA was measured by a triaxial accelerometer. To examine adherence to PA guidelines, patients were grouped as meeting (or) the recommendations if they had at least 150 min/week of moderate to vigorous PA. Sociodemographic and clinic characteristics were obtained by self-report. Binary logistic regression was employed to examine whether sociodemographic and clinical characteristics were associated with adherence to PA guidelines. T-tests were employed to compare PA levels at different intensities according to patients' age.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Patients spent an average of 311.4 ± 91.5 min/week, 42.1 ± 28.0 min/week, and 19.8 ± 17.8 min/week in low-light PA, high-light PA, and moderate-to-vigorous PA, respectively. The proportion of patients meeting PA recommendations was 36.2%, and older patients had lower odds (OR = 0.94; 95%CI: 0.89 to 0.99). Additional analysis reinforced that by showing lower time in high-light PA (51.2 ± 30.0 min/day vs. 31.9 ± 21.8 min/day; <i>p</i> = .001) and moderate-to-vigorous PA (24.3 ± 15.8 min/day vs. 14.8 ± 18.8 min/day; <i>p</i> = .012) among older patients than their peers younger.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our findings showed that 36,2% of CVI patients met PA recommendations, with lower odds found among older patients. Public health interventions to enhance PA engagement among CVI patients should prioritize those who are older.</p>","PeriodicalId":94350,"journal":{"name":"Phlebology","volume":" ","pages":"47-54"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141915011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}