Canada communicable disease report = Releve des maladies transmissibles au Canada最新文献

{"title":"Healthcare-associated infections and antimicrobial resistance in Canadian acute care hospitals, 2019-2023.","authors":"","doi":"10.14745/ccdr.v51i67a04","DOIUrl":"10.14745/ccdr.v51i67a04","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) continue to contribute to excess morbidity and mortality among Canadians.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This report describes epidemiologic and laboratory characteristics and trends of HAIs and AMR, 2019-2023, using surveillance and laboratory data submitted by hospitals to the Canadian Nosocomial Infection Surveillance Program (CNISP) and by provincial and territorial laboratories to the National Microbiology Laboratory.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data was collected from 109 Canadian sentinel acute care hospitals between January 1, 2019 and December 31, 2023, for <i>Clostridioides difficile</i> infections (CDI), methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MRSA) bloodstream infections (BSIs), vancomycin-resistant <i>Enterococcus</i> (VRE) BSIs (specifically <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i> and <i>Enterococcus faecium</i>), carbapenemase-producing <i>Enterobacterales</i> (CPE) and carbapenemase-producing <i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i> (CPA) infections and colonizations and <i>Candida auris</i> (<i>C. auris</i>). Trend analysis for case counts, incidence rates (rates), outcomes, molecular characterization and AMR profiles are presented.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Rates remained relatively stable for CDI (range: 4.90-5.35 infections per 10,000 patient days) and MRSA BSI (range: 1.00-1.16 infections per 10,000 patient days) and increased significantly for VRE BSIs (range: 0.30-0.37 infections per 10,000 patient days). Infection rates for CPE remained low compared to other HAIs but doubled non-significantly (rates: 0.08-0.16), CPA counts remained very low (n=4 cases) and <i>C. auris</i> isolates remained low (n=36 isolates).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The incidence of MRSA BSIs and CDI remained stable and VRE BSIs and CPE infections increased in the Canadian acute care hospitals participating in CNISP. Few <i>C. auris</i> isolates were identified. Reporting standardized surveillance data to inform the application of infection prevention and control practices in acute care hospitals is critical to help decrease the burden of HAIs and AMR in Canada.</p>","PeriodicalId":94304,"journal":{"name":"Canada communicable disease report = Releve des maladies transmissibles au Canada","volume":"51 6-7","pages":"249-269"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12372953/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144984830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Proposed approaches for public health surveillance: A literature review for the Canadian National HIV Surveillance Program.","authors":"Anita Robert, Wes Martin, Leigh Jonah, Dana Paquette, Joseph Cox, Laura H Thompson","doi":"10.14745/ccdr.v51i05a06","DOIUrl":"10.14745/ccdr.v51i05a06","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The National HIV Surveillance Program, managed by the Public Health Agency of Canada, is a passive surveillance system that collects de-identified data on HIV cases in Canada. Regular review of this surveillance system is required to maintain its accuracy, effectiveness and relevance in the face of a changing HIV epidemic. The National HIV Surveillance Program is undergoing a comprehensive review and renewal process with the aim of identifying and implementing potential improvements to meet the information needs of communities, service providers, researchers, provinces and territories and the federal government more effectively.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A non-systematic literature review was conducted in June to July 2023, with 3,521 articles found and 105 included.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This literature review aimed to identify proposed approaches for public health surveillance, with an emphasis on HIV surveillance and identify key findings relating to the following themes: surveillance system infrastructure, data collection, ethical considerations and stakeholder relationships.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Key findings from the literature review pertained to standardization and centralization of data collection; collection of demographics, disease staging, social determinants of health and other data elements; and linking surveillance systems to other data sources or other surveillance systems. Additional findings concerned legislative and policy review, privacy strategies, informed consent, ethical surveillance system design, stakeholder consultation at all stages, knowledge translation and ensuring adequate resourcing.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In future work, lessons resulting from the literature review will be combined with evidence from other components of the overall review of Canada's HIV surveillance system. Together, this information will be further assessed and prioritized for possible implementation after consultation with data providers and communities.</p>","PeriodicalId":94304,"journal":{"name":"Canada communicable disease report = Releve des maladies transmissibles au Canada","volume":"51 5","pages":"191-211"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12363649/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144984864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on trends of select travel-acquired enteric illnesses in Canada.","authors":"Lauren Rusk, Russell Forrest, Meghan Hamel","doi":"10.14745/ccdr.v51i05a02","DOIUrl":"10.14745/ccdr.v51i05a02","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Millions of Canadians contract enteric illnesses each year, many of which are acquired during, or are otherwise associated with, international travel. As the number of Canadians travelling fluctuates throughout the year, a corresponding change in the number of travel-acquired enteric illnesses was expected. A change in the number of travel-acquired enteric illnesses was also expected during the COVID-19 pandemic restrictions.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aims to explore trends in the number and distribution of select travel-acquired enteric infections in Canada, from May 2017 to April 2023.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>To evaluate trends, Student's t-tests and negative binomial regression modelling were conducted. Percent changes and relative risks were calculated to assess the impact of the pandemic on travel-acquired enteric illnesses.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Findings demonstrated a seasonal peak in the number of reported travel-acquired enteric illnesses during the winter and spring pre- and post-pandemic travel restrictions (May 2017-February 2020 and September 2021-April 2023). Additionally, there was a decrease in the number of travel-acquired enteric illnesses added to enteric illness travel clusters with cases in more than one province or territory (multi-jurisdictional) during and after the lifting of COVID-19 travel restrictions. However, cases reported post-travel restrictions had a higher risk of being added to a multi-jurisdictional enteric illness travel cluster compared to the pre-travel restriction phase.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Nonessential travel restrictions and changes in the healthcare-seeking behaviours due to the pandemic likely account in part for the change in the number of travel-acquired enteric illnesses observed while travel restrictions were implemented and after they were lifted. Further research is required to explain the increased risk of illnesses being added to multi-jurisdictional enteric illness travel clusters after the lifting of travel restrictions compared to pre-COVID-19.</p>","PeriodicalId":94304,"journal":{"name":"Canada communicable disease report = Releve des maladies transmissibles au Canada","volume":"51 5","pages":"160-166"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12363433/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144984926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acute histoplasmosis in four immunocompetent Canadian travellers to a cenote in Yucatán, Mexico.","authors":"Elspeth MacBain, Michael Hawkes, David Goldfarb, Jan Hajek","doi":"10.14745/ccdr.v51i05a05","DOIUrl":"10.14745/ccdr.v51i05a05","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A group of four healthy Canadian travellers visited a cenote in the Yucatán peninsula in April 2024 and subsequently developed symptomatic histoplasmosis. Diagnosis was made in the acute period with a positive urine <i>Histoplasma</i> antigen test in three of the cases. Two developed severe presentations and were treated with itraconazole, including a three-year-old child with disseminated disease. The sensitivity of different modalities for diagnostics depends on the timing and severity of illness, with <i>Histoplasma</i> urine antigen being most sensitive in early infection, serology converting 4-8 weeks following exposure and cultures generally of low sensitivity. Treatment depends on the disease manifestations and host immunologic status. Many patients have relatively mild, self-limited, influenza-like illness and the diagnosis may be overlooked. Given the number of Canadian tourists travelling to the Yucatán peninsula and the popularity of visiting cenotes, awareness of the risk of histoplasmosis associated with this exposure should be promoted.</p>","PeriodicalId":94304,"journal":{"name":"Canada communicable disease report = Releve des maladies transmissibles au Canada","volume":"51 5","pages":"187-190"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12360408/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144884781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cutaneous larva migrans in Canadian travellers returning from the Caribbean: A 10-year surveillance analysis from CanTravNet.","authors":"Andrea Boggild, Rachel Bierbrier, Michael Libman, Cedric Yansouni, Anne McCarthy, Jan Hajek, Wayne Ghesquiere, Yazdan Mirzanejad, Katherine Plewes, Jean Vincelette, Susan Kuhn, Pierre Plourde, Christina Greenaway, Kevin Kain, Shaun Morris, Sapha Barkati","doi":"10.14745/ccdr.v51i05a04","DOIUrl":"10.14745/ccdr.v51i05a04","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cutaneous larva migrans (CLM) is one of the most common dermatoses affecting travellers to the tropics.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To describe demographic and travel correlates of travellers returning to Canada from the Caribbean with CLM over a 10-year pre-pandemic period.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Demographic and travel-related data on ill travellers encountered either during or after completion of their travel/migration and seen in any of eight CanTravNet sites from January 1, 2009, to December 31, 2018, with a final diagnosis of CLM were extracted and analyzed. During this time, access to first-line therapy, ivermectin, was available via Health Canada's Special Access Programme.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 17,644 travellers presenting to CanTravNet over the enrolment period, 328 (1.9%) returned from the Caribbean with CLM. The median age of travellers with CLM was 34 years (interquartile range: 25-50 years), with females accounting for 58% of cases. Ninety-five percent (n=313) travelled for tourism. Jamaica was the most common source country, with 216 cases (67%), followed by Barbados (n=27, 8%) and the Dominican Republic (n=23, 7%). Cases in 2018 were imported predominantly from Jamaica (n=58, 73%) and the Dominican Republic (n=12, 15%). Age, sex and purpose of travel were similar across years. The percentage of all imported cases of CLM that originated from the Caribbean increased from 9% in 2016 to 24.5% in 2018.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Proportions and absolute numbers of CLM in travellers returning to Canada from the Caribbean are increasing. Improved awareness of this common dermatosis among physicians and travellers, as well as improved access to effective therapies, will reduce associated morbidity.</p>","PeriodicalId":94304,"journal":{"name":"Canada communicable disease report = Releve des maladies transmissibles au Canada","volume":"51 5","pages":"179-186"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12360410/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144884782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced screening for tuberculosis infection among immigrants in southern New Brunswick: A cross-sectional pilot study.","authors":"Isdore Chola Shamputa, Duyen Thi Kim Nguyen, Hope Mackenzie, Derek J Gaudet, Alicia Harquail, Kim Barker, Duncan Webster","doi":"10.14745/ccdr.v51i05a03","DOIUrl":"10.14745/ccdr.v51i05a03","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In 2021, approximately 77% of active tuberculosis (TB) disease (TBD) cases in Canada were among foreign-born individuals. Less than 3% of TBD cases in Canada are detected through pre-arrival Canadian immigration medical examinations (i.e., chest X-rays), and the remaining 97% are likely due to reactivation of undiagnosed latent TB infection (TBI) post-arrival. In New Brunswick, the proportion of TBD cases among foreign-born individuals gradually increased from about 33% (1/3 individuals) in 2013 to 100% (14/14 individuals) in 2023. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of TBI among immigrants in southern New Brunswick, identify potential predictors for positive TBI screening and assess participant experiences with the pilot TBI screening procedure.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2021 to November 2023 among immigrants ≥19 years old who had no history of TBD and were born in a country with a TB incidence rate of ≥40/100,000 population or were referred by healthcare professionals. Participants were recruited through various channels and underwent TBI screening using the interferon-gamma release assay, followed by a survey on their screening experience.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 264 participants, 49 (18.6%) screened positive for TBI. Factors associated with higher odds of screening TBI-positive included birthplace in a \"highly to severely endemic\" (≥300/100,000 population) TB-incidence country (OR=3.24; 95% CI: 1.07-9.81) and increased age (OR=1.05; 95% CI: 1.01-1.08). Participants rated the pilot TBI screening procedure positively (mean scores ranged from 4.03-4.55 on a five-point Likert scale).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Results suggest that immigrants born in countries with TB incidences of ≥300/100,000 population should be considered for screening and treatment of TBI. The pilot TBI screening procedure yielded positive feedback. Further research with a larger sample is recommended.</p>","PeriodicalId":94304,"journal":{"name":"Canada communicable disease report = Releve des maladies transmissibles au Canada","volume":"51 5","pages":"167-178"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12363640/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144984301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Science Strategy for the Public Health Agency of Canada.","authors":"Sarah Viehbeck, Kimberly Girling, Erin Dunn","doi":"10.14745/ccdr.v51i05a01","DOIUrl":"10.14745/ccdr.v51i05a01","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":94304,"journal":{"name":"Canada communicable disease report = Releve des maladies transmissibles au Canada","volume":"51 5","pages":"157-159"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12356362/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144877692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A rapid review of the avian influenza PB2 E627K mutation in human infection studies.","authors":"Aaron MacCosham, Alexandra G Vasiliu, Nicole Atchessi","doi":"10.14745/ccdr.v51i04a04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14745/ccdr.v51i04a04","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The current avian influenza A(H5N1) epizootic poses a significant threat to public health, with sporadic infections in humans raising concerns about potential adaptation for efficient human transmission. Laboratory studies have provided evidence that the polymerase basic protein 2 (PB2) E627K mutation facilitates more efficient replication in mammals and humans. This mutation has been detected in Canadian poultry, wild birds and mammals.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>Our objective was to summarize the current state of evidence on the impact of the avian influenza PB2 E627K mutation on human adaptation, transmission, epidemiology and clinical outcomes in natural human infections.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We employed a search strategy across MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, Global Health and CAB Abstracts for articles published from each database's inception until mid-May 2023.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We identified nine eligible articles for review that addressed human transmission or adaptation (n=5), epidemiological or clinical implication (n=1) or both topics (n=3). Some studies suggested that the PB2 E627K mutation may play a role in zoonotic transmission from birds to humans, with studies indicating its association with parallel evolution and positive selection in A(H5) and A(H7) viruses. Other studies presented analyses that supported the notion of an increased fatality rate among cases with the PB2 E627K mutation, highlighting its potential role as a virulence factor.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The association of the PB2 E627K mutation with human adaptation, transmission and increased fatality rates highlights the importance of genomic surveillance under One Health umbrella. Further research is warranted to explore the role of this mutation and determine how it interacts with other mutations.</p>","PeriodicalId":94304,"journal":{"name":"Canada communicable disease report = Releve des maladies transmissibles au Canada","volume":"51 4","pages":"137-144"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11999662/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144056594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Screening of retail milk in Ontario for the presence of influenza A viral RNA.","authors":"Juliette Blais-Savoie, Winfield Yim, Jonathon D Kotwa, Lily Yip, Robert Kozak, Allison McGeer, Samira Mubareka","doi":"10.14745/ccdr.v51i04a06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14745/ccdr.v51i04a06","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In April of 2024, studies in the United States (US) identified the presence of influenza A(H5N1) viral RNA in 20%-40% of commercially available pasteurized milk in the US, suggesting that cattle infections were widespread across the country.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>As an initial assessment of the situation in Ontario, 117 samples of pasteurized cow's milk purchased from retail outlets in Ontario in April and May of 2024 were tested for the presence of influenza A viral RNA.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>No influenza A viral RNA was detected.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The Canadian Food Inspection Agency has subsequently developed an ongoing surveillance system for testing commercially available pasteurized milk and raw milk at processing plants in Canada.</p>","PeriodicalId":94304,"journal":{"name":"Canada communicable disease report = Releve des maladies transmissibles au Canada","volume":"51 4","pages":"152-155"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12013963/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144051438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental scan of available guidelines for chlamydia and gonorrhea screening recommendations for non-pregnant adolescents/adults in developed countries.","authors":"Housne Begum, Dominique Basque, Michelle Haavaldsrud, Holly Sullivan, Stephan Gadient","doi":"10.14745/ccdr.v51i04a02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14745/ccdr.v51i04a02","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Over the past ten years, there has been a steady increase in the reported rates of gonorrhea and chlamydia in Canada, with gonorrhea rising by 171% and chlamydia by 26%.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To collect and synthesize national and international chlamydia and gonorrhea screening guidelines to inform the revision of the current Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC) recommendations.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A scan of published chlamydia and gonorrhea screening guidelines of high-income countries was conducted. Guidelines were appraised using the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research & Evaluation II (AGREE II) and PROGRESS-Plus tools.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 17 guidelines on chlamydia and gonorrhea screening published between 2015 and 2023 were included in this review. The overall score of the AGREE II methodological assessment ranged from a rating of three to seven out of seven points. Only one guideline fully met the considerations identified in the assessment tool. Most international organizations recommend universal screening for chlamydia, and a few organizations recommend opportunistic screening and targeted/risk-based screening. As for gonorrhea screening, organizations mostly recommend targeted/risk-based screening and a few organizations recommend universal screening. None of the international gonorrhea guidelines recommended opportunistic screening. The implementation of universal screening has been shown to have minimal negative impact on the individuals being screened, while increasing testing rates. Most guidelines recommend screening individuals <25 years of age, while only two organizations recommend screening individuals <30 years of age.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The findings of this review will be used to inform the revision of the current PHAC recommendations on chlamydia and gonorrhea screening, which will be published in early 2025. International organizations recommend either universal or opportunistic screening. The majority of Canadian provinces and territories follow PHAC's <i>Sexually Transmitted and Blood-Borne Infections: Guides for Health Professionals</i> and recommend universal screening for individuals <25 years of age.</p>","PeriodicalId":94304,"journal":{"name":"Canada communicable disease report = Releve des maladies transmissibles au Canada","volume":"51 4","pages":"119-128"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11998894/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144036692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}