African health sciences最新文献

{"title":"Genomic variations in Mycobacterium tuberculosis from the lungs and blood of HIV-infected individuals in Uganda: insights into compartmentalization.","authors":"Hellen Nakabuye, Dickson Aruhomukama, Ronald Galiwango, David P Kateete","doi":"10.4314/ahs.v24i4.2","DOIUrl":"10.4314/ahs.v24i4.2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) clinical strains are relatively varied at the genome level. This in-silico study analyzed genomic differences between MTB isolates from the blood and lungs of TB-HIV positive cohorts in Uganda. The hypothesis was that isolates from the blood have distinct SNPs and INDELs that make them better survivors. Twenty-four MTB-blood and -lung sequences were aligned against the H37Rv reference genome and analyzed using BWA-MEM, IGV, SAMtools, FreeBayes, and SnpEff. Comparative analysis revealed that MTB-blood isolates had 11 virulence genes with distinctive non-synonymous SNPs involved in increasing colony-forming units, lowering host survival, enhancing tissue pathology, and allowing for human host persistence. The majority of INDELs were found in non-virulence genes, with the remainder in both MTB-blood and -lung sequences. The study suggests that MTB-blood isolates have distinctive SNPs that explain their capacity to persist outside of the lungs. However, further research is needed to understand the significance of these SNPs in the pathogenesis of MTB.</p><p><strong>Impact: </strong>Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) clinical strains have high genomic variability, and there is a knowledge gap on the genomic differences between MTB isolates from the blood and lungs of TB-HIV positive patients in Uganda. This study found that MTB-blood isolates had 11 virulence genes with distinctive non-synonymous SNPs that may contribute to their capacity to persist outside of the lungs. These findings provide insight into the genomic basis of MTB adaptation in different host environments, but further research is needed to fully understand the significance of these SNPs in MTB pathogenesis.</p>","PeriodicalId":94295,"journal":{"name":"African health sciences","volume":"24 4","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11970171/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143797584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Risk factors for invasive mold infection after COVID-19: case-control study.","authors":"Esma Eryilmaz-Eren, Hafize Sav, Zuhal Ozer-Simsek, İbrahim Ozcan, Aysin Kilinc-Toker, Azade Kanat, Ali Cetinkaya, Recep Civan Yuksel, Kaniye Aydin, Seda Guzeldag, Ilhami Celik","doi":"10.4314/ahs.v24i4.10","DOIUrl":"10.4314/ahs.v24i4.10","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Invasive mold infections (IMI) have become common in patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia, which are difficult to diagnose and treat, with a high mortality rate.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The aim of this study was to determine risk factors for invasive mold infections associated with COVID-19.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this prospective, case-control study, patients treated for severe COVID-19 pneumonia in intensive care units with invasive mold infection were compared with severe COVID-19 pneumonia patients with no secondary infection (bacterial or fungal). Demographics, treatments received and outcomes were compared.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Twenty patients were included in the IMI group and 19 patients in the control group. Invasive aspergillosis was observed in 13 patients (65.0%) while mucormycosis was observed in seven patients (35.0%). Demographics and clinical characteristics were similar between IMI and control group (p>0.005). The 28-day mortality was 60.0% in the IMI group and 15.8% in the control group (p=0.005). The use of steroids has been identified as the most important risk factor for developing IMI (90.0% vs. 15.8%, OR: 25.712, p=0.009).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Rationale use of steroids, with appropriate indication, dose and duration is important in the treatment of severe COVID-19 pneumonia.</p>","PeriodicalId":94295,"journal":{"name":"African health sciences","volume":"24 4","pages":"77-84"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11970181/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143797372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alleviation of nephropathy during aging as complications of diabetic by natural products.","authors":"Rami M Mosaoa, Taha A Kumosani, Soonham S Yaghmoor, Said S Moselhy","doi":"10.4314/ahs.v24i4.49","DOIUrl":"10.4314/ahs.v24i4.49","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The most complications of chronic diseases as diabetic during aging is micro and microvascular disorders. Consumption of functional foods is very important in protection from these complications. We studied the impact of dipeptide anserine in combination with vitamin E in prevention diabetic nephropathy in diabetic rats.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study included 60 male albino rats sorted into five groups: GP (I): control and the other rat groups were induced diabetic by a single dose of streptozocine i.p, at dose of (55 mg/kg/b.w).GP II was considered as diabetic untreated. The other diabetic groups were treated with anserine (1mg/kg b.w, i.p), α-tocopherol (50, 00 IU/kg b.w) or combined. After 12 weeks, fasting serum was subjected for assay of glucose, glycated hemoglobin (HA1c), advanced glycated end products (AGEs), oxidative stress markers (MDA, SOD) and inflammatory markers (TNF-α and IL-6).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Data obtained revealed that, diabetic rats treated with anserine or α-tocopherol or combination improve abnormalities, glucose, HA1c, antioxidant enzymes, inflammatory mediators and AGEs versus untreated diabetic.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Dietary supplement of natural products as anserine and α-tocopherol protect against micro and microvascular system, which is suggestive as alternative or complementary therapeutic agents for diabetic complications as neuropathy, nephropathy, and CVD.</p>","PeriodicalId":94295,"journal":{"name":"African health sciences","volume":"24 4","pages":"395-399"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11970163/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143797440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A case of toxoplasmic encephalitis in a patient on cancer chemotherapy in Uganda.","authors":"Yekosani Mitala, Raymond Atwine, Abraham Birungi, Ambaru Jacinta, Kuraishi Baluku, Semei Sekitene, Edwin Nuwagira","doi":"10.4314/ahs.v24i4.14","DOIUrl":"10.4314/ahs.v24i4.14","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Reactivation of central nervous system (CNS) toxoplasmosis can be caused by immunosuppression (ISS) of any kind. However, anti-cancer chemotherapy combined with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) induced ISS results in an atypical presentation that is fatal.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>A 46 years old man with a well-controlled infection of the human immunodeficiency virus presented with generalized tonic-clonic seizures following the second dose of anti-cancer chemotherapy for esophageal cancer. His brain's computerized tomography (CT) scan showed enlarged ventricles with no space-occupying lesions. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) smears stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) revealed numerous bradyzoites and tachyzoites consistent with central nervous system toxoplasmosis.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>With a double burden of cancer and Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in low-income countries, this case raises awareness about the atypical presentation of CNS toxoplasmosis reactivation among patients on cancer chemotherapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":94295,"journal":{"name":"African health sciences","volume":"24 4","pages":"106-110"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11970142/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143797348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of HE4 in evaluation of adnexal masses and its comparison with CA125, ROMA and RMI in premenopausal women.","authors":"Mini Sharma, Neeraj Kumar, Subhas Saha, Vanita Suri, G R Prasad, Radhika Srinivasan, Arnab Pal","doi":"10.4314/ahs.v24i4.16","DOIUrl":"10.4314/ahs.v24i4.16","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Ovarian cancer is the seventh most common cancer in women and is ranked third among gynaecological malignancies after cervical and uterine cancers. Prospective studies have failed to establish a definite screening programme based on tumour markers or ultrasonography.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate potential role of Human Epididymis protein 4 (HE4) as a biomarker for diagnosis of various ovarian malignancies in premenopausal age group, either alone or as a part of diagnostic algorithm like Risk of Malignancy Algorithm (ROMA) and to analyse if it has any advantage over Cancer Antigen 125 (CA125) or Risk of Malignancy Index (RMI).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>It was an observational cross-sectional study which included 100 premenopausal women having ovarian mass and underwent surgery. The diagnostic performances of CA125, HE4, ROMA score and RMI for ovarian cancer were evaluated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Postoperative histopathology confirmed 30% (n=30) women to have malignant ovarian tumors. According to receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis; area under curve (AUC) was maximum for ROMA (0.791) followed by HE4 (0.784), RMI (0.750) and CA125 (0.715).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>HE4 is not superior to CA125 but, it can be used in series or as part of diagnostic algorithm (ROMA) along with CA125 to get higher diagnostic accuracy for premenopausal women.</p>","PeriodicalId":94295,"journal":{"name":"African health sciences","volume":"24 4","pages":"120-128"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11970180/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143797349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editor's choice: Infections, sexual reproductive health and non-communicable diseases.","authors":"James K Tumwine","doi":"10.4314/ahs.v24i4.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v24i4.1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":94295,"journal":{"name":"African health sciences","volume":"24 4","pages":"i-iv"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11970184/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143797387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Meta analysis of clinical efficacy of acupoint application in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome.","authors":"Qingbo Wang, Lili Zhao, Junhong Liu, Li Chen, Baoxia Zhang, Qiong Zhang, Yike Lu, Yang Gao, Xue Zheng, Zongqing He, Shuangshuang Jing","doi":"10.4314/ahs.v24i4.44","DOIUrl":"10.4314/ahs.v24i4.44","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The clinical efficacy of acupoint application in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) was evaluated by Meta-analysis.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Computer searched Chinese and English databases for the randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-randomized controlled trials (CCTs) of TCM external therapy, acupoint application, TCM external application, navel sticking and their combination therapy in the treatment of IBS. The search period is from the establishment of the database to December 2022. The literature was screened independently by 2 researchers according to the standard of nano-ranking, and the data of the other 5 researchers were proofread, screened and extracted. After that, the bias risk of the included study was evaluated, and the data were analysed by RevMan 5.4. software.</p><p><strong>Result: </strong>(1) A total of 1842 patients, were included in 25 randomized controlled trials, including the acupoint application treatment group (n=928) and conventional therapy control group (n = 914).(2) The quality of the literature method shows that there are 5 high-quality literatures with a score of 4-7, 20 low-quality literatures with a score of 1-3 and few high-quality literatures;(3) In terms of effectiveness, compared with the western medicine control group, the total odds ratio OR [95 % CI] of the total effective rate of the acupoint application treatment group was 4.77 [3.68, 6.20], and the difference was statistically significant (<i>P</i> < 0.05). Shenque, Zhongwan, Pishu and Zusanli are the most commonly used.(4) In terms of literature bias, 2 studies used envelopes to hide, which belonged to \"low risk\"; 9 studies were blindly implemented and evaluated as \"unclear\"; and 6 studies were rated as \"high risk\" because cases fell off but were not reported. The funnel plot shows that the study is scatter symmetrical, the probability of publication bias is small, and the conclusion is reliable.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Acupoint application can improve the effective clinical rate of IBS with fewer adverse reactions, better patient compliance and fewer adverse reactions, but it still needs to be confirmed by high-quality multicenter, large sample randomized controlled trials.</p>","PeriodicalId":94295,"journal":{"name":"African health sciences","volume":"24 4","pages":"351-361"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11970189/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143797590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent updates on molecular epidemiology of hepatitis C virus in Gujranwala, Pakistan.","authors":"Bacha Syed Yousuf Shah, Khan Muhammad Umer, Zulfiqar Aymn, Zahid Tazeen, Ghani Muhammad Usman, Amin Iram, Shahid Muhammad, Munir Rakhtasha, Younas Saima, Vajeeha Ayesha","doi":"10.4314/ahs.v24i4.4","DOIUrl":"10.4314/ahs.v24i4.4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Hepatitis C infection (HCV) remains a leading cause of liver cirrhosis, posing a critical health threat worldwide.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This research aimed to provide a contemporary overview of HCV infection and its genotypic distribution in Gujranwala, Punjab, Pakistan. Additionally, it sought to explore the interrelation between HCV genotypes and associated risk factors among individuals infected with HCV.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>To examine the prevalence of antibodies against HCV, blood samples were collected from 1004 patients and tested using an immunochromatographic test (ICT). Positive ICT samples were subsequently confirmed through a chemiluminescence technique and then subjected to amplification and genotyping.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study revealed that females (54.68%) were more affected by HCV than males (45.32%). Notably, the highest incidence of HCV infection (27%) was observed in the 50-59 age group. Among HCV RNA-positive patients, genotype 3a predominated, accounting for 71.81% of cases. High rate of untypable genotypes was also detected (20.82%), along with mixed (3.29%), 1a (2.09%), 1b (0.79%), 2b (0.70%), and 3b (0.50%).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study highlights the prevalence of genotype 3a as the most common HCV genotype in the sampled population. This information is crucial for informing public health interventions and further research in the field of HCV infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":94295,"journal":{"name":"African health sciences","volume":"24 4","pages":"20-28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11970147/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143797368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predictors of stunting among children aged 6-59 months in Kitui County, Kenya.","authors":"Morris K Chui, Justus O Osero, Judy W Mugo","doi":"10.4314/ahs.v24i4.52","DOIUrl":"10.4314/ahs.v24i4.52","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Stunting in children below the age of five is a significant public health problem in Kenya. Stunting has transitory and lifelong effects on people and communities, including high risk of morbidity and death, lowered mental and physical growth, and decreased productivity.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To investigate the predictors of stunting in children aged 6 to 59 months in Kitui County, Kenya.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was a cross-sectional analytical survey that used multistage cluster sampling. Data were gathered through questionnaires, interviews with key informants and discussions with focus groups. Anthropometric measurements were taken to assess the rate of stunting.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The stunting rate was 26.6%. The independent predictors of stunting included birth weight < 2500 grams (AOR = 2.302; 95% CI: 1.027-6.150; p: 0.043), having secondary education (AOR = 5.404; 95% CI: 1.607-18.173; p: 0.006), mother's MUAC < 23 cm (AOR = 2.845; 95% CI: 1.125-7.192; p:0.012), and having no access to a latrine/toilet (AOR = 0.008; 95% CI: 0.009-0.561; p: 0.013).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Stunting was high and was influenced by sociodemographic factors, and the household environment.</p>","PeriodicalId":94295,"journal":{"name":"African health sciences","volume":"24 4","pages":"420-430"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11970169/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143796943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Surgical site infections following abdominal surgery: incidence, risk factors and outcomes.","authors":"Olufemi O Ojewuyi, Abiodun R Ojewuyi, Adeniyi O Fasanu, Opeyemi Q Asafa, Oluwaseun A Taiwo, Emmanuel O Folami","doi":"10.4314/ahs.v24i4.12","DOIUrl":"10.4314/ahs.v24i4.12","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Abdominal surgeries especially open surgeries are associated with high risk of surgical site infections. This invariably leads to increased morbidity, prolonged hospital stay with its attendant financial burden and mortality.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To describe the incidence, risk factors and outcome in patient with surgical site infection following open abdominal surgery.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was a prospective study involving consecutive 100 patients across surgical sub-specialties and gynaecology over 6 month period. Variables analyzed included; biodata, type of surgery, American Society of Anaesthesiologists (ASA) grade, hair removal at wound site, specialty, degree of intraoperative contamination, presence of surgical site infection (SSI) and mortality.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Majority of the patients (64%) were women and the age range was 11 to 73 years, mean age was 36.41 ± 10.9 years. About 60% of the cases were emergency procedures, indication for surgery were benign in 89 (89%) patients, malignant in 7% and trauma in 4%. Majority (55%) had clean-contaminated wounds while 45% had contaminated and dirty wounds, 54% were solely general surgery patients, 66% of the patients had hair removal before theatre arrival. SSI was recorded in 20% of the patients and mortality rate was 7% at 30 days follow up.The risk of SSI was higher in emergency procedures, (p =0.041) with an odd ratio of 2. SSI risk increases with the ASA grade, general surgical procedures, hair removal at wound site before theatre arrival and also in contaminated and dirty wounds. Emergency procedures and SSI were found to increase the odds of mortality.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Emergency procedures, general surgery (bowel surgeries), and significant degrees of intraoperative contamination are associated with higher risk of SSI, which is an independent predictor of mortality. More efforts should be put in place to prevent SSI in these categories of patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":94295,"journal":{"name":"African health sciences","volume":"24 4","pages":"91-98"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11970150/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143797352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}