Transgender health最新文献

{"title":"The Utility of Serum Free Testosterone Concentrations in Monitoring Gender-Affirming Testosterone Therapy in Transmasculine Youth with Obesity.","authors":"Jeremi M Carswell, Ellis Barrera, Enju Liu, Stephanie A Roberts","doi":"10.1089/trgh.2022.0215","DOIUrl":"10.1089/trgh.2022.0215","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study aimed to explore the use of serum free testosterone concentrations in transmasculine patients as a more reliable indicator of gender-affirming testosterone therapy than total testosterone concentration. Total testosterone values, recommended by current guidelines, may be impacted by obesity. In addition, this study aimed to characterize the impact of testosterone concentrations on hematocrit and the risk of polycythemia.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective study was conducted of transmasculine patients seen at Boston Children's Hospital Gender Multispecialty Service from 2007 to 2020. Sixty-eight birth-assigned female adolescents who were receiving gender-affirming testosterone therapy and had total and free testosterone concentrations were included. The aims were to determine the fidelity of total and free testosterone concentrations with body mass index (BMI) and to characterize the association of testosterone concentrations with erythrocytosis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 68 subjects, 23% were overweight and 40% had obesity. Compared with the group with a healthy BMI, patients with obesity had significantly lower total testosterone concentrations. Free testosterone concentrations did not vary based on BMI category. BMI z-score was inversely correlated with total testosterone, sex hormone-binding globulin, and albumin concentrations but not with free testosterone concentrations. Four percent of subjects developed erythrocytosis (e.g., hematocrit >50%). Neither BMI nor testosterone concentrations were correlated with hematocrit.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Free testosterone concentrations are an adjunctive tool in the monitoring of gender-affirming testosterone therapy. In addition, the development of erythrocytosis is independent of serum testosterone concentration and warrants further study to understand factors that may predispose patients to developing secondary polycythemia.</p>","PeriodicalId":94256,"journal":{"name":"Transgender health","volume":"10 5","pages":"428-437"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12670710/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145673344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Perceived Antecedents of Suicidal Thoughts Among Transgender, Nonbinary, and Gender-Expansive Black, Indigenous, and Other People of Color.","authors":"Álvaro Gamio Cuervo, Michelle Del Rio","doi":"10.1177/26884887251376144","DOIUrl":"10.1177/26884887251376144","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The present study aimed to examine which key antecedents of suicidal thoughts are salient to transgender, nonbinary, and gender-expansive (TNGE) Black, Indigenous, and other people of color (BIPOC) community members. By understanding community members' perspectives and values regarding suicide risk, researchers and clinicians can explore culturally responsive ways to identify and mitigate causes of heightened suicide risk among TNGE BIPOC.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Responses were gathered from 110 TNGE BIPOC participants via short-answer questions in an online, national cross-sectional survey within the United States. Data collection took place from December 2023 through March 2024. Participant responses were analyzed utilizing a conventional content analysis approach.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Participants endorsed three types of antecedents, including intrapersonal (65%), socioeconomic (22%), and interpersonal factors (53%). Analysis showed overwhelming distress (22%), hopelessness (18%), loneliness/thwarted belongingness (39%), entrapment (20%), and internalized bias (3%) for intrapersonal factors; economic instability (15%) and limited access to care (12%) for socioeconomic factors; family rejection (5%), firsthand traumatic exposure (42%), and interpersonal bias for interpersonal factors (19%).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Results align with past literature detailing risk factors for suicidal ideation (i.e., interpersonal theory of suicide, entrapment, and minority stress). Given that the most salient antecedents were traumatic exposure and loneliness/thwarted belongingness, future research should examine the mechanisms underlying risk for suicidal ideation for TNGE BIPOC as a result of such factors.</p>","PeriodicalId":94256,"journal":{"name":"Transgender health","volume":"11 4","pages":"255-264"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13358177/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148439519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mindfulness, Mental Health, and Violence Exposure Among Transgender Female Sex Workers Living with HIV in the Dominican Republic.","authors":"Beth J Maclin, Yeycy Donastorg, Martha Perez, Hoisex Gomez, Clare Barrington, Deanna Kerrigan","doi":"10.1177/26884887251365815","DOIUrl":"10.1177/26884887251365815","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Mental illness is a significant public health issue among transgender female sex workers (FSW). A variety of factors inform the prevalence of mental illness among transgender FSW, including violence exposure and stigma. Mindfulness, the process of paying attention to the immediate experience with awareness and attentiveness in a nonjudgmental way, has been shown to improve mental health among stigmatized populations, including cisgender FSW living with HIV. This analysis examines the relationship between mindfulness and mental health among transgender FSW living with HIV in the Dominican Republic (DR) and investigates if mindfulness impacts the relationship between violence exposure and mental health.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>One hundred transgender FSW living with HIV participated in a cross-sectional survey in Santo Domingo, DR, in 2019. We conducted multivariate linear regressions to assess the relationship between mindfulness and anxiety and depression, respectively, adjusting for covariates. We also conducted multivariate linear regression for the impact of violence exposure (a three-class latent variable) on each outcome, moderating for mindfulness and adjusting for covariates.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Mindfulness was associated with lower depression and anxiety scores and moderated the relationship between violence exposure and depression, but only for those in the mid-level violence exposure class.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This formative work creates a strong foundation for future implementation and evaluation of mindfulness-based interventions with this population to address their mental health needs. Future research should examine the relationships between mindfulness, social support, social cohesion, and social change.</p>","PeriodicalId":94256,"journal":{"name":"Transgender health","volume":"11 3","pages":"206-213"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13189233/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147990496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Telehealth Versus In-Person Injection Instruction for Adolescents and Young Adults Initiating Gender-Affirming Testosterone Therapy.","authors":"Kira J Nightingale, Scott K Jelinek, Caleb Jones, Linda M Bevington, Kaja Darien, Alexander Ding, Andi Fu, Kevin Su, Linda S Kocent, Miriam D Langer, Nadia Dowshen","doi":"10.1089/trgh.2024.0130","DOIUrl":"10.1089/trgh.2024.0130","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The purpose of this study was to compare the clinical acceptability of testosterone levels, time to treatment, and postinstruction questions/problems between in-person and telehealth injection teaching for adolescents and young adults (AYA) initiating gender-affirming testosterone therapy.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective cohort study was conducted using electronic medical record data from a large pediatric gender health clinic. Patients who received subcutaneous testosterone prescriptions between March 15, 2018, and March 14, 2022, were included. The study compared patients receiving in-person versus telehealth injection teaching. Data were collected on demographics, testosterone levels at 3 and 6 months, time from prescription to treatment, and post-instruction contacts. Statistical analyses included <i>t</i>-tests, chi-square tests, logistic regression, linear regression, and zero-inflated negative binomial.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study included 278 patients, with 136 (48.9%) receiving in-person teaching and 142 (51.1%) receiving telehealth teaching. There were no significant differences in baseline characteristics between groups. Clinical effectiveness, indicated by testosterone levels at 3 and 6 months, revealed no significant difference between instruction methods (<i>p</i> = 0.768 and <i>p</i> = 0.350). Time to treatment initiation was comparable (in-person: 15.34 days; telehealth: 18.02 days), with no significant difference in adjusted analysis (<i>p</i> = 0.204). Post-instruction contacts were slightly higher in the telehealth group (2.87 vs. 2.42, <i>p</i> = 0.040), but injection-related questions were rare and similar between groups (<i>p</i> = 0.650).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Telehealth instruction for testosterone injection is as effective as in-person teaching methods for AYA initiating gender-affirming care. The findings support the continued use of telehealth to enhance access to gender-affirming care, particularly in light of its clinical efficacy and patient acceptability.</p>","PeriodicalId":94256,"journal":{"name":"Transgender health","volume":"10 4","pages":"325-333"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12434162/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145076977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Facilitators of Gender-Affirming Medical Care for Transgender and Nonbinary Adolescents.","authors":"Nicole F Kahn, Chapin Spence, Kevin Bocek, Janis L Sethness, Kacie M Kidd, Peter G Asante, Tumaini R Coker, Laura P Richardson, Dimitri A Christakis, Gina M Sequeira","doi":"10.1089/trgh.2024.0157","DOIUrl":"10.1089/trgh.2024.0157","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>An electronic survey of transgender and nonbinary (TNB) adolescents was administered between June and August 2023 to identify potential facilitators of gender-affirming medical care (GAMC). Results indicated the most important facilitator was being able to access GAMC from their regular doctor. Accessing care via school-based health centers, a telemedicine visit with a gender specialist, and sharing videos about GAMC with parents were more important to those who had not been seen in a clinic that provides GAMC. Overall, this study offers important insights into how to improve access to GAMC for TNB adolescents who want but are not receiving this care.</p>","PeriodicalId":94256,"journal":{"name":"Transgender health","volume":"10 4","pages":"407-412"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12434156/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145076694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Postsurgical Pain, Psychosocial Functioning, and Cannabis Use Among Adolescents and Young Adults Undergoing Gender-Affirming Surgery.","authors":"Eleanor A J Battison, Emily A Kenyon, Corrin M Murphy, Eline L Lenne, Danielle N Moyer, Sarah W Feldstein Ewing, Anna C Wilson","doi":"10.1089/trgh.2024.0173","DOIUrl":"10.1089/trgh.2024.0173","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Little is known about transgender and gender expansive (TGE) adolescents' and young adults' (AYAs') pain and psychosocial experiences in the acute postsurgical period following gender-affirming surgery (GAS). This study describes pain symptomatology and psychosocial functioning within 1 month after GAS among TGE AYAs, examines immediate postsurgical associations of cannabis use with pain symptomatology, pain catastrophizing, and psychosocial functioning, and explores pain persistence, cannabis use, and psychosocial functioning in a subgroup of individuals 6 months after surgery.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>AYAs (<i>N</i> = 64) underwent GAS at a large academic medical center in the Pacific Northwest between March 2019 and June 2023. Participants reported on pain intensity, pain interference, pain catastrophizing, anxiety, depression, and cannabis use. Independent and paired-samples <i>t</i>-tests examined differences by age, past 30-day cannabis use, and from the postsurgical period to 6-month follow-up.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Participants reported acute and persistent pain following GAS. Younger age was associated with improved pain interference in the postoperative stage. Reports of past 30-day cannabis use were high in this sample, and cannabis use was associated with higher pain interference, anxiety, and depression.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study is the first to assess AYA pain functioning, mental health, and cannabis use following GAS within 1 month of surgery and at 6 months. Findings suggest that 6 months after GAS is a postsurgical adjustment phase, necessitating more supportive perioperative and psychosocial resources, including attention to substance use, during this crucial window.</p>","PeriodicalId":94256,"journal":{"name":"Transgender health","volume":"10 4","pages":"334-344"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12411092/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145017101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Psychosocial Correlates of Chest Binding in Transgender and Gender-Diverse Youth.","authors":"Zeynep Tüzün, Sinem Akgül, Melis Pehlivantürk Kızılkan, Koray Başar","doi":"10.1089/trgh.2024.0240","DOIUrl":"10.1089/trgh.2024.0240","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Chest binding involves the compression of chest tissue for masculine gender expression among transgender and gender diverse (TGD) youth. This study aimed to assess binding trends and their associations with quality of life, self-esteem, and psychological symptoms among TGD youth in Türkiye.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study was conducted between November 2019 and November 2023 and involved TGD youth and cisgender controls. Data collection included a survey on binding practices, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale to assess self-esteem, the Turkish version of the World Health Organization's Quality of Life-BREF (WHOQOL-BREF-TR) to evaluate quality of life, and the Brief Symptom Inventory to measure psychological symptoms.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Thirty-three TGD participants (20.2 ± 2.7 years old) and 30 controls (20.8 ± 3.0 years old) were included. Most participants reported that not binding posed significant challenges in social interactions, sports, and expressing gender-aligned behaviors. Anxiety and somatization were inversely correlated with weekly binding duration. The TGD group had significantly higher (<i>p</i> < 0.05) somatization and global severity scores, lower (<i>p</i> < 0.01) psychological and environment scores of quality of life, but similar self-esteem levels. The psychology domain of the WHOQOL-BREF-TR was lower (<i>p</i> < 0.001) in the shorter binding group compared with controls but similar in the control and longer binding groups. Overall, psychological symptoms were lower (<i>p</i> < 0.01) in the control group than in the shorter binding group and not different from the longer binding group.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings highlight the nuanced relationship between binding and mental health, with higher psychological distress and lower quality of life in the TGD group compared with controls, while longer binding may offer some psychological stability, underscoring the need for improved access to gender-affirming care for overall well-being.</p>","PeriodicalId":94256,"journal":{"name":"Transgender health","volume":"10 4","pages":"355-363"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12434161/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145077037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Single-Center Retrospective Analysis of Safety and Efficacy of Subcutaneous Estradiol Use in Transgender and Nonbinary Adolescents and Young Adults.","authors":"Marissa S Aaron, Priya Phulwani","doi":"10.1089/trgh.2024.0264","DOIUrl":"10.1089/trgh.2024.0264","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The study aimed to characterize transgender and nonbinary (TGNB) adolescents and young adults on subcutaneous (SC) estradiol for feminizing gender-affirming hormone therapy and demonstrate efficacy and safety in these individuals.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective single-center chart review of TGNB adolescents and young adults up to 25 years old who received SC estradiol cypionate or SC estradiol valerate and completed laboratory testing between January 1, 2021, and January 1, 2024, was conducted. Mann-Whitney <i>U</i> tests were used for analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>From transgender female (<i>n</i> = 37, 93%) and nonbinary (<i>n</i> = 3, 7%) individuals, 30 (75%) individuals demonstrated therapeutic serum estradiol concentrations (100-300 pg/mL) on SC estradiol cypionate, SC estradiol valerate, or both. Of the 23 patients using SC estradiol cypionate, 52% (<i>n</i> = 12) had therapeutic concentrations, but many were unable to titrate dosing due to nationwide shortage. Of the 32 patients on SC estradiol valerate, 75% (<i>n</i> = 24) achieved therapeutic concentrations. Serum testosterone concentrations were suppressed in all but one instance (97%, <i>n</i> = 35) of therapeutic serum estradiol concentrations; the majority of patients used simultaneous anti-androgens. To achieve therapeutic serum estradiol concentrations, the SC estradiol valerate dose (median 4 mg weekly, interquartile range [IQR]: 4-5.5) was significantly higher than the SC estradiol cypionate dose (median 2 mg weekly, IQR: 2-2.5), <i>p</i> < 0.001. No clinically significant adverse events occurred, including new transaminase elevation, severe dyslipidemia, or thromboembolism.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Many TGNB adolescents and young adults on SC estradiol administration achieved appropriate serum estradiol concentrations and no adverse events were reported, supporting continued use of SC estradiol in gender-affirming care.</p>","PeriodicalId":94256,"journal":{"name":"Transgender health","volume":"10 4","pages":"316-324"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12434155/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145077026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Frequency, Timing, and Management of Erythrocytosis in Adolescents Receiving Gender-Affirming Testosterone Therapy-A Retrospective Study.","authors":"Ashleigh McLean, Monsurul Hoq, Ken C Pang, Michele O'Connell","doi":"10.1089/trgh.2024.0233","DOIUrl":"10.1089/trgh.2024.0233","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Erythrocytosis is a well-described effect of testosterone therapy in adults, but less is known about this phenomenon in transgender and gender-diverse adolescents. To explore this further, we performed a retrospective study in 158 adolescents who received gender-affirming testosterone therapy from January 2007 to April 2020 at a pediatric gender service. Erythrocytosis (hematocrit [Hct] > 0.50 L/L) developed in 9.5% (15/158) of adolescents. Frequency increased with time; in the majority (67%, 10/15), erythrocytosis occurred in the second year of treatment. Overall, our findings indicate erythrocytosis occurs commonly in testosterone-treated transgender adolescents and support the need for regular ongoing monitoring of Hct.</p>","PeriodicalId":94256,"journal":{"name":"Transgender health","volume":"10 4","pages":"401-406"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12434153/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145076685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transgender and Nonbinary Young Adult-Perceived Facilitators of Parental Consent for Gender-Affirming Medical Care as a Minor.","authors":"Kacie M Kidd, Nicole F Kahn, Peter G Asante, Moira A Kyweluk, Rachel Salyer, Dimitri A Christakis, Wanda Pratt, Laura P Richardson, Gina M Sequeira","doi":"10.1089/trgh.2024.0230","DOIUrl":"10.1089/trgh.2024.0230","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study aimed to explore potential factors impacting parental consent for gender-affirming medical care (GAMC) among transgender and nonbinary (TNB) young adults who desired GAMC as minors but were unable to receive it due to the lack of parental consent.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Participants were recruited in 2023 from patients age 18-20 years old receiving care through Plume, a virtual GAMC provider, and completed a single online survey about their experiences. Post hoc pairwise comparisons were used to test for differences in potential facilitators of parental consent and the characteristics of doctors, other parents, and support groups by demographic characteristics.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Respondents (<i>N</i> = 224) indicated that parental interaction with supportive medical providers, other parents, and support groups may have aided in parental consent; meeting with a doctor supportive of GAMC was rated as most helpful. Desired characteristics of doctors, parents, and support groups varied by race, ethnicity, and rurality.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Critical in addressing barriers to GAMC, these data aid in our understanding of the support needs of parents of TNB adolescents and how these needs vary by race, ethnicity, and rurality. These data support a need for GAMC education and support for a diverse workforce in subspecialist and primary care settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":94256,"journal":{"name":"Transgender health","volume":"10 4","pages":"386-393"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12434154/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145077042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}