Carbohydrate Research最新文献

{"title":"Non-leaching cationic nanofibers from chitosan-g-PCL copolymer: A structurally durable platform for biomedical applications","authors":"Aliakbar Ebrahimi","doi":"10.1016/j.carres.2025.109767","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carres.2025.109767","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The possible leaching of chitosan (CS), which could result in a loss of bioactivity and structural instability, is a significant drawback of CS/polycaprolactone (PCL) blend nanofibers. This work offers a way to produce inherently cationic and long-lasting nanofibers by synthesizing a CS-graft-PCL (CS-g-PCL) copolymer. PCL and CS are Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved polymers that are widely used in biomedical applications. PCL is a biodegradable and biocompatible polymer and has good electrospinnable character, but suffers from a lack of functional groups. Instead, CS is biocompatible, biodegradable, non-toxic, non-allergenic, bio-adhesive, and has attractive biological activities, but has poor electrospinability. Synthesized copolymers and PCL were characterized with Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Hydrogen Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (¹HNMR), Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Results of characterization showed that the synthesis procedures were done successfully. Then, different blends of PCL with Graft copolymers were used to prepare nanofibers with electrospinning. Surface morphology of nanofibers investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Surface chemistry, hydrophilic and hydrophobic character, and mechanical strength of nanofiber matrices were characterized with X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), water contact angle, and mechanical tests, respectively. Importantly, CS was covalently bonded inside the fiber matrix, inhibiting its diffusion and producing no inhibitory zone, as demonstrated by XPS and antibacterial disk diffusion studies. This suggests a long-lasting, non-leaching architecture in which the fiber structure retains its cationic and antibacterial qualities for prolonged bioactivity after breakdown. This study effectively creates a cationic nanofiber platform that is structurally stable and perfectly suitable for uses that need a long-lasting positive charge, such as scaffolds for tissue engineering and long-term antimicrobial filtration systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9415,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Research","volume":"559 ","pages":"Article 109767"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145621025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Polysaccharide epitopes recognized by human α-L-Rha antibodies","authors":"Nadezhda V. Shilova ,&nbsp;Polina S. Obukhova ,&nbsp;Yuriy A. Knirel ,&nbsp;Victoria V. Golovchenko ,&nbsp;Olga A. Patova ,&nbsp;Svetlana V. Tsygankova ,&nbsp;Polina V. Mikshina ,&nbsp;Stephen Henry ,&nbsp;Nicolai V. Bovin","doi":"10.1016/j.carres.2025.109717","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carres.2025.109717","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The levels of antibodies in human blood binding to the monosaccharide α-L-Rha are the highest among all anti-glycan antibodies. Moreover, anti-Rha antibodies are found in all individuals, suggesting that they are naturally occurring rather than adaptive immunoglobulins. Rhamnose is common in both bacterial (especially infectious) and plant polysaccharides, however, it remains poorly understood which rhamnose-containing epitope(s) – whether monosaccharide, oligosaccharide, or complex molecular patterns – are recognized by human antibodies. Using an affinity adsorbent, α-L-Rha-Sepharose, antibodies were isolated from human immunoglobulin preparations (IgG + IgM + IgA) and analyzed using highly representative arrays of bacterial and plant polysaccharides (about 1000 glycans, of which &gt;240 contained Rha). Isolated anti-α-L-Rha antibodies bound to almost all polysaccharides where the rhamnose residue was located either terminally or as α1–2, 1–3 or 1–4 linked pendant substituent, but not to internal positions, regardless of whether they were bacterial <em>O</em>-antigens or plant polysaccharides. It was concluded that human polyclonal anti-α-L-Rha antibodies have a reasonably narrow range of epitope specificity. The recognition of a small-sized monosaccharide epitope, on one hand, and a high proportion of IgM and IgA, on the other, suggest a high degree of polyvalence in recognizing the natural targets of the antibodies studied. <em>In vivo</em>, anti-α-L-Rha antibodies are more likely to recognize a pattern composed of tightly packed lipopolysaccharides (or capsular polysaccharides, or plant cell walls) rather than repetitive epitopes on a single polysaccharide molecule.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9415,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Research","volume":"559 ","pages":"Article 109717"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145430414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Parameter optimisation of a microreactor based continuous synthesis of bromooctyl glucoside by Fischer glycosylation","authors":"Jessica Jung-Fittkau ,&nbsp;Jascha Schmeh ,&nbsp;Angelika Czajkowska ,&nbsp;Sahin Özdemir ,&nbsp;Josef Diebold ,&nbsp;Magnus S. Schmidt","doi":"10.1016/j.carres.2025.109758","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carres.2025.109758","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bromalkyl glycosides are promising molecules for use as functionalised spacers in the production of glycomimetics. The here presented optimised process can serve as the basis for the technical synthesis of bromoalkyl glycosides in a microreactor. Therefore, we tested the influence of residence time and temperature on the synthesis of bromoalkyl glycosides in a microreactor. To determine the optimum temperature, the synthesis was investigated between 90 °C and 150 °C, in 10 °C increments. To determine the optimum residence time in the reactor, the residence time was varied between 1 and 10 min. The results show, that the product yield increases initially with increasing temperature or residence time. In both curves, there is limited growth before the yield drops again after the peak. It was found that at high temperatures and residence times, the number of undesirable by-products may also increase, which has a negative effect on product yield. We found the optimum temperature range is 120 °C–130 °C and the optimum residence time at 7.5 min.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9415,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Research","volume":"559 ","pages":"Article 109758"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145562879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling highly sulfated infernan","authors":"Jacob A. Clark ,&nbsp;Agata Zykwinska ,&nbsp;Sylvia Colliec-Jouault ,&nbsp;Sergey A. Samsonov","doi":"10.1016/j.carres.2025.109759","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carres.2025.109759","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are a large family of linear and highly negatively charged polysaccharides with many roles in tissue structure and physiology. Interest in glycosaminoglycans and molecules with mimetic properties has led to the discovery of a number of exopolysaccharides (EPS), such as the highly sulfated infernan (Inf_HS). Understanding of the bioactivity of these molecules depends on their structural features. Here, we constructed and simulated a model of Inf_HS, aiming to characterize its molecular properties. We observed increased intramolecular interactions as additional repeating units were added to the model, alongside folding of the structure. The branched structure and high sulfation also lead to a more pronounced polarization around the molecule in comparison to linear sulfated glycosaminoglycans. The findings demonstrate the unique properties of Inf_HS and provide a rationale for understanding its bioactivity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9415,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Research","volume":"559 ","pages":"Article 109759"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145573136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review of Allii macrostemonis Bulbus polysaccharides: Extraction, purification, structural characterization, and biological activity","authors":"Hua Huang,&nbsp;Xiaolan Liu,&nbsp;Yiqiao Ding,&nbsp;Xuebin Xu,&nbsp;Guoyou Chen,&nbsp;Jianqiang Ma,&nbsp;Meng Wang,&nbsp;Haixue Kuang,&nbsp;Zhibin Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.carres.2025.109747","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carres.2025.109747","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Allii macrostemonis</em> Bulbus (Xiebai) is an important medicinal and edible homologous plant belonging to the genus <em>Allium</em> in the family Liliaceae. Its polysaccharide components (XBPS) are regarded as one of its principal bioactive constituents. Although significant progress has been made in the extraction, structural characterization, and pharmacological evaluation of XBPS, its detailed structural features, biological mechanisms of action, and structure-activity relationships remain insufficiently elucidated. This review summarizes recent advances in the extraction, purification, structural analysis, biological activities, and structural modification of XBPS, aiming to provide a theoretical foundation for its further development and application.</div><div>Studies have shown that, compared with traditional hot-water extraction, emerging techniques such as ultrasound-assisted extraction offer significant advantages in enhancing extraction yield and preserving the native bioactive structures of XBPS. Structural analyses reveal that XBPS mainly comprises two types of polysaccharides: acidic polysaccharides and neutral fructans. The acidic polysaccharides are rich in uronic acids, which confer high target affinity and bioavailability, whereas the fructans primarily consist of <em>β</em>-(2 → 1) and <em>β</em>-(2 → 6) glycosidic linkages, forming a highly branched, chain-like network that serves as an important structural model for investigating structure-activity relationships.</div><div>Pharmacological studies have demonstrated that XBPS exhibits a broad spectrum of biological activities, including anti-atherosclerotic, cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, and antitumor effects. These biological functions are synergistically influenced by factors such as molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, glycosidic linkage type, and spatial conformation. Future research should focus on standardizing extraction and characterization methodologies, elucidating structure-function correlations, and exploring the potential applications of XBPS in the development of functional foods and pharmaceutical agents.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9415,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Research","volume":"559 ","pages":"Article 109747"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145511690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Yam polysaccharide extraction, purification, structural features, and biological properties: A review","authors":"Chongbi Wei ,&nbsp;Shaowa Lv ,&nbsp;Lei Jiang ,&nbsp;Fang Fang ,&nbsp;Lei Liu ,&nbsp;Shuang Sun ,&nbsp;Yunjie Ma ,&nbsp;Yuyan Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.carres.2025.109746","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carres.2025.109746","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Yam (<em>Dioscorea opposita Thunb.</em>) is a widely used culinary and medicinal plant rhizome with a long application history. The polysaccharides in yam are important bioactive components. As a natural polysaccharide, yam polysaccharides exhibit strong advantages in terms of physicochemical properties, biological activity, and structural plasticity, making them a research hotspot in the fields of biomedicine and functional foods. However, systematic studies on the stable extraction, structural analysis, modification techniques, and structure-activity relationships of Chinese yam polysaccharide (CYP) remain limited. This review summarizes 124 research publications on CYP over the past 40 years, providing a comprehensive and systematic analysis of the extraction, separation, purification, characterization methods, structural modification, bioactivities, and applications of CYP. It is evident that CYP exhibits diverse biological activities due to its unique structural features, showing broad application potential in the fields of functional foods and pharmaceuticals. However, the structural complexity of CYP, including the variety of glycosidic bonds, differences in molecular weight, and branching structures, poses challenges for in-depth research. Future studies should focus on elucidating the structure-activity relationships, exploring the underlying mechanisms of action, and thereby fully leveraging the natural health benefits of CYP to promote innovation and industrial upgrading in related fields. In conclusion, this systematic review provides scientific guidance for further research and development of Chinese yam polysaccharide.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9415,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Research","volume":"559 ","pages":"Article 109746"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145581691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A systematic review on polysaccharides from Ophiopogonis Radix and Liriopes Radix: Advances in the preparation, structural characterization and pharmacological activities","authors":"Shuai Wang ,&nbsp;Mingxuan Li ,&nbsp;Xiaomeng Gong ,&nbsp;Zhi Chen ,&nbsp;Huagang Sheng ,&nbsp;Fengxia Xu ,&nbsp;Yanru Ren ,&nbsp;Chao Zhang ,&nbsp;Fei Guo ,&nbsp;Zhiyuan Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.carres.2025.109744","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carres.2025.109744","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ophiopogonis Radix and Liriopes Radix (Maidong), a traditional Chinese medicine esteemed for its yin-nourishing and lung-moistening properties, is a rich source of bioactive polysaccharides (Maidong polysaccharides, MDPs). This review systematically consolidates recent advances (from 2018 to October 2025) in the extraction, purification, structural characterization, and diverse bioactivities of MDPs. Modern research reveals that MDPs exhibit a broad spectrum of pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and gut microbiota-regulating effects. These properties underpin their potential therapeutic applications in managing conditions like diabetes, cardiovascular disorders, and inflammatory diseases. Despite promising findings, a clear understanding of the precise structural information and structure-activity relationships of MDPs remains limited. This comprehensive summary aims to lay a foundation for future research, highlighting the therapeutic potential of MDPs while identifying key areas requiring further investigation to fully exploit their health-promoting functions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9415,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Research","volume":"559 ","pages":"Article 109744"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145534392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis and in vitro studies of doxorubicin-Cu2+ prodrug and glucose oxidase co-encapsulated oxidized hyaluronic acid/carboxymethyl chitosan hydrogels on breast cancer cell line 4T1","authors":"Shuhan Li ,&nbsp;Huwei Bian ,&nbsp;Yuting Tan ,&nbsp;Yan Li ,&nbsp;Dan Shou ,&nbsp;Tao Jiang ,&nbsp;Yong Kong","doi":"10.1016/j.carres.2025.109769","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carres.2025.109769","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Breast cancer is one of the most life-threatening malignancies worldwide, and the chemotherapy of breast cancer is often hindered by drug resistance and systemic toxicity. Developing safer and more efficient multi-therapy strategies is therefore urgently needed. Doxorubicin (DOX) is first combined with Cu²⁺ through coordination bonds, and the resulting DOX-Cu²⁺ prodrug is then co-encapsulated with glucose oxidase (GOx) in the oxidized hyaluronic acid (OHA)/carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) hydrogels cross-linked through the Schiff base reaction. The weakly acidic environment of tumor cells can cause the degradation of the hydrogels and the dissociation of the DOX-Cu²⁺ complex, resulting in the release of DOX for chemotherapy. The released Cu²⁺ can be reduced to Cu ⁺ by glutathione (GSH), and the Cu⁺ can participate in the Fenton-like reaction with the overexpressed H₂O₂ in tumor cells to produce hydroxyl radicals (·OH) for chemodynamic therapy (CDT). During the degradation of the hydrogels, the GOx is also released, which can deplete the glucose in tumor cells for starvation therapy; meanwhile, the H₂O₂ generated during the GOx-catalyzed oxidation of glucose can in turn participate in the Fenton-like reaction with Cu⁺ to enhance CDT. The results of cytotoxicity assay indicate that the OHA/CMCS hydrogels have good biocompatibility, while the DOX-Cu²⁺ and GOx co-encapsulated hydrogels (OHA/CMCS/DOX-Cu²⁺/GOx) display significant cytotoxicity due to the multi-therapy synergies of chemotherapy, enhanced CDT and starvation therapy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9415,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Research","volume":"559 ","pages":"Article 109769"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145621024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preparation and characterization of chitosan/citric acid composite film and its application in blueberry preservation","authors":"Lan Wang,&nbsp;Jiaxin Ma,&nbsp;Xuya Zhang,&nbsp;Shenghui He,&nbsp;Yiheng Duan","doi":"10.1016/j.carres.2025.109714","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carres.2025.109714","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Chitosan (CS) is widely utilized as a natural preservative for fruits and vegetables; however, its practical application is constrained by inferior mechanical properties and low water resistance. In this study, citric acid (CA) was incorporated into the chitosan matrix to leverage its multifunctional carboxyl groups and inherent antibacterial properties, aiming to enhance both the mechanical and antibacterial performance of the resulting composite films. The structure of the CS/CA composite films was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H NMR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The physicochemical properties, antimicrobial activity, and potential for blueberry preservation of CS/CA films with varying CA content were systematically evaluated. Results indicated that the incorporation of CA induced cross-linking of CS chains via hydrogen bonding and amidation, leading to significant improvements in optical transparency, thermal stability, and hydrophilicity. The mechanical properties of the composite films were remarkably enhanced, with the maximum tensile strength increasing by up to fourfold compared to that of pure CS films. Composite films, particularly CS/CA4–CS/CA6, exhibited strong antibacterial effects against <em>S</em>. <em>aureus</em> and <em>E</em>. <em>coli</em>. Preservation tests on blueberries demonstrated the superior efficacy of the CS/CA composite films, especially CS/CA7, which showed optimal performance with only 5.6 % weight loss, maintained firmness at 228.3 g, the highest anthocyanin retention, and a 46.75 % reduction in decay rate compared to the control. These findings indicate that CS/CA composite films are promising environmentally friendly materials for active food packaging applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9415,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Research","volume":"559 ","pages":"Article 109714"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145398120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structural characterization, in vitro antioxidant and lipid-lowering activities of purified polysaccharides from hawthorn leaf","authors":"Ting Yang ,&nbsp;Yang Yang ,&nbsp;Rong Chen ,&nbsp;Pinyi Gao ,&nbsp;Danqi Li ,&nbsp;Xuegui Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.carres.2025.109695","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carres.2025.109695","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the structural features and lipid-regulating mechanisms of hawthorn leaf polysaccharides (HLPs). Three acidic polysaccharides (HLP-1, HLP-2, and HLP-3) were isolated from hawthorn leaves and characterized via high-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC), ion chromatography (IC), methylation analysis, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Structural analyses revealed their molecular weights were 10.19 kDa, 400.38 kDa, and 435.52 kDa, respectively, with primary composition of galacturonic acid, galactose, and rhamnose. The Congo red assay indicated potential ordered aggregation with molecular weight-dependent thermal stability. Among the three, HLP-1 demonstrated the most potent <em>in vitro</em> bioactivity, including superior antioxidant capacity; in HepG2 cells, it most effectively reduced TG, TC, and LDL-c levels and increased HDL-c, outperforming HLP-2 and HLP-3. Mechanistically, HLP-1's hypolipidemic effect was linked to suppression of the <em>SREBP-1c</em> pathway. Furthermore, this study establishes the structure-activity relationship between HLPs' structural properties and lipid-lowering effects, laying a foundation for future HLP-based therapeutic interventions in metabolic diseases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9415,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Research","volume":"558 ","pages":"Article 109695"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145238056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}