Cancer Cytopathology最新文献

{"title":"A rapid turnaround time workflow for a cytological liquid biopsy assay using FNA supernatant specimens","authors":"Mohamed H. Maher PharmD, PhD,&nbsp;Dzifa Y. Duose PhD,&nbsp;Ignacio I. Wistuba MD,&nbsp;Rajyalakshmi Luthra MD,&nbsp;Srividya Arjuna PhD,&nbsp;Sinchita Roy Chowdhuri MD, PhD","doi":"10.1002/cncy.22925","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cncy.22925","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Genomic profiling is essential in the management of non–small cell lung cancer. However, this may often be challenging because of limited cytological tissue and extended turnaround time (TAT) for next-generation sequencing (NGS). This study aims to describe a rapid TAT workflow for molecular profiling using fine-needle aspiration (FNA) supernatants.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A fully automated total nucleic acid extraction using the Genexus Integrated System was compared to a manual extraction using FNA supernatants from 50 patients with non–small cell lung cancer. Molecular profiling using the 50 gene Oncomine Precision Assay GX panel was performed and NGS results were compared with those of paired tissue samples.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The FNA samples processed using the automated Genexus purification system (<i>n</i> = 42) and the manual extraction method (<i>n</i> = 8) showed comparable quality control metrics with a median total nucleic acid yield of 1230 ng (18–17720 ng) and 1068 ng (777–1740 ng), respectively. The Genexus purification system reduced the hands-on time from 120 to 30 minutes, enhancing workflow efficiency and decreasing the overall TAT. Of the 50 samples extracted, NGS was performed on 26 samples: seven via manual extraction and 19 using automated extraction. NGS quality control metrics were also comparable between both extraction methods. The overall TAT of the automated NGS workflow from specimen received to test result was 24 hours, providing rapid and reliable molecular results for timely clinical decision-making and improved patient outcomes.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9410,"journal":{"name":"Cancer Cytopathology","volume":"133 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142863392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A pilot study of the value of micronucleus count in urinary cytology samples in the follow-up of patients with urothelial carcinoma: Implications for diagnosis and prognosis","authors":"Tuba Dilay Kökenek Ünal MD,&nbsp;Ayşegül Aksoy Altınboğa MD","doi":"10.1002/cncy.22923","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cncy.22923","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Nuclear protrusions such as micronuclei (MNs) and nuclear budding (NB) are morphological findings of chromosomal instability and indicators of genotoxic damage. They are increased in malignancies, and their high frequency may be used in the diagnosis of cancers and the follow-up of patients. Urothelial carcinomas are common tumors that cause morbidity and mortality, and cytology is a commonly used method for the monitoring and screening of urothelial carcinoma. Although the cytological evaluation of urinary samples is mainly based on nuclear features, there is limited research focusing on MN frequency in urinary cytology. This study aimed to investigate MN and NB counts in various diagnostic categories of urinary samples.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study included 117 urinary cytology samples categorized according to The Paris System for Reporting of Urinary Cytology. Two observers, blinded to the diagnosis, counted the frequency of MNs and NB per 1000 cells on May-Grünwald-Giemsa– and Papanicolaou-stained slides.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>MN and NB counts significantly differed among the groups (<i>p</i> &lt; .001 for each) with a large effect (Ɛ² = 0.509). MN and NB counts were significantly higher in cases with high-grade urothelial carcinoma (HGUC) than in control cases and in cases that were negative for HGUC or with atypical urothelial cells (<i>p</i> &lt; .001 for each). Any MN count greater than 2.5 per 1000 cells indicated HGUC with a 55% sensitivity and 92.4% specificity.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Because increased MN and NB frequencies are closely associated with an increased risk of malignancy, these could be integrated into The Paris System for Reporting of Urinary Cytology.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9410,"journal":{"name":"Cancer Cytopathology","volume":"133 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142799412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The deadliness of loneliness","authors":"Bryn Nelson PhD,&nbsp;William Faquin MD, PhD","doi":"10.1002/cncy.22924","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cncy.22924","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;In May 2023, US Surgeon General Vivek Murthy, MD, MBA, issued a stark health advisory. “Our epidemic of loneliness and isolation has been an underappreciated public health crisis that has harmed individual and societal health,” he asserted. Dr Murthy cited research suggesting that poor social connections increase the risk of depression, anxiety, heart disease, stroke, dementia in older adults, and premature death. The World Health Organization likewise declared loneliness a global health threat in 2023, and other countries have raised the alarm on a problem likely exacerbated by social distancing during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Studies of people who are lonely, socially isolated, or living alone have expanded the potential consequences to include a higher risk of developing and dying of cancer, increasing the urgency of understanding the problem, its contributing factors, and the potential solutions.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Despite the flurry of attention, Frank Infurna, PhD, a professor of psychology at Arizona State University in Tempe, says that the loneliness “epidemic” has been more of an endemic but growing problem in the United States, particularly within the Baby Boomer and Gen X generations. “We’re seeing over multiple generations, over multiple cohorts, that loneliness levels within the US are elevated. So, it’s been a problem not just recently; it’s been a problem for a while,” he says.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Kerri Winters-Stone, PhD, an exercise scientist and professor in the Division of Oncological Sciences at the Oregon Health &amp; Science University in Portland, began shifting her work to focus on loneliness among cancer survivors a few years ago. “I think it’s a bigger problem than we’re acknowledging,” she says. If loneliness and isolation should be treated as cancer-abetting threats akin to smoking and the human papillomavirus, however, studies have not yet settled on how to similarly tamp down the danger.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The problem is complicated by related but different kinds of “aloneness.” &lt;i&gt;Social isolation&lt;/i&gt;, for example, refers to a small or nonexistent social network or a lack of meaningful engagement with others, whereas &lt;i&gt;loneliness&lt;/i&gt; refers to a mismatch between desired and actual social connections—the unwanted feeling of being alone or not close to others. “A person can be socially isolated but may not feel lonely, and vice versa,” says Hyunjung Lee, PhD, MS, MPP, MBA, a principal scientist on the American Cancer Society’s Cancer Disparities Research Team (the American Cancer Society publishes &lt;i&gt;Cancer Cytopathology&lt;/i&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Living alone, by contrast, is a more objective measure “that can be easily assessed with a single question on the number of people in the household,” Dr Lee says. “People who live alone are more likely to be socially isolated or feel lonely, although this is not always the case.” Research also suggests that older people are more likely to live alone in the United States than elsewhere around the world—in ","PeriodicalId":9410,"journal":{"name":"Cancer Cytopathology","volume":"132 12","pages":"736-737"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cncy.22924","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142762371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thin-layer cervical sample evaluation: Conventional light microscopy versus digital whole-slide imaging","authors":"Jessica Viti MSc,&nbsp;Chiara Di Stefano MSc,&nbsp;Serena Giunti MSc,&nbsp;Giampaolo Pompeo MSc,&nbsp;Paola Pezzati MD,&nbsp;Alessandro Terreni MSc,&nbsp;Cristina Sani MSc,&nbsp;The Cytology Working Group","doi":"10.1002/cncy.22921","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cncy.22921","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Whole-slide imaging (WSI) has been adopted in many fields of pathology for education, quality assurance, and remote diagnostics. In 2021, the College of American Pathologists (CAP) updated guidelines to support pathology laboratories regarding the WSI systems validation process. However, the majority of published literature refers to histopathology rather than cytology. The aim of this study was to compare conventional light microscopy (CLM) and WSI in thin-layer cervical samples evaluation according to CAP guideline.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A sample set of 64 thin-layer cervical specimens from women 25–64 years old who participated in cervical cancer screening programs in Tuscany was distributed among five cytologists at Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network (Florence, Italy) for CLM analysis. After 2 weeks, the corresponding 64 digitally scanned slides were available at several magnifications for WSI evaluation.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Substantial/near perfect agreement between CLM and WSI evaluation (0.77 ≥ κ ≥1) was observed for the negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy (NILM) class with concordance rates from 83.3% to 100%.Variability in concordance was observed among all the cytologists: 50%–85.7% for low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL), 47.1%–100% for high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL), 50%–100% for atypical glandular cells (AGCs) favors adenocarcinoma (ADK) with moderate/near perfect agreement (0.47 ≥ κ ≥1). Concordance and agreement rates were also variable within the “borderline” cytological categories of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US), atypical squamous cells cannot exclude an HSIL (ASC-H), and AGCs with lower or not computable kappa for some readers. The overall intralaboratory concordance between CLM and WSI was 92.9% with a near perfect agreement (κ = 0.84) for NILM. Substantial agreement (κ ≥0.65) was assessed for LSIL, HSIL/squamous cell carcinoma, AGCs, and ADK categories whereas the agreement was lower (κ ≤0.39) for ASC-US and ASC-H.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study showed an overall substantial/near perfect agreement between CLM and WSI for all the cytological categories except the “borderline” ASC-US and ASC-H. Further progress in cytology WSI systems are needed before introducing it in routine diagnostics.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9410,"journal":{"name":"Cancer Cytopathology","volume":"133 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142680851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correlation of different HPV genotype viral loads and cervical lesions: A retrospective analysis of 1585 cases","authors":"Yilu Zhou,&nbsp;Jiaxin Liu,&nbsp;Shuai Chen,&nbsp;Xianzhen Xin,&nbsp;Mohan Xiao,&nbsp;Xian Qiang,&nbsp;Lina Zhang","doi":"10.1002/cncy.22920","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cncy.22920","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To reduce unnecessary examinations and treatments, an effective detection method for differentiating human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive patients is urgently needed. This study aimed to explore the differences in HPV viral loads across various cervical lesions and identify the optimal cutoff value for high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSILs).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This retrospective study included patients with varying degrees of cervical lesions admitted to a hospital between January 1, 2023, and March 1, 2024. The HPV genotype and viral load were determined using BioPerfectus multiplex real-time assay. The differences in HPV genotype viral loads among cervical lesion classifications were analyzed to identify the most applicable type of viral load.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The viral loads of HPV16, HPV31, HPV33, HPV35, and HPV58 were significantly associated with the grade of cervical lesions (<i>p</i> &lt; .05), with the HPV16 group exhibiting the strongest correlation (<i>p</i> &lt; .01). The HPV16 viral load demonstrated good sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) for predicting HSIL (Se = 81.52%, Sp = 64.13%). The three most prevalent HPV genotypes associated with negative, low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSILs) and HSILs were HPV16, HPV52, and HPV58. HPV33 exhibited the highest prevalence of HSILs, followed by HPV16.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>High-risk HPV viral load is associated with cervical lesion classification. HPV16 viral load can effectively differentiate HSIL from LSIL with good Se and Sp.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9410,"journal":{"name":"Cancer Cytopathology","volume":"133 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11695744/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142646842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fine-needle aspiration and effusion cytology of thoracic SMARCA4–deficient undifferentiated tumor and SMARCA4-deficient non–small cell lung carcinoma: A multi-institutional experience with 27 patients","authors":"Nicole Zalles MD, PhD,&nbsp;Sanjay Mukhopadhyay MD,&nbsp;Swati Satturwar MD,&nbsp;Sigfred Lajara MD,&nbsp;Samer Khader MD,&nbsp;Liron Pantanowitz MD,&nbsp;Tarik M. Elsheikh MD","doi":"10.1002/cncy.22919","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cncy.22919","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Thoracic switch/sucrose nonfermentable–related, matrix-associated, actin-dependent regulator of chromatin, subfamily A, member 4 (SMARCA4)–deficient (SD) malignancies, including SD undifferentiated tumor (SD-UT) and SD non–small cell lung carcinoma (SD-NSCLC), have been recently described. The cytologic features of these neoplasms in fine-needle aspiration (FNA) and effusion specimens have rarely been reported in the literature. This study aimed to describe and compare the spectrum of cytologic, immunohistochemical, and clinical features of these high-grade malignancies recently encountered at the participating institutions.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study documented clinical and imaging characteristics of tumors from 27 patients. Sixteen cytomorphologic features and immunohistochemical findings were compared between SD-UT and SD-NSCLC samples.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Twenty three FNAs, two bronchial brushings, and two pleural fluids were evaluated, including 17 SD-UT cases (mean patient age, 70 years) and 10 SD-NSCLC cases (mean patient age, 62 years). Both malignancies presented with large thoracic masses and/or hilar/mediastinal lymphadenopathy. All SD-UT cytologic samples had a discohesive or mixed cohesive–discohesive architecture, and most (13 of 17) showed predominant rhabdoid or mixed rhabdoid–epithelioid features. Most SD-NSCLC cytologic samples (nine of 10) were either cohesive or mixed cohesive–discohesive and had a predominantly epithelioid morphology (eight of 10). Keratins and claudin-4 were negative or focally positive in SD-UT samples, whereas they were diffusely positive in SD-NSCLC samples. Both malignancies were negative for TTF-1 and p40/p63 and showed loss of expression of SMARCA4.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Although there is considerable clinical and cytopathologic overlap between SD-UT and SD-NSCLC, some key features allow for their distinction. SD-UT is mostly discohesive with rhabdoid or mixed rhabdoid–epithelioid features, whereas SD-NSCLC often has cohesive epithelioid morphology. The combination of clinical presentation, cytomorphology, and immunohistochemistry is essential for a definitive diagnosis.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9410,"journal":{"name":"Cancer Cytopathology","volume":"133 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11695706/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142646844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retrospective analysis of HPV infection: Cotesting and HPV genotyping in cervical cancer screening within a large academic health care system","authors":"Frances Xiuyan Feng MD, PhD,&nbsp;George G. Birdsong MD,&nbsp;Jane Wei MPH,&nbsp;Melad N. Dababneh MBBS,&nbsp;Michelle D. Reid MD, MS,&nbsp;Michael Hoskins BS, CT(ASCP),&nbsp;Qun Wang MD, PhD","doi":"10.1002/cncy.22916","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cncy.22916","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In 2019, the American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology introduced fundamental shifts toward “risk-based” guidelines, with human papillomavirus (HPV) genotyping as a principal test for investigating squamous intraepithelial lesions. This study aims to provide practice-based evidence and supplement the updated guidelines by investigating HPV demographic distribution and uncovering the pathological features of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSILs) caused by high-risk HPV (hrHPV) subtypes.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Patients who underwent Papanicolaou screening and HPV testing in two hospital systems over the course of 4 years were recruited. The cytology results were categorized on the basis of the 2014 Bethesda classification. DNA sequences of 14 types of hrHPV were detected by Aptima test. The histological features of HSILs caused by different subtypes were compared between biopsies and excisions.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A total of 63,709 cases were included. The HPV prevalence was 14.70%, predominantly in the 30 to 39-year-old age group, with slightly higher rates observed in African Americans. There was no significant racial distribution difference between HPV 16/18/45 and other types. HPV 16/18/45 infection was directly correlated with the severity of abnormal cytology, although the other subtypes were the major causes of cytological abnormalities. The trend for HPV prevalence was consistent across calendar years, and was associated with 8.77% negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy, 30.46% atypical squamous cell of undetermined significance, 64.62% low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, 66.75% atypical squamous cell-cannot exclude a high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, and 91.80% HSIL. Furthermore, 29.09% of HSILs associated with other subtypes were not detectable on subsequent resections.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Given the HPV demographic distribution and the histological features of HSILs caused by different subtypes, cotesting with reflex HPV genotyping in specific populations, or expanding the subtypes in the primary HPV screening test, should be considered.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9410,"journal":{"name":"Cancer Cytopathology","volume":"133 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142575046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of the sensitivity of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion Pap diagnosis and interobserver variability with the Hologic Genius Digital Diagnostics System","authors":"Lakshmi Harinath MD, MPH,&nbsp;Esther Elishaev MD,&nbsp;Yuhong Ye MD, PhD,&nbsp;Jonee Matsko SCT, MB,&nbsp;Amy Colaizzi SCT,&nbsp;Stephanie Wharton SCT,&nbsp;Rohit Bhargava MD,&nbsp;Liron Pantanowitz MD, PhD, MHA,&nbsp;Chengquan Zhao MD","doi":"10.1002/cncy.22918","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cncy.22918","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Artificial intelligence (AI)–based systems are transforming cytopathology practice. The aim of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) Papanicolaou (Pap) diagnosis assisted by the Hologic Genius Digital Diagnostics System (GDDS).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A validation study was performed with 890 ThinPrep Pap tests with the GDDS independently. From this set, a subset of 183 cases originally interpreted as HSIL confirmed histologically were included in this study. The sensitivity for detecting HSIL by three cytopathologists was calculated.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Most HSIL cases were classified as atypical glandular cell/atypical squamous cell–high grade not excluded (AGC/ASC-H) and above by all cytopathologists. Of these cases, 11.5% were classified as low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) by pathologist A (P-A), 6% by pathologist B (P-B), and 5.5% by pathologist C (P-C); 3.8%, 2.7%, and 1.6% of these cases were classified as atypical squamous cell of unknown significance (ASC-US) by P-A, P-B, and P-C, respectively. The sensitivity for detection of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2 and above (CIN2+) lesions was 100% if ASC-US and above (ASC-US+) abnormalities were counted among all three pathologists. The sensitivity for detection of CIN2+ lesions was 84.7%, 91.3%, and 92.9% by P-A, P-B, and P-C, respectively, for ASC-H and above abnormalities. The Kendall W coefficient was 0.722, which indicated strong agreement between all pathologists.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>New-generation AI-assisted Pap test screening systems such as the GDDS have the potential to transform cytology practice. In this study, the GDDS aided in interpreting HSIL in ThinPrep Pap tests, with good sensitivity and agreement between the pathologists who interacted with this system.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9410,"journal":{"name":"Cancer Cytopathology","volume":"133 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11695705/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142575041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cancer-aiding elements begin illuminating the genome’s “dark matter”","authors":"Bryn Nelson PhD,&nbsp;William Faquin MD, PhD","doi":"10.1002/cncy.22917","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cncy.22917","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;When researchers set out to identify every protein-encoding gene in the human genome, initial estimates suggested that they might find up to 100,000. In reality, scientists have uncovered fewer than 20,000, which account for only 2% of the 3.1 billion letters of DNA.&lt;span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The remaining 98% has been referred to as “junk DNA” or “dark matter,” which reflects the once-common assumption that it was little more than genomic filler. An estimated 14,000 pseudogenes, or defective copies of genes, may fall into that category, albeit with some exceptions. Recent studies, however, have cast a new spotlight on a menagerie of other molecules, including some with a lineage far older than the human species, that may play significant roles in the development and progression of cancer and other diseases.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Martin Taylor, MD, PhD, assistant professor of pathology and laboratory medicine at the Brown University Center on the Biology of Aging and the Legorreta Cancer Center in Providence, Rhode Island, began studying one kind of genomic dark matter, LINE-1 retrotransposons, approximately 15 years ago. “The overwhelming evidence says that these are just parasitic sequences that we’ve been evolving with for billions of years,” he says of the mobile elements. “They’re actually older than multicellular organisms.” The virus-like, self-copying sequences, in fact, may have given rise to viruses.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Astoundingly, LINE-1 has effectively written at least one-third of the human genome through its copy-and-paste mechanism. Most of its own 500,000 copies are “fossils” from when humans mutated and defeated the once full-length retrotransposons. However, an estimated 6000 elements are more or less still intact; of those, maybe 100–150 are still functional and capable of hopping around and inserting themselves into other sequences, Dr Taylor says. They are repressed in healthy tissues but can become activated in the event of diseases such as cancer and autoimmune diseases.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;By sequencing cancers, researchers have found that LINE-1, on rare occasion, can insert itself into a tumor suppressor gene such as APC or P10 and promote cancer. Work by Dr Taylor and others suggests that LINE-1 also may contribute to cancer in other ways. Those cancer-abetting mechanisms, he says, “have to do with the fact that when LINE-1 gets turned on, the cell thinks it’s infected with a virus—or at least has a virus-like response—and that causes inflammation.” The defensive response, research suggests, can manipulate the tumor microenvironment and alter cell signaling pathways to promote carcinogenesis.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In addition, Dr Taylor says, “The transposons cause a huge amount of DNA damage, and the thinking in the field now is that they may contribute to the chromosomal instability that we see as a hallmark of cancer.” He sees LINE-1 not as a classic cancer driver but rather as an accelerator that more broadly contributes to cancer development and progression, thoug","PeriodicalId":9410,"journal":{"name":"Cancer Cytopathology","volume":"132 11","pages":"671-672"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cncy.22917","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142564078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"International perspective on pediatric cytology","authors":"Maren Y. Fuller MD,&nbsp;Sujan Shrestha MBBS, MD,&nbsp;Swikrity U. Baskota MBBS, MD","doi":"10.1002/cncy.22911","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cncy.22911","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9410,"journal":{"name":"Cancer Cytopathology","volume":"133 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142458578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}