Cancer Cytopathology最新文献

{"title":"The unexpected costs of “free” preventive care","authors":"Bryn Nelson PhD,&nbsp;William Faquin MD, PhD","doi":"10.1002/cncy.22775","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cncy.22775","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Stool-based colorectal cancer tests, boosted by their noninvasive nature and the federal requirement that they be covered at no cost to insured patients as a free preventive screen, have surged in popularity. Until recently, however, a positive test result could prompt a surprise bill for a follow-up colonoscopy—one of many examples of how the promise of widely accessible cancer screening still faces substantial hurdles.</p><p>In 2010, the Affordable Care Act heralded a major shift in how preventive care is handled in the United States. Among its many provisions, the act requires private insurers to fully cover, at no cost to consumers, preventive services endorsed by one of three groups: the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, the Health Resources and Services Administration, or the US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF).</p><p>To date, the law has made screening for colorectal, cervical, breast, and lung cancers—all of which have received an A or B rating from the USPSTF—freely available for eligible individuals. In practice, health policy experts such as Mark Fendrick, MD, director of the University of Michigan’s Center for Value-Based Insurance Design in Ann Arbor, have noted that “free” is not always free for what is more often a screening continuum than a single test. In one case, he learned about a patient who had to pay more than $1000 for a follow-up colonoscopy after a positive stool-based DNA test. “I blew a gasket,” says Dr Fendrick, who helped to write the Affordable Care Act’s preventive services provision.</p><p>If a gastroenterologist removed a polyp during a colonoscopy, some medical institutions also changed the billing code from a preventive screen to a therapeutic intervention; this switch was dubbed the “post polypectomy surprise.” Such recoding defeats the whole point of preventive care, says Paul Shafer, PhD, an assistant professor of health law, policy, and management at the Boston University School of Public Health in Massachusetts. “If they cut polyps out, great—that’s a good thing,” he says. “I don’t think that we should be penalizing the patient for doing the thing that we’ve tried to incentivize them to do through this policy.”</p><p>To better understand the magnitude of the problem, Dr Fendrick and his collaborators assessed how often and how much patients paid after receiving a positive test result for each of the four cancers in the USPSTF screening recommendations and how those costs were changing over time. For all four, they documented some surprisingly common charges.</p><p>In a 2021 <i>JAMA Network Open</i> study of 88,000 patients, Dr Fendrick and his colleagues found that among the more than 1 in 6 who had a stool-based test and underwent a follow-up colonoscopy within 6 months, nearly half with commercial insurance incurred out-of-pocket costs.<span>¹</span> For Medicare patients, more than three quarters had to pay out of pocket. A similar study found that after an initial mammo","PeriodicalId":9410,"journal":{"name":"Cancer Cytopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71919566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Erratum to “p53 expression in cytology samples may represent a marker of early-stage cancer”","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/cncy.22773","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cncy.22773","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This erratum corrects the following:</p><p>Policardo F, Tralongo P, Arciuolo D, et al. p53 expression in cytology samples may represent a marker of early-stage cancer. <i>Cancer Cytopathol.</i> 2023;131(6):392-401. doi:10.1002/cncy.22694</p><p>Please note that the surname of one of the authors, Lina Cardisciani, was misspelled as “Cardasciani.”</p><p>The authors regret this error.</p>","PeriodicalId":9410,"journal":{"name":"Cancer Cytopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2023-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cncy.22773","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49674622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thank You to Reviewers 2023","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/cncy.22774","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cncy.22774","url":null,"abstract":"<p><i>Cancer Cytopathology</i>’s reputation is determined by the quality of the manuscripts submitted and the expertise, dedication, and promptness of the individuals who critically review the manuscripts. In this issue, we’d like to congratulate and acknowledge our top reviewers for their outstanding peer review efforts from the period spanning from September 1, 2022, through August 31, 2023. These individuals go beyond expectations by consistently and expeditiously delivering comprehensive, discerning reviews. The criteria involved in these selections include the number of reviews conducted per year, and the timeliness of review completion. <i>Cancer Cytopathology</i> wishes to thank and congratulate the following conscientious and committed reviewers who are the 2023 recipients of this recognition.</p><p>Longwen Chen</p><p>Monique Courtade-Saidi</p><p>Diane Davey</p><p>Tadao Kobayashi</p><p>Daniel Kurtycz</p><p>Oscar Lin</p><p>Panagiota Mikou</p><p>Sara Monaco</p><p>David Poller</p><p>Mauro Saieg</p><p>Momin Siddiqui</p><p>Vanda Torous</p><p>Giancarlo Troncone</p><p>Christopher VandenBussche</p><p>Vivian Weiss</p><p>Mingjuan Zhang</p><p>We also wish to express our sincere appreciation to all other individuals who reviewed manuscripts for the journal in this time period.</p><p>Adebowale Adeniran</p><p>Derek Allison</p><p>Trevor Angell</p><p>Tatjana Antic</p><p>Manon Auger</p><p>Ronald Balassanian</p><p>Tejus Bale</p><p>Guliz Barkan</p><p>Claudio Bellevicine</p><p>Brendan Belovarac</p><p>Cory Bernadt</p><p>George Birdsong</p><p>Christine Booth</p><p>Tamar Brandler</p><p>Lukas Bubendorf</p><p>Guoping Cai</p><p>Ashish Chandra</p><p>Ivan Chebib</p><p>Athena Chen</p><p>Chien-Chin Chen</p><p>Lan Chen</p><p>Megan Clarke</p><p>Rubina Cocker</p><p>Immacolata Cozzolino</p><p>William Crabtree</p><p>Barbara Crothers</p><p>Suzanne Crumley</p><p>Gilda da Cunha Santos</p><p>Luis De Las Casas</p><p>Qingqing Ding</p><p>Leslie Dodd</p><p>Erika Doxtader</p><p>Catarina Eloy</p><p>Kim Ely</p><p>Guido Fadda</p><p>Andrew Field</p><p>Armando Filie</p><p>Mary Frates</p><p>Franco Fulciniti</p><p>Qiong Gan</p><p>Hamza Gokozan</p><p>Abha Goyal</p><p>Rosario Granados</p><p>Christopher Griffith</p><p>Ming Guo</p><p>Jen-Fan Hang</p><p>Jonas Heymann</p><p>Brittany Holmes</p><p>Jason Hornick</p><p>Eric Huang</p><p>Peter Illei</p><p>Deepali Jain</p><p>Xiaoyin \"Sara\" Jiang</p><p>Fengyi Jin</p><p>Xin Jing</p><p>Chan Kwon Jung</p><p>Darcy Kerr</p><p>Ivana Kholová</p><p>Kamal Khurana</p><p>Jerzy Klijanienko</p><p>Richard Kloos</p><p>Omar Kujan</p><p>Madelyn Lew</p><p>Zaibo Li</p><p>Xiaoqi Lin</p><p>Zixing Liu</p><p>Steven Long</p><p>Adhemar Longatto-Filho</p><p>Alarice Lowe</p><p>Maria D. Lozano</p><p>Amy Ly</p><p>Umberto Malapelle</p><p>Zahra Maleki</p><p>Varsha Manucha</p><p>Meenakshi Mehrotra</p><p>Claire Michael</p><p>Daniel Miller</p><p>Jeffrey Mito</p><p>Andre Moreira</p><p>Sanjay Mukhopadhyay</p><p>Aziza Nassar</p><p>Ritu Nayar</p><p>N Paul Ohori</p><p>Liron Pantanowitz</p><","PeriodicalId":9410,"journal":{"name":"Cancer Cytopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2023-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cncy.22774","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135884228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bridging the gap to the next generation of learners and column leadership","authors":"Diane Davis Davey MD,&nbsp;Sara E. Monaco MD","doi":"10.1002/cncy.22771","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cncy.22771","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9410,"journal":{"name":"Cancer Cytopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2023-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41232476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular-derived risk of malignancy and the related positive call rate of indeterminate thyroid cytology diagnoses as quality metrics for individual cytopathologists","authors":"N. Paul Ohori MD,&nbsp;Jacqueline M. Cuda BS, SCT,&nbsp;Sheldon I. Bastacky MD,&nbsp;Linwah Yip MD,&nbsp;Esra Karslioglu-French MD,&nbsp;Elena M. Morariu MD,&nbsp;Jagdeesh Ullal MD,&nbsp;Kimberly M. Ramonell MD,&nbsp;Sally E. Carty MD,&nbsp;Yuri E. Nikiforov MD, PhD,&nbsp;Karen E. Schoedel MD,&nbsp;Raja R. Seethala MD","doi":"10.1002/cncy.22772","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cncy.22772","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Indeterminate thyroid cytopathology diagnoses represent differing degrees of risk that are corroborated by follow-up studies. However, traditional cytologic–histologic correlation may overestimate the risk of malignancy (ROM) because only a subset of cases undergo resection. Alternatively, some molecular tests provide probability of malignancy data to calculate the molecular-derived risk of malignancy (MDROM) and the positive call rate (PCR). The authors investigated MDROMs and PCRs of indeterminate diagnoses for individual cytopathologists as quality metrics.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study was approved by the Department of Pathology Quality Improvement Program. Thyroid cytopathology diagnoses and ThyroSeq v3 results were retrieved for each cytopathologist for a 2-year period with at least 3 years of follow-up for the atypia of undetermined significance (AUS), follicular neoplasia (FN), and follicular neoplasia, oncocytic-type (ONC) cytopathologic diagnoses. MDROMs and PCRs were compared with reference ROMs and cytologic–histologic correlation outcomes.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The overall MDROMs (and ranges for cytopathologists) for the AUS, FN, and ONC categories were 13.4% (range, 5.8%–20.8%), 28.1% (range, 22.1%–36.7%), and 27.0% (range, 19.5%–41.5%), respectively, and most individual cytopathologists' MDROMs were within reference ROM ranges. However, PCRs more effectively parsed the differences in cytopathologists' ROM performance. Although the overall PCRs were not significantly different across cytopathologists (<i>p</i> = .06), the AUS PCRs were quite different (<i>p</i> = .002). By cytologic–histologic correlation, six of 55 resected cases (10.9%) were falsely negative, and there were no false-positive cases.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>MDROMs and PCRs evaluate concordance with reference ROMs and with one another and provide individual feedback, which potentially facilitates quality improvement.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9410,"journal":{"name":"Cancer Cytopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2023-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41232478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unlocking the potential of organoids in cancer treatment and translational research: An application of cytologic techniques","authors":"Mohamed A. Abd El-Salam PharmD, MS, PhD,&nbsp;Maria J. Troulis DDS, MS,&nbsp;Chong-Xian Pan MD, PhD, MAS,&nbsp;Rema A. Rao MD","doi":"10.1002/cncy.22769","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cncy.22769","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Patient-derived organoid models hold promise for advancing clinical cancer research, including diagnosis and personalized and precision medicine approaches, and cytology, in particular, plays a pivotal role in this process. These three-dimensional multicellular structures are heterogeneous, potentially maintain the cancer phenotype, and conserve the genomic, transcriptomic, and epigenomic patterns of the parental tumors. To ensure that only tumor tissue is used for organoid development, cytologic validation is necessary before initiating the process of organoid generation. Here, we explore the technology of tumor organoids and discuss the fundamental application of cytology as a simple and cost-effective approach toward organoid development. We also underscore the potential application of organoid development in drug efficacy studies for lung cancer and head and neck tumors. Additionally, we stress the importance of using fine-needle aspiration to generate tumoroids.</p>","PeriodicalId":9410,"journal":{"name":"Cancer Cytopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2023-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41232479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of axillary lymph nodes: A reliable diagnostic tool for breast cancer staging","authors":"Luai Sallout MD,&nbsp;Mohamed Tashkandi MD,&nbsp;Amani Moqnas CT(IAC),&nbsp;Hebah AlMajed CT(IAC),&nbsp;Abdulrhman Al-Naeem MD,&nbsp;Yazeed Alwelaie MD, FRCPC","doi":"10.1002/cncy.22770","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cncy.22770","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Pathologic evaluation of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) samples is crucial for axillary staging in patients newly diagnosed with breast cancer. Patients with pathologic evidence of nodal metastasis scheduled for upfront surgery typically also undergo axillary lymph node dissection (ALND). Although SLNB is the gold standard method for detecting nodal metastasis, axillary lymph node fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) utility has not been thoroughly explored.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Ultrasound-guided axillary lymph node FNAB samples along with concurrent ipsilateral breast tissue samples were searched and reviewed. The control group included histologic findings of axillary dissection or intraoperative SLNB results.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A total of 354 axillary lymph node FNAB samples with matched histology were included. Of these, 187 (52.8%) were positive for metastatic carcinoma of breast origin; 143 (40.4%) were negative for metastasis; 12 (3.4%) showed atypical cells; six (1.7%) were suspicious for metastasis; and six (1.7%) were nondiagnostic because of a lack of lymphoid tissue and malignant cells. Of the 143 negative FNAB samples, 22 (15.4%) were positive on either intraoperative SLNB or ALND. When only the positive and negative FNAB samples were accounted for (<i>n</i> = 330; 93.2%), overall diagnostic sensitivity and specificity were 89.4% and 99.2%, respectively.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Although axillary SLNB is the standard procedure for detecting nodal metastasis of breast origin, axillary lymph node FNAB appears to be a suitable alternative in a significant proportion of patients. A standard SLNB should be performed in cases of negative axillary lymph node FNAB findings, particularly nodes with abnormal imaging findings.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9410,"journal":{"name":"Cancer Cytopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2023-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41232477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Urinary IL-6 and IL-8 as predictive markers in bladder urothelial carcinoma: A pilot study","authors":"Christopher J. VandenBussche MD, PhD,&nbsp;Christopher D. Heaney PhD, MS,&nbsp;Max Kates MD,&nbsp;John J. Hooks PhD,&nbsp;Kelly Baloga MLS(ASCP)CM,&nbsp;Lori Sokoll PhD,&nbsp;Dorothy Rosenthal MD,&nbsp;Barbara Detrick PhD","doi":"10.1002/cncy.22767","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cncy.22767","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Cytokines are known to be a key a factor in numerous malignancies and to exert an important regulatory role in the tumor microenvironment. Interest has grown in understanding how cytokines modulate the tumor microenvironment and which cytokines may serve as markers of the tumor process; however, a complete picture of the cytokine landscape in bladder cancer remains unclear.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Fresh urine specimens with sufficient volume were collected at random intervals. The urine concentrations of IL-8 (CXCL8), CCL18, and CXCL9 were determined using the standard commercially available enzyme immunoassay. The urine concentrations of IL-6 were determined using the high sensitivity enzyme immunoassay kit. Urinary cytokine concentrations were normalized with urinary creatinine concentrations.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Significantly elevated concentrations of IL-6 and IL-8 were detected in the urine from patients with urothelial carcinoma on follow-up compared to patients with benign follow-up. The presence of both IL-6 and IL-8 in the urine samples from the high grade urothelial carcinoma (HGUC) cohort revealed a clear discrimination when compared to samples from patients with benign follow-up. The presence of the combination of both IL-6 and IL-8 had a sensitivity of 90.0% and a specificity of 81.25%. Similar data were obtained when receiver operating characteristic analysis was performed on both IL-6 and IL-8 concentrations in the urine from patients with HGUC vs. the hematuria cohort.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The presence of IL-6 and IL-8 in urine specimens may have predictive value for urothelial carcinoma. However, a large longitudinal study is required to statistically eliminate confounding factors and support this theory.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9410,"journal":{"name":"Cancer Cytopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2023-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41182105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Validation of targeted next-generation sequencing of cell-free DNA from archival cerebrospinal fluid specimens for the detection of somatic variants in cancer involving the leptomeninges: Cytopathologic and radiographic correlation","authors":"Alexander J. Neil MD, PhD,&nbsp;Ugonma N. Chukwueke MD, MPH,&nbsp;Nicholas Hoover CT (ASCP),&nbsp;Sean R. N. Marris BS,&nbsp;Vanesa Rojas-Rudilla MS,&nbsp;Danielle K. Manning PhD,&nbsp;Jeffrey K. Mito MD, PhD,&nbsp;Edmund S. Cibas MD,&nbsp;Lynette M. Sholl MD","doi":"10.1002/cncy.22768","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cncy.22768","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Leptomeningeal metastases occur across multiple solid and lymphoid cancers, and patients typically undergo cytopathologic assessment of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in this setting. For patients diagnosed with metastatic cancer, the detection of actionable somatic mutations in CSF can provide clinically valuable information for treatment without the need for additional tissue collection.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The authors validated a targeted next-generation sequencing assay for the detection of somatic variants in cancer (OncoPanel) on cell-free DNA (cfDNA) isolated from archival CSF specimens in a cohort of 25 patients who had undergone molecular testing of a prior tumor specimen.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>CSF storage time and volume had no impact on cfDNA concentration or mean target coverage of the assay. Previously identified somatic variants in CSF cfDNA were detected in 88%, 50%, and 27% of specimens diagnosed cytologically as positive, suspicious/atypical, and negative for malignancy, respectively. Somatic variants were identified in 81% of CSF specimens from patients who had leptomeningeal enhancement on magnetic resonance imaging compared with 31% from patients without such enhancement.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>These data highlight the stability of cfDNA in CSF, which allows for cytopathologic evaluation before triage for next-generation sequencing assays. For a subset of cases in which clinical suspicion is high but cytologic or radiographic studies are inconclusive, the detection of pathogenic somatic variants in CSF cfDNA may aid in the diagnosis of leptomeningeal metastases.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9410,"journal":{"name":"Cancer Cytopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2023-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41182117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding the “zombie cells” that won’t die","authors":"Bryn Nelson PhD,&nbsp;William Faquin MD, PhD","doi":"10.1002/cncy.22765","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cncy.22765","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Here is a line you do not hear every day in cancer research: How can we control that zombie?</p><p>In response to various forms of stress after birth, such as cancer, human cells can shift into a defensive crouch called senescence, which is marked by sharply reduced activity. In this altered state, the cells stop dividing, grow in size, become somewhat disorganized, and start pumping out an array of functionally diverse factors. Much like zombies, they also refuse to die easily.</p><p>As researchers are finding, these dynamic but poorly understood “zombie cells,” as they have been dubbed, are full of contradictions. In one form, they can hold some cancers at bay for years. A premalignant colorectal polyp, for example, can be composed of a clump of senescent cells that remain relatively stable over time. Certain oncogenes, however, can thwart the defense by reanimating the cells and forcing them to resume their uncontrolled replication.</p><p>As an alternative to another cancer defense known as programmed cell death, or apoptosis, senescence is far less predictable. “Apoptosis is more like live or die; it’s binary, right? But senescence is nothing like it,” says Masashi Narita, MD, PhD, a professor of senobiology at the University of Cambridge in the United Kingdom. “It’s a progressive and a heterogeneous phenotype, so it’s very difficult to say [whether] senescence is a good thing or a bad thing.”</p><p>Depending on the context, it may be both. In April 2023, at the annual meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research, Dr Narita and other experts spoke at a special session about senescent cells’ “double-edged sword.” Senescent cells induced by oncogenes such as MYC do not die easily, Dr Narita notes, in part because they are resistant to apoptosis. That transition, in other words, undermines another means of cellular defense. The early stages of the slowdown can also increase plasticity in a way that promotes cancer development through other mechanisms.</p><p>Some cancer interventions yield therapy-induced senescence, only to be undone by a mechanism called senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). As part of SASP, cells release a stew of factors, including proinflammatory proteins that can promote tumorigenesis. Conversely, interventions such as chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy hinge on cancer’s hallmark of rapidly dividing cells; this means that senescence can limit the therapy’s effectiveness.</p><p>Despite the many complexities, or perhaps because of them, the field of cancer-associated senescence is booming. Ricardo Iván Martínez Zamudio, PhD, an assistant professor of pharmacology at Robert Wood Johnson Medical School and a research member of the Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey in New Brunswick, recalls that the phenomenon was once labeled a cell culture artifact with no medical relevance. “But it’s just exploding! There are now more and more people interested in senescence,” he says.</p><p>A quarter-cent","PeriodicalId":9410,"journal":{"name":"Cancer Cytopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2023-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cncy.22765","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50119814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}