Cancer Cytopathology最新文献

{"title":"A daunting quest to map the reach and risk of nanoplastics","authors":"Bryn Nelson PhD, William Faquin MD, PhD","doi":"10.1002/cncy.70044","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cncy.70044","url":null,"abstract":"<p>After researchers documented plastic debris floating in the Sargasso Sea in the early 1970s, a spate of similar discoveries followed suit in other marine waters and within a growing list of aquatic creatures.<span><sup>1</sup></span> When more recent studies began turning up evidence of microplastics and even smaller nanoplastics in human tissues and organs—blood, lungs, liver, placenta, and testicles among them—worried scientists started asking how much might be accumulating.</p><p>Then in 2024, researchers led by Matthew Campen, PhD, MSPH, director of the New Mexico Center for Metals in Biology and Medicine at the University of New Mexico in Albuquerque, delivered a bombshell.<span><sup>2</sup></span> For the first time, several independent experts told <i>CytoSource</i>, Dr Campen’s team had provided solid evidence that nanoplastics could cross the blood-brain barrier. Megan Wolff, PhD, MPH, executive director of the Physician and Scientist Network Addressing Plastics and Health in New Paltz, New York, calls it the “last frontier” of the human body.</p><p>“We did the math and said, well, we see about 5000 micrograms per gram,” Dr Campen recalls. “The brain is about 1400 grams so that works out to—my gosh, there’s about 7 grams of plastic in the brain!” It is the approximate weight of a plastic spoon, he explains. That analogy generated multiple headlines as well as blowback from critics who argued that the numbers could have been inflated by the inclusion of lipid contaminants.</p><p>Dr Campen has urged caution over what he concedes is an initial estimate, even as his research has since estimated that the brain may harbor an average of 100 million or more shard-like nanofragments. “We’re comparing it against fresh plastics, and we know we’ve got old plastics in our body,” he says. Because they are so small, nanoplastics also are notoriously difficult to measure.</p><p>To quantify them, some researchers extract and burn them and capture the chemical signatures of the various plastics. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry can isolate and differentiate among those signatures, but the method is not foolproof. Polyethylene plastics and lipid molecules have comparable architectures that can yield deceptively similar signatures, Dr Campen says. In the brain and other high-lipid tissues, tiny fat globules might not fully digest or wash away with existing methods and could be inadvertently added to the plastics tally.</p><p>Even so, a collaborator at Oklahoma State University reported similar results when he tested human brain samples, and Dr Campen found significantly more accumulation in brain and liver tissues collected in 2024 than in tissues dating back to 2016. “The trend of increasing over time was captivating and something we had a lot of confidence in, even if the total magnitude was adjusted up or down because of the way we digest the samples,” he says.</p><p>Dr Campen’s study also documented an even greater accumulation of nanoplastics in","PeriodicalId":9410,"journal":{"name":"Cancer Cytopathology","volume":"133 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cncy.70044","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145211832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"American College of Radiology–Developed Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System 3, 4, and 5 thyroid nodules are distinctive by cytology, genetic imprints, and histology","authors":"Sanhong Yu MD, PhD,&nbsp;Minhua Wang MD, PhD,&nbsp;Jonathan Langdon MD, PhD,&nbsp;Jessica Zhao MD,&nbsp;Sara I. Pai MD, PhD,&nbsp;John Sinard MD, PhD,&nbsp;Guoping Cai MD,&nbsp;Manju L. Prasad MD,&nbsp;Adebowale J. Adeniran MD","doi":"10.1002/cncy.70050","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cncy.70050","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Thyroid nodules, found in up to 68% of adults, can be risk-stratified by high-resolution ultrasound. This study evaluates the concordance between “suspicious” Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (TI-RADS) 3–5 nodules and cytologic and molecular findings from fine-needle aspiration.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A total of 1199 suspicious thyroid nodules stratified as TI-RADS 3 (<i>n</i> = 384), TI-RADS 4 (<i>n</i> = 569), and TI-RADS 5 (<i>n</i> = 246) were studied. Cytopathologic and molecular results were correlated with clinical data from electronic medical records.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Cytology, histology, and molecular testing revealed a lower risk of malignancy in TI-RADS 3 and 4 nodules compared to TI-RADS 5. Among TI-RADS 3 nodules, 75% (287 of 384) were cytologically benign, with only one case diagnosed as papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), and 8 of 48 resected nodules (17%) confirmed as carcinoma. In TI-RADS 4, 10% (56 of 569) were suspicious for or diagnosed as PTC by cytology, with 85 of 130 (65%) resected nodules confirmed as carcinoma. In TI-RADS 5, 44% (109 of 246) were cytologically suspicious for or diagnosed as PTC, and 129 of 154 (84%) resected nodules were malignant. High-risk mutations were more frequent in TI-RADS 5 than in TI-RADS 3 and 4. Overall malignancy rates were 2.0% (eight of 384) for TI-RADS 3, 14% (77 of 569) for TI-RADS 4, and 52% (129 of 246) for TI-RADS 5 nodules.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>TI-RADS 3, 4, and 5 nodules demonstrate distinct cytologic, molecular, and histologic features. TI-RADS 3 and 4 nodules are associated with lower malignancy risks, whereas TI-RADS 5 nodules exhibit a high risk of malignancy and are associated with higher mortality.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9410,"journal":{"name":"Cancer Cytopathology","volume":"133 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145184561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The birth, life, and death of a cytopathology board examination question","authors":"Roseann I. Wu MD, MPH,&nbsp;Ritu Nayar MD,&nbsp;Gary W. Procop MD, MS, MEd","doi":"10.1002/cncy.70049","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cncy.70049","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Have you ever wondered how a particular cytopathology question ended up on your anatomic pathology primary certification examination or the cytopathology subspecialty certification examination? This is how it happens.</p><p>The validity of high-stakes certifications, such as those administered by the American Board of Pathology (ABPath), is supported by psychometric evidence.<span>¹</span> The qualifications of the individuals who write and review the examination items (i.e., questions) and the process by which the items are reviewed, edited, improved upon, curated, and eventually eliminated are of paramount importance to the validity of the examination.<span>²</span></p>","PeriodicalId":9410,"journal":{"name":"Cancer Cytopathology","volume":"133 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cncy.70049","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145146983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spotlight: Rising stars in cytology","authors":"Vincenzo Fiorentino MD","doi":"10.1002/cncy.70042","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cncy.70042","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9410,"journal":{"name":"Cancer Cytopathology","volume":"133 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145038124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DICER1 mutations in Bethesda III/IV thyroid cytology samples: A multicenter observational study","authors":"Afreen Karimkhan MD,&nbsp;Rong Xia MD, PhD,&nbsp;DeAnna Diaz DO,&nbsp;Abigail Wald PhD,&nbsp;Steven Hodak MD,&nbsp;Babak Givi MD,&nbsp;Samer Khader MD,&nbsp;Liron Pantanowitz MD, PhD, MHA,&nbsp;Xiaoying Liu MD, MS,&nbsp;Tamar C. Brandler MD, MS","doi":"10.1002/cncy.70045","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cncy.70045","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Mutations in <i>DICER1</i> are uncommon, poorly understood, and infrequently found in thyroid nodules.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The objective of this study was to investigate category III/IV thyroid nodules according to The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology with <i>DICER1</i> gene mutations detected in fine-needle aspiration cytology samples using ThyroSeq v3 molecular testing, with a focus on an exploration of the clinical and histopathologic outcomes of these nodules. In this multicenter study spanning more than 6 years, nodules were retrospectively analyzed for patient demographics, clinical course, cytologic features, and histopathology, where available.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In total, 88 patients with somatic <i>DICER1</i> mutations were included, with a mean age of 39.6 years and a female predominance. All mutations were in the somatic hotspot region, most commonly at the codon 5437 site. Most excised nodules showed benign histologic features (65.9%). Interestingly, the rate of malignancy was higher in this cohort compared with that in the national average.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p><i>DICER1</i> mutations appear to confer a higher risk of malignancy, but are not associated with any specific cytological or histopathological distinguishing features.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9410,"journal":{"name":"Cancer Cytopathology","volume":"133 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145038431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diagnostic approach to FNA biopsy of cystic lesions of the head and neck","authors":"Stefen Andrianus MD,&nbsp;Olivia Leung MD,&nbsp;Zubair Baloch MD, PhD","doi":"10.1002/cncy.70036","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cncy.70036","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Cystic lesions of the head and neck encompass a wide spectrum of benign and malignant entities, which often presents diagnostic challenges as a result of the region’s complex anatomy. Despite extensive literature, variability persists in diagnostic strategies and approaches. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy is a commonly used and highly effective method for the initial assessment of these lesions by offering a minimally invasive technique to collect cellular material for diagnostic evaluation. A multidisciplinary approach integrating clinical, radiologic, and cytologic findings is essential in diagnosing cystic lesions of the head and neck. This review provides readers with an organ-based algorithmic approach for integrating anatomic location (central vs. lateral neck), radiologic features, and cytomorphology to refine diagnoses and guide patient management.</p>","PeriodicalId":9410,"journal":{"name":"Cancer Cytopathology","volume":"133 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145032745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low-grade oncocytoid neoplasm in the Milan system: Tips for the diagnosis of Warthin tumor and other differential diagnostic considerations","authors":"Esther Diana Rossi MD, PhD,&nbsp;Christopher C. Griffith MD","doi":"10.1002/cncy.70037","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cncy.70037","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The current review article deals with the evaluation of the oncocytic/oncocytoid lesions in the salivary gland. The authors will focus on the diagnosis of Warthin tumor (WT) as a launching point to detail important morphologic findings that should prompt designation of an aspirate as oncocytic salivary gland neoplasm of uncertain malignant potential or other Milan categories. Oncocytic cells are defined as cells with a moderate to abundant amount of eosinophilic finely granular cytoplasm, round-to-oval nuclei, and large-distinct nucleoli. In contrast, the term oncocytoid is also frequently used in this discussion and indicates tumor cells with similarly abundant and sometimes granular cytoplasm but lacking all the definitive features of a true oncocyte. Several helpful tips are provided in hopes of improving an accurate diagnosis of WT on an aspirate sample. Using these types allows for consideration of important differential diagnoses, including both benign and malignant entities, when faced with an oncocytic salivary gland neoplasm. The morphological criteria as well as the possible application of ancillary techniques are also discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":9410,"journal":{"name":"Cancer Cytopathology","volume":"133 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cncy.70037","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145032821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spotlight: Rising stars in cytology","authors":"Tong Sun MD, PhD","doi":"10.1002/cncy.70048","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cncy.70048","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9410,"journal":{"name":"Cancer Cytopathology","volume":"133 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145007979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New urgency for answers on the health impacts of microplastics","authors":"Bryn Nelson PhD,&nbsp;William Faquin MD, PhD","doi":"10.1002/cncy.70035","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cncy.70035","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;Every day, adult men in the United States may be eating or breathing in more than 300 bits of plastic, according to a recent estimate.&lt;span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt; For women, the tally exceeds more than 250 bits. Every year, we are being exposed to tens of thousands of tiny plastic pieces—and until recently, scientists had little idea of the potential consequences.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;“Our exposure is fairly total,” says Megan Wolff, PhD, MPH, executive director of the Physician and Scientist Network Addressing Plastics and Health in New Paltz, New York. “We know that microplastics are in the air, the water, the soil, the food, and pretty much everywhere that we look inside the human body, we find them.”&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;According to current trends, plastic production is doubling by volume every 14 years and creating vast new opportunities for plastics to break into ever-smaller pieces. Microplastics, typically defined as plastics measuring less than 5 mm in at least one dimension, can subsequently break down into nanoplastics, which measure less than 1 µm in size. At that scale, the tiny particles can be swept through the air with other particulate matter such as soot and can travel through blood vessels and infiltrate human cells.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Because plastics are ubiquitous in consumer products and because we spend most of our time indoors in close proximity to them and their breakdown products in concentrated sources such as household dust, Dr Wolff says that humans have far more exposure than the rest of the animal kingdom. Although many of the smallest bits have evaded traditional detection methods, she adds, every improvement in the technology is revealing more of them. The research is still early, but the danger signs are mounting quickly.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;So far, the overall evidence of potential harm has been limited mainly to in vitro and animal studies; even so, the existing studies have pointed to multiple areas of concern. Tracey Woodruff, PhD, MPH, director of the Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment at the University of California, San Francisco, recently helped to draft a review of the effects of microplastic exposure on the human respiratory, digestive, and reproductive systems.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Her team’s review included 28 animal studies and three human observational studies published between 2018 and 2024; roughly three fourths of those studies were conducted in China, whereas none were conducted in the United States. “The United States has actually been very slow to invest in this health-related research,” Dr Woodruff notes. The overview, requested by the state of California and subsequently published as a rapid systematic review, concluded that microplastics have a “suspected” role in harming human reproductive, digestive, and respiratory health and a suggested role in increasing the risk of colon and lung cancer.&lt;span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The heightened cancer risk, the review suggested, could be mediated through mechanisms such as inflammation and oxidative","PeriodicalId":9410,"journal":{"name":"Cancer Cytopathology","volume":"133 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cncy.70035","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144935248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pulmonary cytology: Pearls and pitfalls of non-neoplastic mimics of lung cancer","authors":"Ramon Robledano MD,&nbsp;Allan Argueta MD,&nbsp;Tania Labiano MD,&nbsp;María D. Lozano MD, PhD","doi":"10.1002/cncy.70039","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cncy.70039","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Lung cancer continues to be the leading cause of cancer-related mortality, with cytologic samples often serving as the primary diagnostic tool. However, differentiating between benign and malignant processes in lung cytology can be difficult because various non-neoplastic conditions closely resemble malignant lesions, which may lead to misdiagnosis. This review offers nine essential tips to help cytopathologists prevent false-positive diagnoses of malignancy in non-neoplastic processes. By examining common non-neoplastic entities that can mimic lung malignancies, this review emphasizes their key cytomorphologic features and distinguishing characteristics. The authors stress the importance of a thorough clinical and radiologic context, slide background evaluation, and identification of cytomorphologic features for an accurate diagnosis of these mimics. The objective of this review was to enhance diagnostic accuracy and prevent misdiagnosis, thereby improving patient management in lung cancer cytopathology.</p>","PeriodicalId":9410,"journal":{"name":"Cancer Cytopathology","volume":"133 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cncy.70039","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144929913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}