Journal of neural engineering最新文献

{"title":"Xenon and nitrous oxide induced changes in resting EEG activity can be explained by systematic increases in the relaxation rates of stochastically driven alpha band oscillatory activity.","authors":"Rick Evertz, Andria Pelentritou, John Cormack, Damien G Hicks, David T J Liley","doi":"10.1088/1741-2552/adc8d3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-2552/adc8d3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>&#xD;Resting electroencephalographic activity is typically indistinguishable from a filtered linear random process across a diverse range of behavioural and pharmacological states, suggesting that the power spectral density of the resting electroencephalogram (EEG) can be modelled as the superposition of multiple, stochastically driven and independent, alpha band (8 - 13 Hz) relaxation oscillators. This simple model can account for variations in alpha band power and '1/f scaling' in eyes-open/eyes-closed conditions in terms of alterations in the distribution of the alpha band oscillatory relaxation rates. As changes in alpha band power and '1/f scaling' have been reported in anaesthesia we hypothesise that such changes may also be accounted for by alterations in alpha band relaxation oscillatory rate distributions. &#xD;&#xD;Approach:&#xD;On this basis we choose to study the EEG activity of xenon and nitrous oxide, gaseous anaesthetic agents that have been reported to produce different EEG effects, notable given they are both regarded as principally acting via N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonism. By recording high density EEG from participants receiving equilibrated step-level increases in inhaled concentrations of xenon (n = 24) and nitrous oxide (n = 20), alpha band relaxation rate (damping) distributions were estimated by solving an inhomogeneous integral equation describing the linear superposition of multiple alpha-band relaxation oscillators having a continuous distribution of dampings.&#xD;&#xD;Main Results:&#xD;For both agents, level-dependent reductions in alpha band power and spectral slope exponent (15-40 Hz) were observed, that were accountable by increases in mean alpha band damping. &#xD;&#xD;Significance: &#xD;These shared increases suggest that, consistent with their identified molecular targets of action, xenon and nitrous oxide are mechanistically similar, a conclusion further supported by neuronal population modelling in which NMDA antagonism is associated with increases in damping and reductions in peak alpha frequency. Alpha band damping may provide an important link between experiment and theories of consciousness, such as the global neuronal network theory, where the likelihood of a globally excited state ('conscious percept'), is inversely related to mean damping.&#xD.</p>","PeriodicalId":94096,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neural engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143782062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The comfort of temporal interference stimulation on the forearm: computational and psychophysical evaluation.","authors":"Leen Jabban, Nathan Routledge, Nicos Hadjigeorgiou, Anna Hoyle, Jonathan Graham-Harper-Cater, Dingguo Zhang, Benjamin W Metcalfe","doi":"10.1088/1741-2552/adc33b","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1741-2552/adc33b","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Objective.</i>Transcutaneous electrical stimulation aims to restore sensation and function in individuals with sensory or motor deficits. However, limited selectivity and unintended nerve recruitment often result in discomfort. Temporal interference (TI) stimulation has been proposed as a novel approach to non-invasive nerve stimulation, hypothesising that low-frequency modulation of kilohertz carriers reduces activation thresholds. Prior studies have produced conflicting results regarding comfort in kilohertz-frequency stimulation, and the practical applicability of TI remains unclear. This study addresses these gaps by systematically analysing the role of depth of modulation in activation thresholds and comfort, focusing on peripheral nerves and clinically relevant stimulation levels.<i>Approach.</i>This study uses a dual-method approach combining computational and psychophysical experiments targeting the median nerve. Computational modelling involved nine magnetic resonance imaging-informed finite element models to account for anatomical variability and biophysical neural activation predictions using NEURON., test Psychophysical experiments with 19 participants determined stimulation thresholds and comfort levels. Statistical analysis using the Friedman test and Bonferroni correction assessed the impact of carrier and beat frequencies, and depth of modulation on activation thresholds and comfort.<i>Main results.</i>The results showed that the activation thresholds did not vary with the depth of modulation, challenging the core assumption underlying temporal interference stimulation. Despite that, comfort significantly increased with carrier frequencies as low as 500 Hz, with no further significant changes at higher frequencies. Computational modelling results showed an association between increased comfort and asynchronous nerve activation patterns, providing a possible explanation for the observed improvement in comfort.<i>Significance.</i>By challenging a core assumption of TI stimulation, this study shifts the focus from threshold modulation to optimising comfort in peripheral nerve stimulation. These findings establish a foundation for developing kilohertz-frequency stimulation protocols prioritising user comfort, particularly in applications such as functional electrical stimulation for rehabilitation or sensory feedback for prostheses.</p>","PeriodicalId":94096,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neural engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143672141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"LGFormer: integrating local and global representations for EEG decoding.","authors":"Wenjie Yang, Xingfu Wang, Wenxia Qi, Wei Wang","doi":"10.1088/1741-2552/adc5a3","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1741-2552/adc5a3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Objective.</i>Electroencephalography (EEG) decoding is challenging because of its temporal variability and low signal-to-noise ratio, which complicate the extraction of meaningful information from signals. Although convolutional neural networks (CNNs) effectively extract local features from EEG signals, they are constrained by restricted receptive fields. In contrast, transformers excel at capturing global dependencies through self-attention mechanisms but often require extensive training data and computational resources, which limits their efficiency on EEG datasets with limited samples.<i>Approach.</i>In this paper, we propose LGFormer, a hybrid network designed to efficiently learn both local and global representations for EEG decoding. LGFormer employs a deep attention module to extract global information from EEG signals, dynamically adjusting the focus of CNNs. Subsequently, LGFormer incorporates a local-enhanced transformer, combining the strengths of CNNs and transformers to achieve multiscale perception from local to global. Despite integrating multiple advanced techniques, LGFormer maintains a lightweight design and training efficiency.<i>Main results.</i>LGFormer achieves state-of-the-art performance within 200 training epochs across four public datasets, including motor imagery, cognitive workload, and error-related negativity decoding tasks. Additionally, we propose a novel spatial and temporal attention visualization method, revealing that LGFormer captures discriminative spatial and temporal features, enhancing model interpretability and providing insights into its decision-making process.<i>Significance.</i>In summary, LGFormer demonstrates superior performance while maintaining high training efficiency across different tasks, highlighting its potential as a versatile and practical model for EEG decoding.</p>","PeriodicalId":94096,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neural engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143733822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transcranial magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound for neurological applications: industry challenges, innovations, and future directions.","authors":"Hermes Arytto Salles Kamimura, Amit Sokolov","doi":"10.1088/1741-2552/adc8d2","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1741-2552/adc8d2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Transcranial magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) represents a transformative modality in treating neurological disorders and diseases, offering precise, minimally invasive interventions for conditions such as essential tremor and Parkinson's disease. This paper presents an industry-focused perspective on the current state of MRgFUS, highlighting recent advancements, challenges, and emerging opportunities within the field. We review key clinical applications and therapeutic mechanisms, focusing on targeted ablation, while discussing technological innovations that support new indications. Current regulatory frameworks, challenges in device development, and market trends are examined to provide an understanding of the industry landscape. Additionally, we indicate some limitations in MRgFUS and suggest potential strategies for overcoming these limitations to optimize treatment outcomes. We conclude with an outlook on promising developments, including AI-enhanced targeting, low and high-field MRI integration, and multimodal imaging techniques, that could potentially drive further innovation and adoption of MRgFUS in brain therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":94096,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neural engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143781920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reliable predictor of BCI motor imagery performance using median nerve stimulation.","authors":"Valérie Marissens Cueva, Laurent Bougrain, Fabien Lotte, Sébastien Rimbert","doi":"10.1088/1741-2552/adc48d","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1741-2552/adc48d","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Objective.</i>Predicting performance in brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) is crucial for enhancing user experience, optimizing training and identifying the most efficient BCI approach for each individual.<i>Approach.</i>This study explores the use of median nerve stimulation (MNS) as a predictor of motor imagery (MI)-BCI performance. MNS induces event related (de)synchronization (ERD/ERS) patterns in the brain that are similar to those generated during MI tasks, providing a non-invasive, user-independent, and easy-to-setup method for performance prediction.<i>Main results.</i>Our proposed predictor, based on the minimum value of the ERD induced by the MNS, not only exhibits a robust correlation with the MI-BCI performance accuracy (rho = -0.71,p<0.001), but also effectively predicts this performance with a significant correlation (rho = 0.61, mean absolute error = 9.0,p<0.01). These results demonstrate its validity as a reliable predictor of MI-BCI performance.<i>Significance.</i>By systematically analyzing patterns induced by MNS and correlating them with subsequent MI-BCI task performance, we aim to establish a robust predictive method of motor activity to each individual only based on MNS, making it possible, among other things, to passively predict BCI deficiency or proficiency, and to potentially adapt BCI parameters for an efficient BCI experience or BCI-based recovery.</p>","PeriodicalId":94096,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neural engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143702545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Designing for practicality: a personalized and adaptive framework for real-time EMG-based hand motor decoding.","authors":"Parsa Sattari, Diba Ravanshid, Rezvan Nasiri","doi":"10.1088/1741-2552/adbfbf","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1741-2552/adbfbf","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Objective.</i>Despite remarkable advances in electromyography (EMG)-based hand motor decoding, developing a practical and reliable decoder for robotic prosthetic hands remains unsolved. This study highlights inter-individual, inter-session, and intra-session variabilities of EMG signals as practical challenges and introduces a novel personalized and adaptive motor decoding framework, designed to mitigate their impact and improve hand motor decoding.<i>Approach.</i>A dataset was collected from twelve participants (8 male, 4 female), incorporating EMG signals from three forearm muscles during 20 repetitions of 9 distinct hand motions. This data was used to conduct a number of tests for analyzing variabilities of EMG signals, followed by the evaluation of the proposed framework using various classifier models, including multi-layer perceptron, support vector machine, convolutional neural network, and Kolmogorov-Arnold network, as well as different feature extraction methods, some of which were suggested in previous studies.<i>Main Results.</i>For feature extraction, a window size of 100 ms proved optimal, balancing the trade-off between time and accuracy. Focusing on EMG signal variabilities, this study highlights the impact of intra-session variability on classification accuracy, alongside inter-individual and inter-session variabilities. For all models, accuracy declines from an initial average of92.33±6.17%to80.56±9.57%after only 17 repetitions without adaptation. However, the framework, which is designed based on unsupervised adaptation, enhances this degradation to88.88±8.72%, achieving statistically significant improvements, regardless of the classifier structure and feature extraction method used.<i>Significance.</i>Considering the variabilities of EMG signals, the proposed framework is modular and integrates components such as a motion classifier and a feature extractor, which can be selected based on suggestions from prior studies. These are extended by additional elements, including a finite-state machine to identify hand rest and action states and manage state transitions, and a Softmax module designed to ensure the consistency of performed motions and minimize the likelihood of misclassification.</p>","PeriodicalId":94096,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neural engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143618023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness of aperiodic retinal stimulation in improving temporal visual cortical response.","authors":"Zixin Ye, Leanne L H Chan","doi":"10.1088/1741-2552/adc83c","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-2552/adc83c","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Visual prostheses can provide partial visual function in patients with retinal degenerative diseases. However, in clinical trials, patients implanted with retinal prostheses have reported perceptual fading, which is thought to be related to response desensitization. Additionally, natural stimuli consist of aperiodic events across a short temporal span, whereas periodic stimulation (fixed inter-pulse intervals) is the standard approach in retinal prosthesis research. In this study, we investigated how aperiodic stimulation of the epiretinal surface affects electrically evoked responses in the primary visual cortex (V1) compared with periodic stimulation.</p><p><strong>Approach: </strong>In vivo experiments were conducted in healthy and retinal-degenerated rats. Periodic stimulation consisted of constant inter-pulse intervals (IPIs), whereas aperiodic stimulation was provided by mixed IPIs. We calculated the spike time tiling coefficient (STTC) to assess response consistency across trials, the significant response ratio, and the spike rate to analyze response desensitization.</p><p><strong>Main results: </strong>The results showed a significantly lower consistency of cortical responses in retinal degenerated rats than in healthy rats at 5 Hz. The consistency of the response to periodic stimulation decreased considerably as the frequency was increased to 10 Hz and 20 Hz in both groups and was greatly improved by applying aperiodic stimulation. In addition, aperiodic stimulation evoked a significantly higher spike rate in response to continuous stimulation at high frequencies (e.g., 10 and 20 Hz). &#xD;Significance. By applying electrical stimulation with varying IPIs directly on the epiretinal surface, we observed promising results in terms of enhancing cortical response consistency and reducing desensitization. This finding presents a potential approach to enhance the effectiveness of retinal prostheses.&#xD.</p>","PeriodicalId":94096,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neural engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143775108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Navigational outcomes with a depth-based vision processing algorithm in a second-generation suprachoroidal retinal prosthesis.","authors":"Lauren Moussallem, Lisa Lombardi, Myra Beth McGuinness, Maria Kolic, Elizabeth K Baglin, Rui Jin, Nariman Habili, Jessica Kvansakul, Samuel A Titchener, Carla J Abbott, Janine G Walker, Penelope J Allen, Matthew A Petoe, Nick Barnes","doi":"10.1088/1741-2552/adc83a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-2552/adc83a","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Objective&#xD;To evaluate the effectiveness of a novel depth-based vision processing (VP) method, Local Background Enclosure (LBE), in comparison to the comprehensive VP method, Lanczos2 (L2), in suprachoroidal retinal prosthesis implant recipients during navigational tasks in laboratory and real-world settings. &#xD;Approach&#xD;Four participants were acclimatized to both VP methods. Participants were asked to detect and navigate past five of eight possible obstacles in a white corridor across 20-30 trials. Randomized obstacles included black or white mannequins, black or white overhanging boxes, black or white bins and black or white stationary boxes. The same four participants underwent trials at three different real-word urban locations using both VP methods (randomized order). They were tasked with navigating a complex, dynamic pre-determined scene while detecting, verbally identifying, and avoiding obstacles in their path. &#xD;Main results&#xD;The indoor obstacle course showed that the LBE method (63.6 ± 10.7%, mean ± SD) performed significantly better than L2 (48.5 ± 11.2%), for detection of obstacles (p<0.001, Mack-Skillings). The real-world assessment showed that of the objects detected, 50.2% (138/275) were correctly identified using LBE and 41.7% (138/331) using L2, corresponding to a risk difference of 8 percentage points, p=0.081). &#xD;Significance&#xD;Real world outcomes can be improved using an enhanced vision processing algorithm, providing depth-based visual cues (#NCT05158049). &#xD;&#xD.</p>","PeriodicalId":94096,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neural engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143775114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electrical and magnetic stimulation separately modulates the extent and direction of neurite outgrowth in an ionically conductive hydrogel.","authors":"Katelyn Neuman, Xiaoyu Zhang, Bryan Schellberg, Laura H Lewis, Abigail Koppes, Ryan Koppes","doi":"10.1088/1741-2552/adbb1e","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1741-2552/adbb1e","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Objective</i>. The use of conductive materials for aiding peripheral nerve regeneration is a promising method to recapitulate native conductance of nerve tissue and facilitate the delivery of exogeneous stimulation for enhanced recovery. This study systematically investigated the effects of applying electrical (ES) or magnetic stimulation (MS) to neurons within new ionically conductive hydrogels.<i>Approach</i>. The material properties of ionically conductive Gel-Amin hydrogels (Gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) + Choline acrylate) were compared to those of GelMA hydrogels. Neonatal rat dorsal root ganglia (DRG) were encapsulated in both hydrogel formulations, subjected to ES or MS, and evaluated for differences in neuronal extension. Peripheral glia, Schwann cells (SCs), were subjected to the same stimuli and their secretion of various neurotrophic analytes were investigated.<i>Main results</i>. Gel-Amin hydrogels are 4x more ionically conductive than GelMA hydrogels. The application of electrical stimulation to the encapsulated cells led to a significant decrease (76%) in DRG outgrowth when encapsulated in GelMA versus the Gel-Amin hydrogel. In contrast, MS led to directional neurite extension in a direction perpendicular to the magnetic field gradient.<i>Significance</i>. We present here the first report of a controlled, direct comparison of ES and MS on whole DRG in synthetic materials. The combination of ES and MS decreased total neurite outgrowth but led to more directional growth. Aspects of the material and type of stimuli were noted to reduce several cytokine secretion levels from primary SC cultures. These results highlight the importance of understanding material and biophysical interactions to enhance peripheral nerve regeneration.</p>","PeriodicalId":94096,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neural engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11962742/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143525739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of pitch modulation on event-related potentials elicited by Dutch word stimuli in a brain-computer interface language rehabilitation task.","authors":"Simon Kojima, Benjamin Eren Kortenbach, Crispijn Aalberts, Sara Miloševska, Kim de Wit, Rosie Zheng, Shin'ichiro Kanoh, Mariacristina Musso, Michael Tangermann","doi":"10.1088/1741-2552/adc83d","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-2552/adc83d","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Recently, a novel language training using an auditory brain-computer interface (BCI) based on electroencephalogram recordings has been proposed for chronic stroke patients with aphasia. Tested with native German patients, it has shown significant and medium to large effect sizes in improving multiple aspects of language. During the training, the auditory BCI system delivers word stimuli using six spatially arranged loudspeakers. As delivering the word stimuli via headphones reduces spatial cues and makes the attention to target words more difficult, we investigate the influence of added pitch information. While pitch modulations have shown benefits for tone stimuli, they have not yet been investigated in the context of language stimuli.</p><p><strong>Approach: </strong>The study translated the German experimental setup into Dutch. Seventeen native Dutch speakers participated in a single session of an exploratory study. An incomplete Dutch sentence cued them to listen to a target word embedded into a sequence of comparable non-target words while an electroencephalogram was recorded. Four conditions were compared within-subject to investigate the influence of pitch modulation: presenting the words spatially from six loudspeakers without (6D) and with pitch modulation (6D-Pitch), via stereo headphones with simulated spatial cues and pitch modulation (Stereo-Pitch), and via headphones without spatial cues or pitch modulation (Mono).</p><p><strong>Main results: </strong>Comparing the 6D conditions of both language setups, the Dutch setup could be validated. For the Dutch setup, the binary AUC classification score in the 6D and the 6D-Pitch condition were 0.75 and 0.76, respectively, and adding pitch information did not significantly alter the binary classification accuracy of the event-related potential responses. The classification scores in the 6D condition and the Stereo-Pitch condition were on the same level.</p><p><strong>Significance: </strong>The competitive performance of pitch-modulated word stimuli suggests that the complex hardware setup of the 6D condition could be replaced by a headphone condition. If future studies with aphasia patients confirm the effectiveness and higher usability of a headphone-based language rehabilitation training, a simplified setup could be implemented more easily outside of clinics to deliver frequent training sessions to patients in need.</p>","PeriodicalId":94096,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neural engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143775110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}