Nathanial O'Dell, Bethany G Bolling, Nina Dacko, Joseph T Carr, Bethany Hambrick, Luis F Chaves, Joseph R McMillan
{"title":"Identifying environmental drivers of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus abundance in the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex using Random Forest modeling.","authors":"Nathanial O'Dell, Bethany G Bolling, Nina Dacko, Joseph T Carr, Bethany Hambrick, Luis F Chaves, Joseph R McMillan","doi":"10.1093/jme/tjaf036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjaf036","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus are 2 medically important vectors that have established populations globally. In the United States, Ae. aegypti populations declined post-Ae. albopictus introduction, though both species now can be readily found throughout the Southern US. Despite overlapping distributions, there are few studies that investigate and compare the drivers of abundance at spatial scales relevant to mosquito control and surveillance districts. To address this limitation, we analyzed longitudinal mosquito surveillance data from the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex, Texas. Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex is an area of interest due to its rapid population growth, diverse environmental conditions, and prior history with epidemic West Nile virus transmission. We trained a Random Forest model on a subset of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus data and meteorological and sociodemographic variables from Tarrant and Dallas counties to predict the abundance of both species within the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex. Additionally, we interpolated predictions to map mosquito abundance at unsampled locations. We found that Ae. aegypti abundance was positively correlated with hot and dry conditions within densely populated locations, with mean abundance peaking in the 33rd to the 44th weeks of the year. Ae. albopictus abundance was positively correlated with cooler temperatures in higher socio-economic locations with lower human population density, with mean abundance peaking in the 19th to the 32nd weeks of the year. Our results suggest that the diversity of the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex's environmental conditions enable Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus to exploit differential niche spaces, which has the potential to influence vector control strategies and disease prevention efforts.</p>","PeriodicalId":94091,"journal":{"name":"Journal of medical entomology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144033357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ashley C Kennedy, Sierra Redus, Wil S Winter, Jeffrey R Newcomer, Andrea M Egizi, Dina M Fonseca, James L Occi, Richard G Robbins
{"title":"Ticks of Delaware revisited: an updated checklist of hard ticks (Ixodidae) and first records of soft ticks (Argasidae) in the First State.","authors":"Ashley C Kennedy, Sierra Redus, Wil S Winter, Jeffrey R Newcomer, Andrea M Egizi, Dina M Fonseca, James L Occi, Richard G Robbins","doi":"10.1093/jme/tjaf029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjaf029","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>It has been more than three-quarters of a century since the inaugural report of Delaware's ticks was published. To provide an updated checklist of tick species currently known to occur in Delaware, we reviewed the scientific literature, examined tick collections, accessed archived tick specimen data, and analyzed findings from the state's ongoing tick surveillance program, initiated in 2019. We report here a total of 15 established hard tick species (Ixodidae), as well as additional Ixodidae and 2 soft tick species (Argasidae) that are not yet confirmed as established. We summarize the phenology of each species and its known distribution in Delaware and public health importance. We also provide a table of known tick-host associations for Delaware.</p>","PeriodicalId":94091,"journal":{"name":"Journal of medical entomology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143805243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marcela Gómez, David Martínez, Nicolás Luna, Laura Vega, Yoelis Yepez-Pérez, Omar Cantillo-Barraza, Milena Camargo, Luz H Patiño, Marina Muñoz, Juan David Ramírez
{"title":"Comparative analysis of bacterial microbiota in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae): insights from field and laboratory populations in Colombia.","authors":"Marcela Gómez, David Martínez, Nicolás Luna, Laura Vega, Yoelis Yepez-Pérez, Omar Cantillo-Barraza, Milena Camargo, Luz H Patiño, Marina Muñoz, Juan David Ramírez","doi":"10.1093/jme/tjaf002","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jme/tjaf002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Comparative studies of the microbiota in whole-body mosquitoes from natural populations and laboratory-reared specimens are scarce, particularly in tropical countries like Colombia, where understanding microbial patterns is critical for effective disease control and vector management. This study examines the bacterial microbiota of Aedes aegypti by comparing field-collected mosquitoes from 3 Colombian regions (Southern Amazon, Central Andean region, and Northern Caribbean coast) with laboratory strains (Rockefeller, Otanche, and Tolima). These regions are highly endemic for dengue and are associated with lineage 1 of Ae. aegypti, known for its elevated vector competence. Using next-generation sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene with Illumina technology, we found that field-collected mosquitoes exhibited significantly higher alpha and beta diversity compared to laboratory-reared specimens. Field mosquitoes were enriched with bacterial families such as Acetobacteraceae, Lactobacillaceae, and Bacillaceae, while laboratory mosquitoes showed a greater abundance of Enterobacteriaceae. Differential abundance analysis revealed that Acetobacter and Bacillus predominated in field mosquitoes, whereas Asaia, Cedacea, and Chryseobacterium were more common in laboratory specimens. Notably, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter were consistently abundant across all samples. Our findings suggest that environmental factors, such as habitat and diet, significantly influence the bacterial composition and diversity of Ae. aegypti in Colombia. Future research should further explore how these factors, alongside genetic components, shape mosquito-microbiota interactions and their implications for disease transmission and vector competence.</p>","PeriodicalId":94091,"journal":{"name":"Journal of medical entomology","volume":" ","pages":"358-370"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143018967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Emily M Mader, Nia Clements, Áine Lehane, Jody Gangloff-Kaufmann, Scott Crans, Chris Horton, Amelia Greiner Safi
{"title":"A qualitative analysis of perceived risks and benefits of mosquito abatement and bite prevention strategies in Northeastern U.S. communities.","authors":"Emily M Mader, Nia Clements, Áine Lehane, Jody Gangloff-Kaufmann, Scott Crans, Chris Horton, Amelia Greiner Safi","doi":"10.1093/jme/tjae144","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jme/tjae144","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mosquito-borne disease (MBD) incidence is increasing in the United States (U.S.), presenting an evolving health threat. Assessments of public perceptions have revealed limited awareness of MBDs among the U.S. population. Our team used focus groups to gain an in-depth understanding of risk perceptions regarding mosquito exposure and pesticide use, and benefit perceptions and motivators for bite prevention strategies. A total of 37 individuals participated in focus groups across 3 states: New Jersey (n = 14), New York (n = 15), and Massachusetts (n = 8). Most participants were unfamiliar with public mosquito control services and felt they were not at high exposure risk to any MBDs. Overall, participants were supportive of investing public funds for mosquito surveillance. However, participants across all focus groups expressed concerns over ecosystem health and long-term consequences of pesticide use for mosquito control. Participants in every focus group referenced a risk assessment that weighed the risk of MBD exposure against the use of chemical control: once participants perceived MBDs as negatively impacting human and/or animal health in their area, sentiment swung largely to supporting the use of pesticides. In the absence of an obvious MBD threat, participants preferred nonchemical control interventions. Participants felt communication from mosquito control agencies should be accessible, disseminated across multiple venues, and should include instructions for the public during spray events, resources for individual bite prevention, and information on control products used. Our research results can inform the development of improved, evidence-based MBD outreach and educational resources that are acceptable, actionable, and relevant to Northeast communities.</p>","PeriodicalId":94091,"journal":{"name":"Journal of medical entomology","volume":" ","pages":"435-448"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11919617/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142645302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Meredith S Bagger, Kelly A Hagadorn, Michael J Misencik, Skylar Arent, Michael Povelones, Joseph R McMillan, Andrea Gloria-Soria
{"title":"Filarial parasite infection prevalence in field-caught mosquitoes from Connecticut, United States.","authors":"Meredith S Bagger, Kelly A Hagadorn, Michael J Misencik, Skylar Arent, Michael Povelones, Joseph R McMillan, Andrea Gloria-Soria","doi":"10.1093/jme/tjaf004","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jme/tjaf004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Filarial nematodes are parasitic roundworms transmitted by mosquitoes that can cause morbidity and mortality for their human and animal hosts. The filariae community, specifically infection prevalence of heartworm, Dirofilaria immitis (Filarioidea: Onchocercidae) (Leidy), and its primary mosquito vector species, has not been described in Connecticut since 1977. In light of the recent invasion and establishment of an important filariasis vector, Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) (Skuse), we used molecular-based sequencing methods to identify filarial species infecting field-caught mosquitoes in Connecticut, United States. The filarial parasites identified include D. immitis, Aproctella sp., and Setaria sp. (Filarioidea: Setariidae). The total minimum infection rate for D. immitis for all mosquito species tested in 2020 was 0.97 [0.56 to 1.56] and in 2021 was 1.48 [0.93 to 2.24]. Aedes albopictus had the highest infection prevalence compared to other species during both years. We determined a low but persistent mosquito infection prevalence for D. immitis and suggest that Ae. albopictus is likely to be the primary vector in the region. Aproctella sp. and Setaria sp. had lower burdens compared to D. immitis. Persistent mosquito infection with filarial parasites, particularly in invasive species, poses a risk to veterinary and public health.</p>","PeriodicalId":94091,"journal":{"name":"Journal of medical entomology","volume":" ","pages":"428-434"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143018971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Suzanne Kuczynski Lange, C Roxanne Connelly, Zoe Tai, Nicole Foley, Juan De Leon Rivera, Saul Lozano, Randall J Nett
{"title":"A scoping review to determine if adverse human health effects are associated with use of pyrethroids for mosquito control.","authors":"Suzanne Kuczynski Lange, C Roxanne Connelly, Zoe Tai, Nicole Foley, Juan De Leon Rivera, Saul Lozano, Randall J Nett","doi":"10.1093/jme/tjaf012","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jme/tjaf012","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mosquito control using pyrethrins and synthetic pyrethroids (PSP) is important for preventing vector-borne diseases. Although the benefits associated with PSP use are well-documented, public concern exists regarding potential human adverse health effects. The aim of this scoping review was to describe adverse human health effects associated with PSP use for community adult mosquito control. A literature search using the databases MEDLINE, EMBASE, Agricultural and Environmental Science Collection, CAB Abstracts, and Scopus obtained 6,154 original peer-reviewed articles published during 1 January 2000 to 22 May 2024. Articles were independently reviewed for inclusion using predetermined exclusion and inclusion criteria. Data were extracted from 10 included articles. Study designs included cohort (n = 5), cross-sectional (n = 2), and risk assessment (n = 4). One article included 2 study designs. Of the cohort studies, one was prospective and the remainder were retrospective. A causal relationship between PSP application for adult mosquito control and adverse human health impacts was not identified. No increases in acute health manifestations were reported. The 4 risk assessments estimated that PSP exposures were not above the regulatory level of concern; a meta-analysis determined the likelihood of PSP exposures exceeding the regulatory level of concern was <0.0001. The limited evidence indicated that PSP applied appropriately for control of nuisance mosquitoes or mosquitoes that transmit arboviruses do not pose acute or chronic human health risks. Continued investigation into potential human health impacts of PSP would help inform guidelines for adult mosquito control and help inform public health decision making.</p>","PeriodicalId":94091,"journal":{"name":"Journal of medical entomology","volume":" ","pages":"277-288"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143384534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Beata Biernat, Paweł Gładysz, Anna Kuna, Małgorzata Sulima, Martyna Bykowska-Tumasz, Elżbieta Sontag
{"title":"Myiasis by Cordylobia anthropophaga and C. rodhaini (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in Polish travelers to Africa with new molecular data.","authors":"Beata Biernat, Paweł Gładysz, Anna Kuna, Małgorzata Sulima, Martyna Bykowska-Tumasz, Elżbieta Sontag","doi":"10.1093/jme/tjaf006","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jme/tjaf006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Myiasis is a parasitic infestation of soft vertebrate tissues by larval stages of Diptera. We briefly described the lesion-causing genus Cordylobia Grünberg (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Three Polish travelers to Uganda, Gambia, and Senegal returned with furuncular myiasis. To identify the third-instar larvae removed from their skin, we examined the morphological features of the 3 specimens and sequenced a 5' barcoding fragment of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene (COI-5P). One larva was identified as C. rodhaini Gedoelst, and 2 larvae were identified as C. anthropophaga (Blanchard). We were the first to submit the COI-5P of C. rodhaini to GenBank and the Barcode of Life Database. This is the first record of the importation of C. anthropophaga and the second record of the importation of C. rodhaini to Poland.</p>","PeriodicalId":94091,"journal":{"name":"Journal of medical entomology","volume":" ","pages":"471-474"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11919616/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143043805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tzintli Meraz-Medina, Yunuen Grant-Guillén, José Rodrigo Mercado-Trujillo, Mauro Omar Vences-Blanco, Dévora Yajahira Ibáñez-Hernández, José Alejandro Martínez-Ibarra
{"title":"Experimental crosses detect reproductive isolation among populations of Triatoma pallidipennis (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae).","authors":"Tzintli Meraz-Medina, Yunuen Grant-Guillén, José Rodrigo Mercado-Trujillo, Mauro Omar Vences-Blanco, Dévora Yajahira Ibáñez-Hernández, José Alejandro Martínez-Ibarra","doi":"10.1093/jme/tjae153","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jme/tjae153","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chagas disease is one of the most important vector-borne diseases in Mexico. Triatoma pallidipennis (Stål) is one of the most epidemiologically important vector species. Despite being classified as a single species, various studies (molecular, morphometric, and biological) on populations across its distribution suggested it is composed of a group of cryptic species. This study examined reproductive isolation among 5 populations of T. pallidipennis originating from the western, southern, and central regions of Mexico to help clarify the potential existence of a cryptic species complex of T. pallidipennis in Mexico. A generation of hybrids was analyzed for fertility and fecundity. Fertility rates varied from 50% to 100% in the parental crosses and from 20% to 100% in the F1 × F1 crosses. Fecundity ranged from 1.4 to 3.2 eggs/female/day in the parental crosses, which decreased to 0.9-2.9 in the F1 × F1 crosses (except in Jalisco × Morelos). The fertility of the eggs ranged from 61.4% to 85.4% in the parental crosses, dropping to 44% to 90.1% in some F1 × F1 crosses, indicating partial reproductive isolation among these populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":94091,"journal":{"name":"Journal of medical entomology","volume":" ","pages":"371-380"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142883868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tiffany Pan, Michaela Seal, Hailey Shaw, Shahaanaa Mohanaraj, Gen Morinaga, Brittany Hogaboam, Michael Jenkins, Alexandra Coker, John Soghigian
{"title":"First record of Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) in Alberta: expanding distributions and ecotype patterns in a western Canadian province.","authors":"Tiffany Pan, Michaela Seal, Hailey Shaw, Shahaanaa Mohanaraj, Gen Morinaga, Brittany Hogaboam, Michael Jenkins, Alexandra Coker, John Soghigian","doi":"10.1093/jme/tjae150","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jme/tjae150","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Culex pipiens is an invasive mosquito found in temperate regions globally. It is considered among the most important disease vectors worldwide and is responsible for the transmission of a range of pathogens, including West Nile virus, avian malaria, Saint Louis encephalitis, and filarial worms. Throughout its northern temperate range, this mosquito is found in 2 ecotypes: form pipiens and form molestus. In Canada, this mosquito was previously thought restricted to the Pacific coast of British Columbia and the eastern provinces of Ontario, Quebec, and the Maritimes. Through routine mosquito surveillance and targeted trapping for Cx. pipiens, we detected this mosquito in 2 Albertan municipalities earlier than suggested by species distribution modeling based on climate change data. We confirmed the identity of putative Cx. pipiens specimens using DNA sequencing and found that alleles associated with form molestus were present, but at a low frequency compared to alleles associated with form pipiens. Furthermore, we compared the frequency of ecotype-related alleles in Alberta to elsewhere in North America and found a general trend of increased form pipiens in more northern latitudes, similar to previously reported results. We discuss our findings in the context of vector-borne disease activity in Canada, particularly West Nile virus.</p>","PeriodicalId":94091,"journal":{"name":"Journal of medical entomology","volume":" ","pages":"461-464"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11919614/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142873698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Donald A Yee, Joseph A Nelsen, Nicole S Fijman, Limarie J Reyes-Torres, Jaclyn Everly, Bradley Eastmond, Barry W Alto
{"title":"Larval competition between the invasive Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) and the Caribbean endemic Aedes mediovittatus (Diptera: Culicidae) from Puerto Rico, USA.","authors":"Donald A Yee, Joseph A Nelsen, Nicole S Fijman, Limarie J Reyes-Torres, Jaclyn Everly, Bradley Eastmond, Barry W Alto","doi":"10.1093/jme/tjae154","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jme/tjae154","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Competition between mosquito species during the larval phase is a well-established mechanism structuring container mosquito communities, with invasive species often outperforming natives. We assessed the competitive outcome between 2 species that occur on the island of Puerto Rico, the historic invasive Aedes aegypti (L.) and the endemic Aedes mediovittatus (Coquillett) (Diptera: Culicidae). Trials were conducted under intra- and interspecific densities crossed with 2 amounts of 4 different leaf types serving as detrital resources for developing larvae; leaf types were representative of either urban or rural locations. Response variables included survival, male and female mass and development time, and a composite index of population growth (λ'). We also measured tannin levels in detrital environments, a secondary metabolite that can negatively influence mosquito development and survival. The co-occurrence of Ae. aegypti and Ae. mediovittatus generally did not affect survival or population growth of Ae. mediovittatus, however the converse was not true. Specifically, Ae. aegypti suffered lower survival and lower population growth in the presence of Ae. mediovittatus compared to when it was alone. Tannin concentrations did not correspond to competitive outcomes, as the highest tannin levels occurred under the detrital conditions where mosquitoes had highest growth and survival, with no evidence of differences between urban or rural leaf types. This is the first study to quantify the competitive outcomes between these species, both of which are part of the dengue transmission cycle on the island, and our findings suggest that Ae. mediovittatus is capable of outcompeting Ae. aegypti under some resource environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":94091,"journal":{"name":"Journal of medical entomology","volume":" ","pages":"347-357"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142873704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}