Journal of materials chemistry. B最新文献

{"title":"pH-responsive injectable nanocomposite hydrogel based on dynamic boronate ester bonds loading Pt-TiO₂ nanoparticles and fluorescence probe for synergistic sonodynamic-immunotherapy and imaging of cancer.","authors":"Zhiyi Qian, Yifeng Yuan, Junhang Li, Weizhong Yuan","doi":"10.1039/d5tb01837d","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5tb01837d","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cold solid tumors such as breast cancer exhibit low immunogenicity, insufficient T cell infiltration, and an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, which limit the effectiveness of conventional immune checkpoint inhibitors. Moreover, the separation of diagnostic and therapeutic approaches hinders the development of optimized, personalized treatment strategies. To address these challenges, an integrated theranostic system was designed based on an injectable hydrogel that combines sonodynamic therapy (SDT), immunotherapy, and fluorescence imaging for precise and efficient treatment of tumors. The hydrogel was constructed <i>via</i> dynamic boronate ester bonds crosslinking between boronic acid-modified polyglutamic acid (PLGA-BA) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), exhibiting pH-responsiveness for controlled release in the acidic tumor microenvironment. Therapeutic agents including the sonosensitizer Pt-TiO₂ nanoparticles (NPs), the immunoadjuvant imiquimod, and the fluorescent probe hyaluronic acid-adipic acid dihydrazide-rhodamine B isothiocyanate copolymer (HA-ADH-RBITC) were co-loaded into the hydrogel. Under ultrasound irradiation, Pt-TiO₂ NPs generated cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) to induce apoptosis and achieve SDT effects. Imiquimod activated T cell-mediated immune responses to enhance tumor immunogenicity, while HA-ADH-RBITC enabled fluorescence imaging for tumor localization and therapeutic monitoring. This multifunctional platform successfully integrates diagnosis and therapy, providing a promising strategy for the localized treatment of cold solid tumors.</p>","PeriodicalId":94089,"journal":{"name":"Journal of materials chemistry. B","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145226531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comprehensive protocol for hydrogel-based bioink design: balancing printability, stability, and biocompatibility.","authors":"Rency Geevarghese, Joanna Żur-Pińska, Daniele Parisi, Małgorzata Katarzyna Włodarczyk-Biegun","doi":"10.1039/d5tb00737b","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5tb00737b","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bioink design is one of the most challenging and time-consuming tasks in 3D bioprinting. This study provides a comprehensive framework balancing key factors such as printability (evaluated through rheological analysis), scaffold mechanical stability, and biocompatibility for developing inks based on alginate (Alg), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), and gelatin methacrylate (GelMA). A detailed protocol is presented, outlining the sequence of rheological tests, selecting appropriate parameters, and correlating them with printability indices (<i>e.g.</i>, fiber diameter and printability value) as well as printing conditions (<i>e.g.</i>, temperature, cross-linking time, and degree). Optimal formulations were identified as 4% Alg, 10% CMC, and GelMA at 8%, 12%, and 16% concentrations (4% Alg-10% CMC-<b>GelMA</b>). Rheological and printability functions were quantified, establishing them as benchmarks for bioink design. The thermo-responsive properties of GelMA allowed precise control of printability by modulating temperature and GelMA content. A mathematical model was employed to correlate the shear-thinning behavior, measured <i>via</i> shear rheology, and printing conditions. These bioinks demonstrated long-term mechanical stability (up to 21 days), superior mechanical performance, and enhanced cell proliferation at 4% Alg-10% CMC-16% GelMA. The dual curing approach (UV curing and CaCl₂ cross-linking) resulted in scaffolds with variable stiffness, showcasing their potential for gradient tissue regeneration. Notably, the protocol is adaptable to other materials and concentrations, streamlining bioink development for diverse applications in gradient tissue engineering.</p>","PeriodicalId":94089,"journal":{"name":"Journal of materials chemistry. B","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145226523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anti-neoangiogenic nanodelivery systems: advances in tumor-based and ophthalmic disease research.","authors":"Bingjie Guo, Zhaokai Li, Junyi Zhou, Ruobei Shu, Wuhao Wei, Yanting Kuang, Youfa Xu, Xin Wu","doi":"10.1039/d5tb01502b","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5tb01502b","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Abnormal neovascularization plays a critical role in the progression of various diseases, with tumor and ophthalmic neovascularization sharing many core mechanisms. As a result, use of anti-angiogenic drugs has become one of the key therapeutic strategies for such diseases. However, these drugs face significant limitations, such as toxic side effects, limited bioavailability, and the tendency to develop drug resistance. In recent years, with a deeper understanding of angiogenic mechanisms, nanodrug delivery systems have demonstrated significant advantages in anti-angiogenic therapy, particularly in terms of precise delivery, sustained drug release, and tissue targeting. This review summarizes recent advances in the applications of anti-angiogenic nanodrug delivery systems in the treatment of tumors and ophthalmic diseases, including their mechanisms of action. It focuses on delivery strategies of nanocarriers and highlights research progress in functionalized and combination therapy-based nanodrug delivery systems for anti-angiogenesis. Finally, the opportunities and challenges of such systems are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":94089,"journal":{"name":"Journal of materials chemistry. B","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145226487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antimicrobial applications of amphiphilic gold nanoparticles for antibiotic delivery.","authors":"Harita Yedavally, Matteo Gasbarri, Jan Maarten van Dijl, Francesco Stellacci, Anna Salvati","doi":"10.1039/d5tb00961h","DOIUrl":"10.1039/d5tb00961h","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nanomedicine can offer novel strategies in the fight against antimicrobial resistance. Nano-sized drug carriers can be used to deliver antibiotics to their target to treat infections and some nanomaterials themselves have antimicrobial properties. Here, small amphiphilic gold nanoparticles with mixed ligand surfaces have been investigated for their potential use against bacterial infections in different settings. Owing to their unique surface properties, these nanoparticles are known to directly penetrate cell membranes, instead of entering cells by energy-dependent mechanisms of endocytosis, as observed for most nanomaterials. Therefore, we aimed to explore whether this capacity could be exploited to target and eliminate bacteria. To this end, different antibiotic-loaded small amphiphilic gold nanoparticles were prepared and their antimicrobial activity against the human pathogen <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> was demonstrated. Next, we tested whether the antibiotic-loaded nanoparticles could be used to treat intracellular <i>S. aureus</i> infections, as well as to penetrate and eradicate biofilms. In the case of intracellular infections, nanoparticle uptake was accompanied by a mild decrease in the intracellular bacterial population. In the case of biofilms, instead, the nanoparticles were able to penetrate throughout the thickness of the biofilm, rather than only reaching the upper layers, as observed for most nanomaterials. Moreover, both the amphiphilic gold nanoparticles themselves and the antibiotic-loaded variants strongly induced death of biofilm-embedded bacteria.</p>","PeriodicalId":94089,"journal":{"name":"Journal of materials chemistry. B","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12495389/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145226513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-component SiO₂-P₂O₅-Na₂O-K₂O-CaO-SrO-ZnO-CaF₂-SrF₂ bioactive glass with a lower fluoride content can form strontium-containing fluorapatite: a ¹⁹F MAS-NMR analysis.","authors":"Victor Mosquim, David Geoffrey Gillam, Linda Wang, Robert Graham Hill","doi":"10.1039/d5tb00060b","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5tb00060b","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to reproduce multi-component glasses with varying concentrations of fluoride [F] and to investigate if Sr-containing apatite (Sr-Ap) or SrF₂ would be formed when the glasses were immersed in Tris buffer for 24 h and one week. Multi-component SiO₂-P₂O₅-Na₂O-K₂O-CaO-SrO-ZnO-CaF₂-SrF₂ glasses with 9, 13, 17 and 32 mol% of [F] (named F9, F13, F17, F32 and F32sq) were prepared, and their degradation and Ap formation were investigated using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and ¹⁹F magic angle spinning-nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS-NMR) analysis before and after immersion in Tris buffer for 24 h and one week. The pH changes and the [F] released were also measured. Only F9, F13 and F17 produced Ap detected by FTIR spectroscopy. After one week, Ap and CaF₂ diffraction peaks were detected for F9, F13 and F17; F32 and F32sq presented Ca_0.5Sr_0.5F₂ peaks. By ¹⁹F MAS-NMR analysis, fluorapatite (FAp) and Sr-FAp were detected for F9, F13 and F17. For F32, only Ca_0.5Sr_0.5F₂ was detected after one week. F32sq presented the same species before and after immersion with varying intensities. All glasses increased the pH of the solution and released [F] proportionally to their composition. In conclusion, despite all multi-component bioactive glasses increasing the pH of Tris buffer and releasing [F], only those with lower [F] formed Sr-FAp instead of SrF₂ or Ca_0.5Sr_0.5F₂, which could guide synthesis of formulations to be used in dental materials with enhanced properties.</p>","PeriodicalId":94089,"journal":{"name":"Journal of materials chemistry. B","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145208855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Liposome-functionalized biocompatible polyurethane microspheres with bacteria-capturing traps for comprehensive management of bacterial infections.","authors":"Ziyue Ling, Shifan Chen, Zhen Hu, Jianxu Bao, Chunji Jiang, Weifeng Zhao, Changsheng Zhao","doi":"10.1039/d5tb01907a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5tb01907a","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bacterial infections pose a significant threat to public health, as pathogens and their secreted toxins jointly activate immune responses, and severe cases may develop into sepsis. Effective anti-infective treatment requires comprehensive eradication of pathogens, involving not only bacterial clearance but also neutralization of virulence factors. Traditional adsorbents in blood purification often face a trade-off between efficacy and biosafety. Herein, we develop a graded modified hemoperfusion adsorbent for full-cycle sepsis management. Cationic diallyl dimethylammonium chloride (DDA)-modified carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are embedded within polyurethane precursors, and liposomes (Lipo) are anchored onto the surface of microspheres through polymer chain entanglement and electrostatic interactions during phase separation, resulting in polyurethane-CNT-DDA-Lipo (PUD-L) porous microspheres. This hierarchical modification strategy enables spatial partitioning, effectively balancing the material functionality with biosafety and achieving the simultaneous removal of bacteria and toxins. The porous surface of PUD-L matches the size of the bacteria, serving as a bacterial trap that removes 98.2% of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (<i>S. aureus</i>) and 97.2% of <i>Escherichia coli</i> (<i>E. coli</i>) within 3 h. Additionally, PUD-L significantly decreases hemolysis induced by exotoxins (from 49.49% to 0.22%) and reduces endotoxin levels (from 236.08 EU per mL to 38.15 EU per mL), primarily through adsorption. In a sepsis blood model, treatment with PUD-L reduces pro-inflammatory cytokine concentrations to normal physiological levels. Overall, this work highlights that both pathogens and their toxins are key triggers of excessive inflammation. The PUD-L microspheres represent a promising strategy that integrates antibacterial activity and virulence factor adsorption in a hierarchical method while maintaining great biocompatibility, providing a novel platform for the comprehensive management of bacterial infections.</p>","PeriodicalId":94089,"journal":{"name":"Journal of materials chemistry. B","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145208853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring a flexible and cytotoxic drug carrier of cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil for a multitarget therapeutic approach in colorectal cancer.","authors":"Sandra Mena-Gutiérrez, Marcos J Araúzo-Bravo, Garikoitz Beobide, Leire Bergara-Muguruza, Oscar Castillo, Ainara Castellanos-Rubio, Daniela Gerovska, Antonio Luque, Jon Pascual-Colino, Sonia Pérez-Yáñez","doi":"10.1039/d5tb01280e","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5tb01280e","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The therapeutic potential of many anticancer drugs is frequently hindered by challenges such as non-specific distribution, suboptimal dosing, and premature degradation, which collectively compromise treatment efficacy. To overcome these limitations, advanced drug delivery systems capable of targeted, controlled, and synchronised release are essential. This study presents the development and complete characterisation of the flexible supramolecular metal-organic framework (SMOF) Cu7Naph as a multifunctional carrier for the co-delivery of the chemotherapeutic agents cisplatin (cisPt) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), aiming to enhance therapeutic efficacy against cancer. The water-stable Cu7Naph is assembled from heptanuclear copper-adenine units and naphthalene-2,6-dicarboxylate counterions, held together by π-π stacking and hydrogen bonding interactions, which confer high structural flexibility and porosity. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses demonstrate that Cu7Naph undergoes significant structural expansion or contraction depending on hydration stages and guest molecule inclusion, enabling simultaneous incorporation of cisPt and 5-FU within the same porous matrix. This co-loading results in synergistic effects, increasing 5-FU loading capacity to 14.1 wt% in the presence of cisPt and synchronising their release kinetics, thereby reducing kinetic disparity (<i>K</i>_5-FU/<i>K</i>_cisPt = 2.5 <i>versus</i> 4.2 when loaded separately). The first stage of the drug release follows pseudo-first-order kinetics under physiologically relevant conditions (35 °C). Cytotoxicity assays using HCT116 colorectal cancer cells cultured in the presence of Cu7Naph reveal that Cu7Naph exhibits intrinsic antiproliferative activity, which is enhanced upon 5-FU loading but attenuated with cisPt inclusion, suggesting a possible interaction between cisPt and the carrier's cytotoxic mechanism. Transcriptomic analysis <i>via</i> RNA sequencing identifies downregulation of <i>AKR1A1</i> and <i>PUF60</i> genes as contributors to the observed biological effects. Collectively, these findings highlight the potential of structurally adaptable SMOFs as versatile platforms for the synchronised co-delivery of multiple drugs with distinct release profiles and therapeutic mechanisms, offering a promising strategy for improved drug combination cancer therapies.</p>","PeriodicalId":94089,"journal":{"name":"Journal of materials chemistry. B","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145202517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cellulose microfiber-mediated mesoscale architecture promotes the expansion of patient-derived lung cancer organoids while preserving their malignant characteristics.","authors":"Chengjing Zhou, Jiaxin Wang, Yongming Zhang, Ziyuan Zhou, Chuanyue Wu, Luhua Wang, Ling Guo","doi":"10.1039/d5tb00833f","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5tb00833f","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The crucial role of mesoscale collagen architecture in establishing and expanding patient-derived tumor organoids is well recognized. However, obtaining sufficient mesoscale collagen bundles from patient cancer tissues is challenging due to the limited availability of such bundles, which depends on the tumor tissue size and digestion efficiency. In this study, we employed cellulose microfibers (CMFs) with micron-scale thickness to mimic the mesoscale collagen architecture and developed a biomimetic hydrogel termed MF-gel by combining CMFs with microbial transglutaminase-cross-linked gelatin for culturing lung cancer organoids (LCOs). Our findings demonstrate that LCOs cultured within MF-gel exhibit increased quantity and size compared to those cultured within gels lacking CMFs. LCOs formed within MF-gel also display irregular morphology and an aggressive phenotype, whereas those grown without CMFs maintain a uniform and spherical appearance. Comprehensive histopathological analysis and gene profiling confirm that LCOs in MF-gel faithfully preserve the histological morphology and genomic landscapes of their parental tumors. Furthermore, MF-gel reliably recapitulates patient-specific drug sensitivity. The MF-gel platform offers significant opportunities for expanding LCOs and studying lung cancer biology, and serves as a potential tool for precision medicine.</p>","PeriodicalId":94089,"journal":{"name":"Journal of materials chemistry. B","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145202481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A biotin-conjugated highly stable cationic viologen derivative for live-cell imaging.","authors":"Weijie Song, Wenqiang Ma, Qi Sun, Yujing Gao, Zengrong Wang, Chenjing Liu, HuiRuo Dong, Jinlu Ma, Suxia Han, Kun Zhou, Gang He","doi":"10.1039/d5tb00830a","DOIUrl":"10.1039/d5tb00830a","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Traditional cancer imaging modalities cannot achieve ideal diagnostic results. Fluorescence imaging is an emerging modality for tumor imaging because of its high selectivity and sensitivity. However, conventional imaging agents have some drawbacks, including significant photobleaching, low fluorescence quantum yield, and inadequate targeting specificity. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the development of new imaging agents. Viologen derivatives have been widely used in the optical field owing to their excellent water solubility and good optical properties. However, because of its propensity to readily obtain electrons and form free radicals, its biological toxicity is significant, restricting its further application in the field of biological staining. To solve these problems, this study incorporated phenyl viologen as the primary fluorescent structure, which is capable of directly forming a quinone structure in a single step, thereby mitigating the impact of free radicals on cells. Furthermore, the introduction of biotin further enhanced the targeting of the imaging agent, ensuring that it was delivered more precisely to the desired cellular locations. This dual approach not only minimizes the harmful effects of free radicals but also improves the specificity and efficiency of cellular imaging. Experimental results demonstrate that the developer exhibits high photostability, excellent biosafety, and outstanding biocompatibility. This study investigated the application of cationic viologen derivatives in living cell imaging, laying a foundation for the advancement of cationic viologen derivatives in the biological field.</p>","PeriodicalId":94089,"journal":{"name":"Journal of materials chemistry. B","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145202499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent advances in 3D printed bone disease models for pathophysiological modeling, drug discovery, and patient education.","authors":"Amey Dukle, Shivi Tripathi, Himansu Sekhar Nanda, Mamilla Ravi Sankar","doi":"10.1039/d5tb01120e","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5tb01120e","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bone diseases are the major cause of amputations, leading to reduced quality of life and productivity. Although many drugs are developed to treat these conditions, most fail to reach the market because of the lengthy development process. The development and utilization of 3D-printed bone disease models represent a significant advancement in biomedical research, particularly in the domain of drug screening and discovery. These models replicate the bone microenvironment more effectively than traditional 2D cell cultures and animal models. They offer a promising platform that can speed up drug development. Additionally, they help reduce the ethical concerns related to animal testing. This review explores recent advancements in 3D-printed bone disease models, focusing on their ability to replicate the complex architecture of bone tissues affected by various pathological conditions. It offers an overview of the 3D printing technologies used to create bone disease models and the essential properties of biomaterials needed to adopt effective 3D printing. Additionally, it covers their applications in disease modeling, drug discovery, surgical training, and patient education. It also identifies key challenges that hinder clinical applications and highlights the need for continued research and innovation in this field.</p>","PeriodicalId":94089,"journal":{"name":"Journal of materials chemistry. B","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145202506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}