Journal of economic entomology最新文献

{"title":"Mechanism of action of soybean oil in arthropods: mortality results from tracheal infiltration and obstruction of gas exchange structures.","authors":"Ricardo Castro-Torres, Jorge Valdez-Carrasco, Esteban Rodríguez-Leyva, Lauro Soto-Rojas, J Refugio Lomeli-Flores","doi":"10.1093/jee/toag124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/toag124","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Oils are widely used in arthropod pest control, yet their modes of action remain poorly understood and often differ across studies. To investigate the mechanism of action of a commercial soybean oil formulation, we evaluated its physical and toxicological effects on three arthropod species across several developmental stages: adults and nymphs of Uroleucon sonchi (L.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), adults and eggs of Tetranychus urticae Koch (Trombidiformes: Tetranychidae), and larvae and eggs of Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). Adults, immature stages, and eggs were either topically treated or immersed in 2% soybean oil, and mortality was assessed alongside morphological and ultrastructural analyses using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Bright-field microscopy, Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM), Structured Illumination Microscopy (SIM), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Immersion caused immediate mortality in U. sonchi and T. urticae, linked to oil penetration through spiracles and tracheal flooding, confirmed by fluorescent oil markers and bright-field, SIM, and CLSM imaging. In contrast, P. xylostella larvae exhibited partial and delayed mortality, likely due to spiracular morphology. Egg susceptibility varied by species and age. Egg hatch was completely inhibited in T. urticae, whereas only recently laid P. xylostella eggs were fully susceptible. SEM revealed extensive oil coverage and obstruction of respiratory structures, although TEM showed no damage to the cuticle. These findings indicate that soybean oil induces mortality by physically obstructing gas exchange structures rather than through chemical toxicity or cuticular disruption, and that spiracle architecture may modulate susceptibility. The implications for pest management programs are briefly discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":94077,"journal":{"name":"Journal of economic entomology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147847986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toxicity and flushing activity of 5 botanical and essential oil formulations against Blattella germanica (L.) (Blattodea: Ectobiidae).","authors":"Festus K Ajibefun, Ana M Chicas-Mosier, Arthur G Appel, Henry Y Fadamiro","doi":"10.1093/jee/toag126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/toag126","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study assessed the toxicity and flushing activity of 5 commercially available botanical and essential oil formulations against 3 strains of German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.) (Blattodea: Ectobiidae): a susceptible laboratory strain (S) and 2 insecticide-resistant field strains (D and E). Three bioassays were conducted: continuous exposure to dry residues, direct spray application, and flushing. The direct spray assay yielded the fastest kill, with a median survival time (MST) of 1 min when strain S was exposed to Essentria at the high label rate, likely due to rapid dermal and spiracular uptake. In contrast, the continuous exposure assay produced slower mortality, with the longest MST (23.5 h) observed in strain D with the same Essentria treatment, indicating slower uptake from dry residues. Among all formulations, ExciteR exhibited the fastest action in continuous exposure, while EcoVia and Garscentria showed limited residual activity. Strain-dependent differences were evident, with resistant strains showing greater survivorship in both continuous exposure and direct spray assays. In flushing assays, Essentria and EcoVia achieved the highest flushing activity (up to 45% and 35%, respectively, at 1,000 µg/µl), defined as the proportion of cockroaches leaving the harborage within 10 min. Other formulations, including ExciteR and ER-22, showed low flushing action. Overall, botanical and essential oil formulations were most effective when applied directly for immediate kill. Residual and flushing effects were generally weaker, particularly against resistant strains. Under laboratory conditions with confined exposure, botanical and essential oil formulations caused significant mortality in susceptible and resistant German cockroach strains.</p>","PeriodicalId":94077,"journal":{"name":"Journal of economic entomology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147847999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing regional pest surveys: evaluating and guiding site selection with new methodology.","authors":"Fletcher Robbins, Krista Hamilton, Tracy Schilder, Benjamin Bradford, Emily Bick","doi":"10.1093/jee/toag114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/toag114","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Implementing an extensive pest survey is expensive and time-consuming, so optimizing site selection is critical to success. Efficiently allocating resources and maximizing survey coverage in areas where crops are at risk from pests could alleviate economic losses and threats to food security. Therefore, we developed a \"site score metric\" to quantitatively assess the value of each existing site to the survey. The site score metric is based on (i) historic corn production intensity, (ii) pest count per site, and (iii) distance from the closest site. By evaluating each site based on these factors, we were able to identify which sampling locations are most valuable to the survey. A k-nearest neighbor model was developed to interpolate pest populations from individual trap counts corn fields across the primary corn producing region in the state of Wisconsin. By evaluating the interpolated map of Wisconsin with the site scoring metric, the value of hypothetical additional survey locations can be assessed. An additional k-nearest neighbor model was used to classify similarly scoring regions to identify clusters where additional surveillance would be most valuable. This scoring metric can be used to guide new survey efforts, thereby improving the quality of data collected. Additionally, this could save costs by eliminating low scoring locations.</p>","PeriodicalId":94077,"journal":{"name":"Journal of economic entomology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147848040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Use of high-resolution melting for the rapid diagnosis of thrips (Insecta: Thysanoptera) in legume crops in South Florida.","authors":"Felipe Barreto da Silva, Bruno Rossitto De Marchi, Paul Rugman-Jones, Rafaela Gomes Ruschel, Jessica Chitwood-Brown, Thomas Skarlinsky, Felipe Soto-Adames, Hugh A Smith","doi":"10.1093/jee/toag120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/toag120","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Thrips (Order: Thysanoptera) are significant agricultural pests that cause severe economic losses globally through direct feeding damage and their role as vectors of orthotospoviruses. South Florida's warm climate and diverse cropping systems, particularly legume crops such as snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and lablab (Lablab purpureus), provide favorable environment for thrips infestations. Three thrips species, Megalurothrips usitatus (Bagnall), Thrips palmi Karny, and Frankliniella insularis (Franklin) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), are prevalent in the region, with M. usitatus being an invasive pest that poses a significant threat to leguminous crops. Accurate species identification is critical for effective integrated pest management strategies. However, morphological identification is challenging due to the small size, subtle diagnostic traits, and high phenotypic similarity among thrips species, particularly in immature stages. This study aimed to develop a rapid, reliable molecular identification tool for these thrips species using high-resolution melting (HRM) analysis, a post-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique that differentiates DNA sequences based on their unique melting profiles. HRM analysis enables species-specific identification by detecting genetic variations and single nucleotide polymorphisms in PCR amplicons. We optimized and validated an HRM-based assay for the precise identification of M. usitatus, T. palmi, and F. insularis using both adult and larval stages collected from leguminous crops in South Florida. The assay demonstrated high specificity, sensitivity, and reproducibility, providing a robust molecular diagnostic tool for species identification. This method has the potential to enhance pest management efforts by facilitating early detection and targeted management, reducing the economic impact of thrips on legume production in the region.</p>","PeriodicalId":94077,"journal":{"name":"Journal of economic entomology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147848030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Early insecticide tolerance in an invasive fall armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) population in relation to bioassay phenotypes and genetic haplotypes.","authors":"Chitsanuphong Phanthian, Nontivich Tandavanitj, Chatchawan Chaisuekul","doi":"10.1093/jee/toag118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/toag118","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is a major lepidopteran pest that has rapidly expanded across the Eastern Hemisphere, raising concerns about declining susceptibility to common insecticides. This study primarily evaluated larval susceptibility and tolerance patterns to emamectin benzoate, chlorantraniliprole, and lambda-cyhalothrin using time- and dose-response bioassays on second- and fourth-instar larvae from the Thai population. Emamectin benzoate induced delayed mortality, chlorantraniliprole caused rapid mortality even at low doses, and lambda-cyhalothrin produced acute knockdown effects, particularly in second instars. Although overall mortality was high, delayed death and partial survival at field-equivalent doses, especially among fourth instars, revealed instar-dependent tolerance heterogeneity. To provide population genetic context, mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) and nuclear triosephosphate isomerase (Tpi) haplotypes were analyzed in bioassay-tested and field-collected individuals. Extremely low maternal diversity was observed, with all specimens carrying the corn-strain mitochondrial haplotype COICSh4. In contrast, the nuclear Tpi locus showed higher diversity, comprising five haplotypes (TpiCa1a, TpiCa1b, TpiCa2a, TpiCa2b, and TpiRa1a) shared with other Asian and African populations. Notably, individuals surviving lambda-cyhalothrin exposure were disproportionately associated with the TpiCa2a haplotype. Although these genes are not resistance genes, these nonrandom associations suggested that the population genetics background may contribute to heterogeneity in insecticide tolerance. Together, these results highlighted the value of bioassays as a primary tool for detecting early shifts in susceptibility, with population genetic markers providing complementary insight into demographic structure and tolerance-associated patterns. Integrating phenotypic assays with genetic surveillance can strengthen early-stage resistance monitoring and inform insecticide-rotation and integrated pest management strategies for S. frugiperda and other invasive agricultural pests.</p>","PeriodicalId":94077,"journal":{"name":"Journal of economic entomology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147848014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nutrient additives boost fitness parameters and pest control potential in Trichogramma species (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae).","authors":"Zhou-Yan Liu, Jian-Jun Yue, Ahmed Hamed El Kenawy, Chun-Yan Wu, Lian-Sheng Zang, Zhen Yan, Liang-De Tang","doi":"10.1093/jee/toag122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/toag122","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sugars are essential nutrients for the growth, development, and reproduction of insects. To enhance the reproductive and pest control potential of Trichogramma pintoi, this study investigated the effects of supplementing different concentrations (10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%) of nutrients, sucrose, glucose, fructose, maltose, trehalose, honey, and water (control), on the longevity, fecundity, flight capacity, and gustatory response of T. pintoi adults. The results showed that T. pintoi took the shortest time to locate 20% concentrations of the different nutrients and exhibited the longest feeding duration. Supplementing fructose (female 19.53 d, male 11 d) and sucrose (female 17.67 d, male 9 d) resulted in the longest adult longevity of T. pintoi, with the highest fecundity (131.73 eggs/female, and 137.4 eggs/female, respectively). While, T. pintoi fed on water had a shortest longevity (Female: 1.47 d, Male: 1.27 d), and a lowest fecundity (12.93 eggs/female). Additionally, supplementing with different sugar solutions significantly enhanced the flight capability of T. pintoi. Among them, honey produced the highest proportion of L4 (flight capability with Level 4), reaching 78.67%. This study demonstrated that supplementing with 20% fructose and sucrose can significantly prolong the longevity and fecundity of T. pintoi, while honey can significantly enhance their flight capacity. These findings provide a reference standard for improving the mass rearing capacity and application effcacy of T. pintoi pest control.</p>","PeriodicalId":94077,"journal":{"name":"Journal of economic entomology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147847968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Non-target effects of pesticides on key predators in greenhouse integrated pest management systems.","authors":"Mustafa Portakaldali, Jawwad Qureshi, Serdar Satar","doi":"10.1093/jee/toag102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/toag102","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The most common method of controlling pests and diseases in agriculture is through pesticide applications, though these are known to be harmful to humans, animals, and the environment. Biological pest control and selective insecticides are more compatible with the basic principles of integrated pest management practices. In this context, we evaluated eight plant protection products, including insecticides and fungicides, against two predators, Orius laevigatus and Amblyseius swirskii, using International Organization of Biological Control (IOBC) guidelines. These two predators are key natural enemies of several agricultural pests of greenhouse and open production systems, particularly thrips and mites. Abamectin and dimethoate were ranked as harmful to both predators and spinosad to A. swirskii. Emamectin benzoate and the fungicide kresoxim-methyl + boscalid were moderately harmful, causing 31% to 73% mortality in A. swirskii and O. laevigatus. The insect growth regulator pyriproxyfen and fungicides cymoxanil+propineb and copper oxychloride were determined harmless to both A. swirskii and O. laevigatus, causing <30% mortality. Additional testing of these products is warranted to determine their effects on natural enemies in glasshouses or open fields. We expect the severity of the products' effects to be reduced, given environmental factors that affect their efficacy and the protection afforded by plant architecture to predators.</p>","PeriodicalId":94077,"journal":{"name":"Journal of economic entomology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147847970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Active substances were screened out from the volatile compounds of mulberry leaves that have an Oviposition-attracting effect on female Glyphodes pyloalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae).","authors":"Hongmei Cao, Guiping Hu, Hongyi Wei, Feng Wang, Junwen Wang, Lihui Chen, Bing Zeng, Qiaoyun Shuang, Yaogen Hu","doi":"10.1093/jee/toag105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/toag105","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In modern agriculture, both the \"3R\" (Resistance/Residue/Resurgence) problems caused by chemical insecticides and the issue that commercial sex pheromone attractants only lure male moths have driven researchers to urgently seek safer and more environmentally friendly alternatives. In this study, dynamic headspace adsorption method combined with GC-MS was employed to collect and identify volatile organic compounds emitted by mulberry leaves from different cultivars selected by female Glyphodes pyloalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) (Walker, 1859) for oviposition. Subsequently, qualitative screening of active components with oviposition-attracting effects on female G. pyloalis was conducted using an EAG apparatus, a three-arm olfactometer, a wind tunnel device, and field trapping experiments. The results indicate that female G. pyloalis exhibit a strong preference for oviposition on mulberry varieties JS, XJ5, SH1, and Y1. Among the identified leaf volatiles, four compounds inciuding Hexacosane, Butyl acrylate, (E)-3-Hexen-1-ol, and 4-Hexen-1-ol, 1- acetate, elicited significant EAG responses and behavioral attraction in female moths. Specifically, compared with the CK, Butyl acrylate at a concentration of 10.0 μg/μL and (E)-3-Hexen-1-ol at 100.0 μg/μL produced the highest responses, with EAG amplitudes of 689.90 × 10-3 mV and 620.22 × 10-3 mV, respectively, the selection rates of female moths to them were 78.95% and 76.19%. Further screening and verification experiments confirmed that the optimal ratio of the novel \"female moth-specific attractant\" was Butyl acrylate: (E)-3-Hexen-1-ol = 19.627%: 15.189%. These findings provide a scientific foundation for exploring the host location mechanism of female G. pyloalis during oviposition and developing novel biological control technologies.</p>","PeriodicalId":94077,"journal":{"name":"Journal of economic entomology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147848017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temporal trends: phase-shifted time-series analysis reveals highly correlated reproductive behaviors in Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae).","authors":"Noah B Lemke, Chujun Li, Jeroen De Smet","doi":"10.1093/jee/toag117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/toag117","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>For those researching reproduction of the black soldier fly (BSF), finding meaningful correlations between mating and downstream reproductive fitness metrics, owing to complex reproductive behavior and physiology, has been challenging. On the one hand, mating is not necessarily deterministic of fertile eggs being produced, since females might lay unfertile eggs both before and after mating. But conversely, the process is not \"random\" either, since fertility is predicated on the exchange of gametes during mating. To investigate the relationship between mating and other reproductive metrics, a cross-correlation analysis between lagged time series was conducted on data previously collected during a semi-outdoor greenhouse experiment. This process compared the average percent correlation between un-lagged mating with oviposition in traps, oviposition outside traps, total weight of eggs deposited, and hatch rate, which were lagged n = 0 to n = 6 days. This revealed that average mating was 97.54% correlated with oviposition in traps lagged by n = 2 days. For oviposition outside of traps, total egg weights, and hatch rate, these were also ∼71.63% correlated, 60.29% correlated, and 75.16% correlated with mating, respectively, which were optimized when the time series were lagged n = 3 days. These trends likely have a biological basis since flies decrease their reproductive activity as they expend energy and senesce, aligning with temporal patterns consistently observed during BSF rearing.</p>","PeriodicalId":94077,"journal":{"name":"Journal of economic entomology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147848020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distance effects of cropland boundaries on spider and carabid beetle assemblages in Beijing.","authors":"Daomeng Fu, Yulin Zhu, Meichun Duan, Zhenrong Yu, Yunhui Liu, Xin Zhang","doi":"10.1093/jee/toag106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/toag106","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Agricultural environmental management practices, such as establishing wildflower strips, can mitigate the loss of natural enemy diversity caused by habitat fragmentation and agricultural intensification. However, carabid beetles and spiders of different functional groups may exhibit divergent responses to these strips and heterogeneous distance effects due to their distinct ecological traits. Here, we used pitfall trapping to compare the diversity of carabid beetles and spiders in 2 boundary habitats (artificial flower strips vs. natural grass strips) in 7 fields in Beijing and at different distances from farmland boundary. The responses of spider and carabid beetle abundance, richness, and assemblage structure to boundary management varied by functional group. Natural grass strips supported a higher total spider abundance, overall richness, and richness of large spiders during the early crop stage, while artificial flower strips enhanced the abundance and richness of web-building spiders, small beetles and herbivorous beetles in the late crop stage. A distance effect was observed only in the abundance of small spiders in natural grass strips and in the abundance of herbivorous beetles in artificial flower strips across the distance gradient. Additionally, the assemblage structure of carabid beetles exhibited significant differentiation between farmlands with artificial flower strips and those with natural grass strips. Our study emphasizes the complementary roles of artificial flower strips and natural grass strips in maintaining spider and carabid diversity and suggests that boundary management should be tailored to target functional groups to mitigate the impact of agricultural intensification on the diversity of carabid beetles and spiders.</p>","PeriodicalId":94077,"journal":{"name":"Journal of economic entomology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147793239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}