{"title":"A 0.48$^{circ}$ Phase Error 91.1 dB SNR Bioimpedance Measurement IC for Monitoring Cardiopulmonary Diseases","authors":"Jiarun Yuan;Yanxing Suo;Qiao Cai;Hui Wang;Yongfu Li;Yong Lian;Yang Zhao","doi":"10.1109/TBCAS.2025.3572374","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TBCAS.2025.3572374","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a low-power and low phase error bioimpedance (BioZ) measurement IC designed for monitoring cardiopulmonary diseases. To compensate for the phase shift introduced along the signal path by current generator (CG), electrodes and sensor analog front-end (AFE), a novel phase shift calibration logic is proposed. Utilizing this calibration logic, a single-channel in-phase demodulation-based impedance measurement scheme is developed. A noise shaping pseudo-sine wave CG with data-weighted averaging (DWA) is used to minimize modulation harmonics. Fabricated in a 0.18µm CMOS process, the chip occupies 0.73 mm2 and consumes between 52.7 to 97.5 µA current from a 1.8V supply. The CG achieves 74.1 dB SFDR and −70dB THD at 15.5 kHz with a 50µApk stimulation current. The chip achieves 2mΩ/√Hz input-referred impedance noise at 1Hz, 91.1 dB SNR (BW = 4 Hz), 36 kΩ input range and less than 0.48$^{circ}$ phase error (0 − 90$^{circ}$, 1 – 20 kHz). On-body BioZ experiments using a 4-electrode configuration demonstrate clear recordings of Impedance Cardiography (ICG) and respiration signals.","PeriodicalId":94031,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on biomedical circuits and systems","volume":"19 5","pages":"908-919"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144121784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Energy-Efficient Adaptive Neural Stimulator With Waveform Prediction by Sub-Threshold Interrogation of the Electrode-Tissue Interface","authors":"Sudip Nag;Aryasree Remadevi;Jin Che;Matvii Prytula;Hanzhang Xing;Hanrui Xing;Xiaoxuan Xiao;Andreas Constas-Malvanets;Hengjia Zhang;Yinghe Sun;Joshua Olorocisimo;Jose Zariffa;Roman Genov","doi":"10.1109/TBCAS.2025.3570264","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TBCAS.2025.3570264","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents an implantable low-power neural stimulator that generates electrical stimulation pulses based on subject-specific edge-learning of electrode-tissue voltage profiles. The system deploys a low-magnitude constant-current stimulation pulse to create a training dataset, which is subsequently utilized to predict the desired electrode voltage waveforms for higher magnitudes of constant-current stimulation. The predicted waveform dataset has been used to control a custom switched-capacitor output stage, thereby avoiding <italic>V</i><sub>driver_transistor</sub> <italic>· I</i><sub>stimulation</sub> power loss as in the conventional neural stimulator drivers. The proposed system incorporates on-chip learning and prediction implemented within an ultra-low-power microcontroller, which has been optimized for memory and power-constrained implantable environments. The stimulator output stage reduces power loss by up to 20% as compared to dynamic power supply scaling method, and consumes up to 3.63<italic>×</i> lower as compared to conventional constant-current output stages. The intelligent neural interface system has been powered by a wireless inductive energy transfer link and is remotely controlled through a WiFi-based internet network. A custom-developed application interface, compatible with both mobile devices and personal computers, facilitates secure remote adjustments of stimulation parameters. The proposed system has been validated through a combination of <italic>in vivo</i> rat peripheral nerve stimulation, <italic>in vitro</i> saline tests, and benchtop experiments. These results collectively demonstrate the potential to advance future neural implant technologies by enabling intelligence, safety, energy efficiency, and remotely controllable neural organ modulation.","PeriodicalId":94031,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on biomedical circuits and systems","volume":"19 6","pages":"1142-1159"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144121873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Asish Koruprolu;Tyler Hack;Omid Ghadami;Aditi Jain;Drew A. Hall
{"title":"From Wearables to Implantables: Harnessing Sensor Technologies for Continuous Health Monitoring","authors":"Asish Koruprolu;Tyler Hack;Omid Ghadami;Aditi Jain;Drew A. Hall","doi":"10.1109/TBCAS.2025.3568754","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TBCAS.2025.3568754","url":null,"abstract":"Continuous health monitoring by placing sensors onto and into the human body has emerged as a pivotal approach in healthcare. This paper delves into the vast array of opportunities presented by instrumenting the body using wearable, ingestible, injectable, and implantable sensors. These sensors enable the continuous monitoring of vital signs, biomarkers, and other crucial health metrics, thus assessing an individual’s physiological state. This comprehensive health data empowers healthcare providers and individuals alike to make informed decisions and take timely action. Moreover, integrating sensors into the human body enables personalized medicine, enhances disease detection and management, and offers possibilities for proactive health interventions and preventive care to improve overall well-being.","PeriodicalId":94031,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on biomedical circuits and systems","volume":"19 5","pages":"852-875"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144029207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Artifact-Tolerant Electrophysiological Sensor Interface With 3.6V/1.8V DM/CM Input Range and 52.3mVpp/${mu}$s Recovery Using Asynchronous Signal Folding","authors":"Qiao Cai;Xinzi Xu;Yanxing Suo;Guanghua Qian;Yongfu Li;Guoxing Wang;Yong Lian;Yang Zhao","doi":"10.1109/TBCAS.2025.3567524","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TBCAS.2025.3567524","url":null,"abstract":"In the practical implementations of wearable sensors, motion artifacts with large amplitudes often cause signal chain saturation, significantly degrading biopotential signal integrity. Similarly, rapid stimulation artifacts are inevitable during closed-loop brain stimulation therapy, posing additional challenges for real-time signal acquisition. To address motion and stimulation artifacts with amplitudes reaching hundreds of mV while minimizing information loss, a sensor interface with high input range and fast artifacts recovery capability is essential. This paper presents a continuous-time track-and-zoom (CT-TAZ) technique designed to handle large artifacts events without saturation. The proposed system achieves a 3.6V/1.8V differential-mode/common-mode full-scale input range. Fabricated in a 180nm CMOS process, the prototype chip occupies an area of 0.694mm<sup>2</sup> and consumes 12/32.6/51.6<inline-formula><tex-math>$mu$</tex-math></inline-formula>W for recordings without/with single-end/with differential rail-to-rail artifacts. The system demonstrates an average artifacts recovery time of 65.3 <inline-formula><tex-math>$mu$</tex-math></inline-formula>s under 3.6V stimulation artifacts, achieving an average artifacts recovery speed of 52.3mV<sub>pp</sub>/μs, which is 2.25× larger input range and 3× faster recovery compared to the state-of-the-art.","PeriodicalId":94031,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on biomedical circuits and systems","volume":"19 6","pages":"1160-1174"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143995414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"IEEE Circuits and Systems Society Information","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TBCAS.2025.3538049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TBCAS.2025.3538049","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":94031,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on biomedical circuits and systems","volume":"19 1","pages":"C3-C3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10880491","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143388582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems Publication Information","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TBCAS.2025.3538047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TBCAS.2025.3538047","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":94031,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on biomedical circuits and systems","volume":"19 1","pages":"C2-C2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10880493","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143388576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Erratum to “Design of an Extreme Low Cutoff Frequency Highpass Frontend for CMOS ISFET via Direct Tunneling Principle”","authors":"Jing Liang;Yuanqi Hu","doi":"10.1109/TBCAS.2024.3411913","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TBCAS.2024.3411913","url":null,"abstract":"In [1], in section III.E of the article, we calculate the equivalent tunnelling current according to equation (4) by using the value of Cg, eff as 1.679 fF, which is about 4.6 times smaller than the correct value. This leads to the wrong equivalent impedance value obtained in the final Fig. 10 is about 4.6 times larger than the correct value, and the equivalent impedance should be about 2.2 PΩ at this size, so according to the basis of the above, the article should be corrected as follows:","PeriodicalId":94031,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on biomedical circuits and systems","volume":"19 1","pages":"238-238"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10880511","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143388553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Real-Time Imaging Enhancement of Handheld Photoacoustic System With FeRAM Crossbar Array Based Neuromorphic Design","authors":"Zhengyuan Zhang;Tiancheng Cao;Siyu Liu;Haoran Jin;Wensong Wang;Xiangjun Yin;Chen Liu;Wang Ling Goh;Yuan Gao;Yuanjin Zheng","doi":"10.1109/TBCAS.2025.3538578","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TBCAS.2025.3538578","url":null,"abstract":"The miniaturization and real time imaging capability have always been the desired properties of photoacoustic imaging (PAI) system, which unlocked vast potential for personalized healthcare and diagnostics. While the imaging quality and resolution in such systems are inferior due to physics and system volume constraints, which limited its wide deployment and application. This paper proposes a novel platform to enhance the imaging quality of handheld PAI system in real time, integrating MultiResU-Net imaging enhancement algorithm with Ferroelectric random-access memory (FeRAM) crossbar array. The FeRAM crossbar array enables in memory computing, which is highly suitable for accelerating deep neural network where extensive matrix multiplications are involved. The hardware implementation of the algorithm is optimized for low-power operation on edge devices, a specifically designed algorithmic strategy is further introduced to accurately simulate the impact of hardware variation on the computation in the array with time complexity of <italic>O(mn)</i>. The feasibility and effectiveness of this method are demonstrated through simulation data (synthesized through physical model) and <italic>in vivo</i> data, the experimental results demonstrate more than 10 times of imaging resolution improvement. The execution of neural network inference has been significantly accelerated and can be completed within a few microseconds, fully covering the imaging speed in handheld PAI system and satisfying the real time imaging capability. The whole platform can be integrated into a compact size of 25<inline-formula><tex-math>$times$</tex-math></inline-formula>25<inline-formula><tex-math>$times$</tex-math></inline-formula>20 <bold>cm<sup>3</sup></b>, which is a portable system with real time and high resolution imaging capability.","PeriodicalId":94031,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on biomedical circuits and systems","volume":"19 5","pages":"1031-1044"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143545248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Maryam Habibollahi;Dai Jiang;Henry Thomas Lancashire;Andreas Demosthenous
{"title":"An Active Microchannel Neural Interface for Implantable Electrical Stimulation and Recording","authors":"Maryam Habibollahi;Dai Jiang;Henry Thomas Lancashire;Andreas Demosthenous","doi":"10.1109/TBCAS.2025.3533612","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TBCAS.2025.3533612","url":null,"abstract":"A mm-sized, implantable neural interface for bidirectional control of the peripheral nerves with microchannel electrodes is presented in this paper. The application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) developed in a 0.18 <inline-formula><tex-math>$mu$</tex-math></inline-formula>m CMOS technology is designed to achieve highly selective, concurrent control of 300-<inline-formula><tex-math>$mu$</tex-math></inline-formula>m-wide groups of small nerve sections. It has <italic>in-situ</i>, high-voltage-compliant (45 V) electrical stimulation and low-voltage (1.8 V) neural recording in each channel. Biphasic stimulus current pulses up to 124 <inline-formula><tex-math>$mu$</tex-math></inline-formula>A, with a 2 <inline-formula><tex-math>$mu$</tex-math></inline-formula>A resolution are generated between 7.4 Hz and 20 kHz frequencies to stimulate and block neural activity. Action potentials are measured across a 10 kHz bandwidth with a variable gain response that ranges up to 72 dB. The neural recording front-end implements a low-power and low-noise biopotential amplifier with an input-referred noise (IRN) of 2.74 <inline-formula><tex-math>$mu$</tex-math></inline-formula>V<sub>rms</sub> across the full measurement bandwidth. Automatic detection and reduction of stimulus artifacts is realised using a pole-shifting mechanism with a 1-ms amplifier recovery time. Versatile control of concurrently-operating channels is achieved in a two-channel, 2.31 mm<sup>2</sup> interface ASIC using local control that allows up to seven devices to operate in parallel. <italic>In vitro</i> validation of the active interface shows feasibility for closed-loop peripheral nerve control, while <italic>ex vivo</i> analyses of concurrent stimulation and recording demonstrates the measured neural response to electrical stimuli.","PeriodicalId":94031,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on biomedical circuits and systems","volume":"19 5","pages":"1018-1030"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143545027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}