Gait & posture最新文献

{"title":"Sleep analysis via wearable sensors in people with Parkinson’s disease","authors":"Salvatore Tedesco, Colum Crowe, Marco Sica, Lorna Kenny, Brendan O'Flynn, David Scott Mueller, Suzanne Timmons, John Barton","doi":"10.1016/j.gaitpost.2023.07.244","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2023.07.244","url":null,"abstract":"Parkinson disease (PD), a well-known illness of motor dysfunction, is characterized by a high prevalence of sleep problems due to degenerative brain changes or comorbid conditions [1]. Wearable devices, in the form of actigraphy, have been shown to also be appropriate for monitoring sleep variables in PD patients [2,3] despite reports that current actigraphy algorithms may misinterpret dysfunctional motor activity, such as tremors, bradykinesia, dyskinesia, and limited arm movement while walking, as well as drug-induced hypermotility, thus making their use problematic in people with PD (PwPD) [4]. The ActiGraph GT3X (Pensacola, FL, USA) accelerometer is capable of recording accelerometry measurements for multiple days at 100 Hz, and has been adopted for massive population-level data collections [5]. In the last few years, Van Hees et al. have developed and made freely available open-source software to estimate sleep variables using data collected from similar off-the-shelf wearable inertial sensors [6]. The goal of this study is to investigate if the ActiGraph data, in combination with Van Hees et al.’s heuristic algorithm Distribution of Change in Z-Angle (HDCZA), can correctly estimate sleep variables in PD patients. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, it is the first study that adopts ActiGraph sensors and this methodology for sleep analysis in PwPD. For further comparison, a custom hardware prototype device named WESAA (Wearable Enabled Symptom Assessment Algorithms) developed at the Tyndall National Institute [8] and with the same capabilities as an ActiGraph device was adopted for additional analysis. Nineteen PD subjects took part in a data collection where participants wore the ActiGraph on their most affected wrist for a minimum of 24 hours and simultaneously filled out a sleep diary. Accelerometer data was collected at 100 Hz. Additionally, six subjects repeated the same data collection protocol while wearing the WESAA system. The heuristic algorithm described in [7] was implemented to detect periods of sleep and compared against the participant diaries. Results are shown in Table I and Figure I in the picture below. Accuracy reported on the subjects using the Actigraph was appropriate with an average 77.8±13.6%, even though results were quite variable across patients (between 31.6% and 91.2%). Less variability is shown with the WESAA device, even though only 6 subjects have carried out this data collection, with an average accuracy of 81.9±6.2% (71.8%-90.2%).Download : Download high-res image (157KB)Download : Download full-size image The present investigation shows that ActiGraph accelerometry data collected over 24 hours, in conjunction with the heuristic algorithm HDCZA for the detection of sleep periods, is an appropriate approach to estimate sleep duration even in PwPD. The same algorithm adopted on the WESAA hardware device shows even more promising results but further investigations with a larger sample size are required to c","PeriodicalId":94018,"journal":{"name":"Gait & posture","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135297884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The importance of the functional base-of-support for clinical biomechanical balance analysis","authors":"Lizeth Sloot, Elza van Duijnhoven, Merel A. Brehm, Tamaya Van Criekinge, Matthew Millard","doi":"10.1016/j.gaitpost.2023.07.233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2023.07.233","url":null,"abstract":"The occurrence of falls and balance problems are common in persons of higher age or with neuromuscular disorders. While clinical balance scales are unable to accurately identify balance, biomechanical balance models (such as the extrapolated center-of-mass) need missing information on the base-of-support formed by the feet [1]. People can balance their body mass above this area formed by the feet without taking a compensatory step. Common impairments such as muscle degeneration likely decrease this support area. Therefore, we evaluated changes in the functional base-of-support (fBOS) resulting from ageing and neuromuscular disorders and the impact on gait balance analysis. We assessed the fBOS in 20 young persons (28±7 yrs), 7 with lower leg muscle weakness due to slowly progressive neuromuscular disorders (63±5 yrs; caption Fig. 1), 7 age-matched middle-aged (62±8 yrs) and 7 old persons (80±3 yrs). Ground forces and foot markers were recorded while participants slowly moved their center-of-pressure in as large circles as possible without moving their feet. The fBOS is modeled was the convex hull enclosing this circled area normalized to marker-based foot dimensions [2]. The effect of ageing of the fBOS on dynamic balance outcomes during walking at heel strike (anterior-posterior direction) was assessed in a dataset of 138 persons across the lifespan [3,4]. The fBOS was only 24% of the foot outline formed by markers for young persons (Fig. 1A) and is 84% smaller in patients with neuromuscular disorders (pttest<0.001). The fBOS decreased with age (pANOVA=0.003), with similar values in mid-age (-24%, pttest=0.11) and a 52% decrease in old age (pttest=0.002) compared to young (Fig. 1A). When taken the fBOS into account, dynamic balance shifts from inside to outside the support area. Extrapolating the age-reduction in fBOS, balance changes from increasing to decreasing with age. Fig. 1: Functional Base of Support (fBOS) for the different participant groups.Download : Download high-res image (333KB)Download : Download full-size image Studies overlook the base-of-support as part of dynamic balance analysis [1]. This study shows the importance of using an accurate model of the fBOS, as a single reference marker does not capture 1) the shape of the effective fBOS; 2) the effects of age and disorder; and 3) changes over the gait cycle. Use of the fBOS revealed reductions in balance in older persons, compared to safer margins without the fBOS. The large group variances indicate that individual fBOS measurements are needed for precise balance assessment. We provide the fBOS model per group and code to apply this to measured markers, so researchers can establish clinical meaningful differences in dynamic balance outcomes. As such, this study strives towards the integration of accurate biomechanical balance analysis in clinical gait analysis.","PeriodicalId":94018,"journal":{"name":"Gait & posture","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135298053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing single camera markerless motion capture during upper limb activities of daily living","authors":"Bradley Scott, Edward Chadwick, Mhairi McInnes, Dimitra Blana","doi":"10.1016/j.gaitpost.2023.07.222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2023.07.222","url":null,"abstract":"In a recent scoping review (Scott et al., 2022) we discussed how single camera markerless motion capture (SCMoCap) may help to facilitate motion analysis in situations where it would otherwise not be possible, such as at-home rehabilitation for children with cerebral palsy (Kidziński et al., 2020), and more frequent data collection. However, few studies reported error of measurement in a clinically interpretable manner and there is little evidence assessing SCMoCap during upper limb activities of daily living. Presenting a comprehensive validation of SCMoCap, alongside clinically meaningful evaluation of results would be invaluable for clinicians and future researchers who are interested in implementing upper limb movement analysis into clinical practice (Philp et al., 2021). Are state-of-the-art single camera markerless motion capture methods suitable for measuring joint angles during a typical upper-limb functional assessment? Study participants were instructed to perform a compressive collection of physiological and functional movements that are typically part of an upper limb functional assessment. Movements were repeated 3 times for both the frontal and sagittal planes. Movements were recorded simultaneously with a 10-camera OptiTrack Prime 13 W marker-based motion capture setup (NaturalPoint, USA) and Azure Kinect camera (Microsoft, USA). An eSync2 synchronization device (NaturalPoint, USA) was used to avoid exposure interference between systems. Marker-based bony landmarks and joint centers were collected as recommended by the International Society of Biomechanics (Wu et al., 2005). Marker-based trajectories were processed using MotionMonitor xGen (Innovative Sports Training, USA), where a 20 Hz lowpass Butterworth filter was applied to marker positions. Markerless joint center positions were calculated using Azure Kinect body tracking. Markerless positions were filtered using a 10 Hz lowpass Butterworth filter, then upsampled to 120 Hz matching the OptiTrack recording frequency. Signals were time synchronized using cross correlation. Joint angles were calculated by solving inverse kinematics in OpenSim using Hamner’s model (Hamner, Seth & Delp, 2010). Here we present preliminary results of elbow flexion agreement from one participant during a cup drinking task (see figure1). The agreement between markerless and marker-based methods was evaluated in RStudio using, Bland-Altman analysis (mean difference = -7.49 °, upper limits of agreement 20.87 °, lower limits of agreement -35.85 °); intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC = 0.91 °); and root mean squared error (RMSE = 16.30 °). Fig. 1: Elbow flexion angle during a cup drinking taskDownload : Download high-res image (95KB)Download : Download full-size image Our preliminary results suggest good agreement between markerless and marker-based motion capture for elbow flexion while performing a cup drinking task. The Kinect underestimates joint angles at local maxima and minima (see Fig. 1), a","PeriodicalId":94018,"journal":{"name":"Gait & posture","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135298197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analyzing the Impacts of Rectus Femoris Transferring and Botulinum Toxin on Cerebral Palsy: a Case study","authors":"Sadegh Madadi, Mostafa Rostami, Afshin Taheri Azam","doi":"10.1016/j.gaitpost.2023.07.143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2023.07.143","url":null,"abstract":"Cerebral palsy is a group of different disorders that affect mobility, muscle tone and erectile structure. This condition is usually caused by damage to the brain during growth and development, usually before birth [1]. Houwen et al. [2] evaluated the effect of Botolinum Toxin treatment on the patterns of muscle activation of the rectus femoris and this study showed that BTX-A injection did not improve lower limb muscle activation patterns during walking. Muthusamy et al. [3] examined the effect of rectus femoris surgery on thirty-eight patients with CP and Patients had a significant improvement in postoperative KROM when preoperative KROM was less than 80% normal.Tedroff et al. [4] was studied in 94 children with cerebral palsy who received BoNT-A injection and results showed that BoNT-A could be effective in reducing muscle tone over a longer period of time. \"How does the combination of rectus femoris transfer and botulinum toxin affect gait kinematics, range of motion, and muscle activation patterns in patients with cerebral palsy, and how do the effects compare to each treatment alone?\" The study involved a motion data of patient with cerebral palsy and a normal child.a simulation model was created using the inverse dynamics method to analyze the joint angles and muscle forces during walking in opensim. The forward dynamic method was then used to simulate the effects of rectus femoris transfer and Botulinum Toxin injection on muscle weakness and surgery.Download : Download high-res image (149KB)Download : Download full-size image using SPSS V.19 software (ANOVA) and output data obtained from modeling. For right hip flexion, the Transferring group is significantly different from the Botolinum toxin group (P<0.001) and can be due to the weakness of the thigh extensor muscles in the Botulinum Toxin group. For right knee flexion, the surgical group is significantly different from the Botolinum Toxin group (P<0.001) and the patient's initial model and it can be concluded that rectus femoris surgery can cause initial relative improvement in the patient and strengthening the extensor knee muscles can help improve the patient's movement. For left hip flexion, the surgical group is significantly different from the Botolinum Toxin group (P<0.001) and can be due to the weakness of the extensor thigh muscles in the Botolinum Toxin group. For left knee flexion,the surgical group is significantly different from Botolinum Toxin group (P<0.001) and the patient's initial model and it can be concluded that rectus femoris Transferring surgery can cause initial relative improvement in the patient The results show that therapeutic interventions including surgery in the first stage are more effective than botulinum toxin and muscle weakness by botulinum toxin injection in the short term may not be effective and require scheduled studies over long periods of time.","PeriodicalId":94018,"journal":{"name":"Gait & posture","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135298205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gastrocnemius medialis Muscle-tendon unit Properties do not differ between Children with unilateral and bilateral spastic Cerebral Palsy","authors":"Annika Kruse, Andreas Habersack, Bernhard Guggenberger, Markus Tilp, Martin Svehlik","doi":"10.1016/j.gaitpost.2023.07.133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2023.07.133","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":94018,"journal":{"name":"Gait & posture","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135298365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comparison of 2 models: Plug in Gait and pyCGM2 1.0","authors":"Corey Josep, Nicolaos Darras","doi":"10.1016/j.gaitpost.2023.08.021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2023.08.021","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":94018,"journal":{"name":"Gait & posture","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135298370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of feeling the phantom sensation during gait on spatiotemporal gait characteristics in individuals with transtibial amputation","authors":"Nimet Sermenli Aydın, İlke Kurt, Halit Selçuk, Sinem Salar, Sezer Ulukaya, Hilal Keklicek","doi":"10.1016/j.gaitpost.2023.07.228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2023.07.228","url":null,"abstract":"The phantom sensation is a feeling on an amputated limb. The features of the phantom sensation can be variable from person to person. It may accompany the person continuously, be present occasionally or disappear completely. This sensation may be accompanied by pain, in which case it is called phantom pain. Although the effects of phantom pain on many functions are widely known, the effects of phantom sensation on gait was not been adequately clarified yet (1). How does the presence of phantom sensation during gait affect gait characteristics? Three unilateral transtibial amputees and one healthy individual were included in the study. Three questions of the Prosthesis Evaluation questionnaire were asked to amputees to assess the frequency, severity, and degree of discomfort caused by the phantom sensation over the past four weeks. The amputees who had additional health issues and experienced phantom pain or other disturbing phantom sensations were excluded. The gait of individuals was evaluated with a sensor-based gait analysis system (RehaGait-Pro) at the neutral and %5 perturbated treadmill (ReaxRun-Pro). Gait parameters were analyzed and all variables were compared with Perry’s normal expected values (2). The change in gait characteristics of individuals to adapt to the perturbated ground was classified as decrease/increase by taking the gait characteristics on flat ground as a reference, and these changes were evaluated according to their similarity to a healthy individual. Individuals were as follows: Case 1 had phantom sensation during walking, Case 2; had phantom sensation only during resting, Case 3; had no phantom sensation, and Case 4 was a healthy individual. The individual who showed the most similarity with the healthy individual in adaptation to perturbation was the individual who felt phantom sensation during walking (Case 1). Case 1 followed a similar strategy for seven gait parameters. Case 2 gave similar adaptive responses with the healthy individual in 6 gait parameters. The individual without phantom sensation showed adaptive responses similar to the healthy individual in 3 different parameters (Table).Download : Download high-res image (164KB)Download : Download full-size image These results showed that phantom sensation may be a functional sensation and that maintaining the holistic body schema of an amputee may contribute to the nature of gait (1). It is recommended that further research be conducted in large groups. Acknowledgements: This research was funded by The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (Project number: S219S809).","PeriodicalId":94018,"journal":{"name":"Gait & posture","volume":"120 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135298375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Innovative use of 4D scanner for gait analysis of neurological disorders: A case study","authors":"Salvador Pitarch-Corresa, Helios De Rosario - Martínez, Juan López - Pascual, Rosa Porcar - Seder, Ana Ruescas - Nicolau, Fermín Basso - Della Vedova","doi":"10.1016/j.gaitpost.2023.07.200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2023.07.200","url":null,"abstract":"4D scanners (4DSC) are innovative photogrammetry-based 3D/4D capture and analysis systems for anthropometric static and dynamic measurements. Recent research studies have been carried out to demonstrate its validity for kinematic gait assessment [1] and to evaluate the effects of technical marker location on traditional kinematic analysis [2]. Compared to 3D systems, 4DSC allow to capture more detail of human motion, including precise volumes and shapes of body segments that can be used to make more accurate calculations [3]. 4DSC also provides a 3D dynamic avatar reconstruction to visual analysis in 360º vision and information of anthropometric measures in motion. Due to these unique features, 4DSC have set a new direction in motion analysis, especially related with pathological conditions of the nervous system [4]. Can “4D scans” provide significant information related to dynamic soft tissue behavior to improve clinical understanding in neurological disorders gait motion analysis? A case study was conducted with 16-year-old male participant diagnosed of cerebellum ataxia with hypoplasia associated to motor alteration, but able to walk without assistance. Parents’ written consent was obtained. Participant performed consecutive gait repetitions (3 for each limb) at self-selected speed at IBV Human Analysis Laboratory. Tests were recorded with Move4D scanner and Dinascan/IBV force plate. Kinematic and dynamic gait parameters were calculated from the data recorded using AMHPlus/IBV software. Additionally, changes in the calf shape during gait were calculated from the Move4D data using custom developed Python algorithms. Leg calf surface was determined as the posterior area of the mesh at each leg, between tibial tuberosity projection and midpoint of Achilles tendon. At each instant of the gait cycle, the positions of the vertices of those areas were rotated and translated keeping their relative distances, in order to match their positions in the reference posture as closely as possible. Deformation of the skin was measured as the field of 3D distances between the reference points and their displaced positions. That amount of deformation at each instant was quantified for both legs, as the sum of the eigenvectors of that field of deformations (in mm). 4DSC results allowed to objectify gait kinetic and kinematic alterations and a different pattern in soft tissue deformation between legs (see Figure), which were consistent with the clinical impression. Figure. Differences in calf surface deformation and reaction forces between limbs during single leg support. Representation of mesh extracted from Move4D data during gait on top.Download : Download high-res image (105KB)Download : Download full-size image Information extracted from Move4D allows to eliminate remaining limitations of traditional gait motion analysis systems. Recent studies propose methodologies to predict human muscle activity from skin surface behavior [5,6]. Single system solution for ","PeriodicalId":94018,"journal":{"name":"Gait & posture","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135298377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The predictive and functional calibration method in 3D gait analysis using Human Body Model-II produce different 3D joint angles","authors":"Rachel Senden, Rik Marcellis, Reinhard Claeys, Kenneth Meijer, Marianne Witlox, Paul Willems","doi":"10.1016/j.gaitpost.2023.07.227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2023.07.227","url":null,"abstract":"Predictive and functional calibration methods can be used to estimate joint centre and axis localisation in 3D motion analysis (1-6). The method of Harrington and the geometric sphere fit method are implemented in Human Body Model (HBM-II) as they are the most accurate predictive and functional calibration method respectively (1-6). The effect of calibration methods on kinematics is less researched although relevant for clinical interpretations. Does the Harrington predictive and the combined functional knee and hip calibration method in 3D gait analysis produce comparable 3D joint kinematics? Gait of 12 healthy subjects (11 F, mean(SD) age 26.4 (9.3)years, BMI 24.6 (2.8)kg/m2) was measured at Computer Assisted Rehabilitation ENvironment using HBM-II. Subjects started with a 6 minutes familiarisation period. Afterwards, a static model initialization was done (5 s standing in Tpose) using the predictive method of Harrington (1) followed by a measurement of three minutes walking at 1.1 m/s. Next, the system was reset and a combined functional knee (performing knee extension/flexion movements) and hip (performing starARc movement (6)) calibration was done using the geometric sphere fit method (2). A similar gait measurement was done. Data of 3D joint angles were extrapolated to strides (0-100%). For each subject, the difference in joint angle between the methods was calculated for each instant of the gait cycle. Mean differences were calculated and statistical parametric mapping (paired t-test) was used for group comparisons. Although the waveform patterns were comparable for the methods (Fig. 1A), significant differences in amplitude were observed for sagittal hip, knee and ankle angles and transverse hip angle (Fig. 1C), with maximum mean differences ranging from 3.6° to 7.4° (Fig. 1B). Mean differences in sagittal trunk and pelvis angles and frontal plane angles were smaller (range 0.0°–1.1°) and non-significant. The kinematic differences between methods varied among subjects (e.g. maximum knee flexion difference range: 1.9°-12.5°, Fig. 1D). Download : Download high-res image (457KB)Download : Download full-size image 3D gait analysis using the Harrington predictive or combined functional knee and hip calibration method results in different sagittal hip, knee, ankle angles and transverse hip angle. Differences are clinically relevant as they exceed 5°, corresponding to the measurement error for 3D gait kinematics (7). The difference of 1° in other joint angles indicates no critically interfere of the calibration method. The choice for a calibration method should be consistent in a lab and should be based on the context (4, 6). The functional method is more reliable as it is independent on marker placement, but is sensitive for measurement artefacts and quality of movements (6). This reduces repeatability and limits its use in patients having restricted range of motion. The predictive method is sensitive for marker placement and anthropometric mea","PeriodicalId":94018,"journal":{"name":"Gait & posture","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135298528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Do gait stability and arm swing affect walking speed during the 6-minute walk test in persons with Multiple Sclerosis?","authors":"Pieter Meyns, Kyra Theunissen, Guy Plasqui, Annelies Boonen, Annick Timmermans, Peter Feys, Kenneth Meijer","doi":"10.1016/j.gaitpost.2023.07.153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2023.07.153","url":null,"abstract":"Fatigue is a major complaint in patients with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) [1]. Previous research identified walking fatigability in pwMS by assessing the change in distance walked between minute 6 and 1 of the 6-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) [2]. Further, pwMS show lower limb gait deficits [3], resulting in decreased gait stability compared to healthy controls [4]. Additionally, upper limb movements can be altered in pwMS due to direct MS lesions [5], which have an important role during gait [6]. Therefore, the aim was to assess to what extent change in walking speed in pwMS is associated by changes in gait stability and arm swing from minute 6 to 1 of the 6MWT. Participants were included if they had: MS, age between 18–65, disease severity score from 1 to 5.5 on Expanded Disability Status Scale, ability to walk without walking aids. Participants were excluded if they had: a relapse 3 months, lower limb fracture 12 months, or lower limb botulinum toxin 6 months prior to the study. Participants performed the 6MWT on the CAREN (Motek), equipped with the Human Body lower limb and trunk model, including extra markers for arm swing (acromion and ulnar styloid). Participants walked as fast as possible using self-paced mode. Two familiarization rounds of 3 min, incl. breaks, were provided. Step width and variability of spatiotemporal parameters (i.e. step width, -length & -time) were used to assess gait stability [7]. Arm swing length was calculated as the difference between maximum anterior and posterior hand position. Most affected side was taken into account and defined as the side with greatest motor impairment (i.e. spasticity and/or weakness). Difference scores between minute 6 and 1 of the 6MWT were used for analyses. First, one-tailed Pearson correlations between gait stability measures & arm swing, and walking speed during the 6MWT were tested. Then one-tailed partial correlations were assessed to determine whether gait stability measures influenced walking speed when taking arm swing into account. Finally, significant factors were used in generalized estimation equations (GEE) to determine the extent of their effect on walking speed and possible interactions. Preliminary results included data of 11 pwMS(Table1/T1). Walking speed was significantly related to step length variability, step time variability and arm swing(T1). Partial correlation of step length variability and step time variability remained significant when controlling for arm swing(T1). GEE determined interaction effects between step length variability, step time variability and arm swing on walking speed(T1).Download : Download high-res image (390KB)Download : Download full-size image Results indicate that both gait stability and arm swing are significantly associated to walking speed during 6MWT in pwMS. These outcomes have a separate effect on walking speed as well as an interaction effect. Future studies could investigate whether gait stability and arm swing might be underlying factor","PeriodicalId":94018,"journal":{"name":"Gait & posture","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135298534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}