Gait & posture最新文献

{"title":"3D gait analysis in patients treated for high-grade tibial plateau fractures (Schatzker VI) with closed reduction and external fixation with circular frames.","authors":"Apostolos Z Skouras, Georgios Papagiannis, Ioannis Zafeiris, Fotini Soucacos, Athanasios Triantafyllou, Charilaos Tsolakis, Dimitrios Koulalis, Panagiotis Koulouvaris","doi":"10.1016/j.gaitpost.2025.109976","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2025.109976","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Tibial plateau fractures (TPF) are complex injuries that may lead to long-term functional deficits despite surgical management. This study aims to evaluate gait biomechanics in patients with severe tibial plateau fractures (Schatzker VI) treated with circular external fixation METHODS: Eighteen patients (mean age 46.3 ± 12.9 years; 19.8 months median follow up) underwent a fully instrumented three-dimensional gait analysis (3DGA), isokinetic strength testing of knee extensors and flexors, and completed self-reported outcomes for quality of life (EQ-5D) and knee-specific function (KOOS). An age- and sex-matched control group (n = 36) served as reference.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>While only subtle kinematic asymmetries were observed between the healthy and affected limbs, knee excursion in the operated limb was significantly reduced during stance (Δ = -2°, p = 0.039). Joints' kinematics showed overall mild deviations, with no major angular deficits except from the hip and ankle joints. In contrast, kinetic impairments were evident. Ankle plantarflexion moment was reduced by 13.6 % in the operated limb compared to controls (p < 0.001, d = 1.08), and forward propulsive ground reaction force (GRF) was 5.5 % body mass lower (p < 0.001, d = 1.30). The second vertical GRF peak was also significantly diminished (-11.4 % body mass, p < 0.001, d = 1.03). The healthy limb exhibited milder but consistent kinetic alterations. Isokinetic testing revealed significant strength asymmetries, especially reduced quadriceps torque in the operated limb. EQ-5D and KOOS scores were significantly below normative values, though only moderately associated with gait metrics.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings highlight persistent kinetic impairments months after injury, emphasizing the need for comprehensive lower-limb evaluation and targeted rehabilitation programs that extent beyond the injured joint alone.</p>","PeriodicalId":94018,"journal":{"name":"Gait & posture","volume":" ","pages":"109976"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145058742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Time to normalization of gait following ACL reconstruction compared with healthy controls: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Shiwei Chen, Han Gong, Chennan Lyu, Kehan Li, Shazlin Shaharudin","doi":"10.1016/j.gaitpost.2025.109972","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2025.109972","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Gait abnormalities often persist after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) and may increase the risk of reinjury and joint degeneration. This review aimed to assess differences in key gait parameters between ACLR patients and healthy controls, and to estimate when these parameters normalize postoperatively.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Studies comparing individuals ≥ 3 months post-ACLR with healthy controls were included. A systematic search across five databases yielded 5251 records, with 20 studies (n = 976) retained. A longitudinal multilevel meta-analysis was performed, with pooled effect sizes calculated using Cohen's d, representing the standardized mean difference. Postoperative time was modeled as a moderator in meta-regression analyses.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Compared to healthy controls, ACLR patients assessed at 3-107 months postoperatively exhibited significantly lower peak knee flexion angle (d = -0.48, 95 % CI: -0.87 to -0.10) and peak knee flexion moment (d = -1.06, 95 % CI: -2.06 to -0.07), while walking speed was non-significant (d = -0.17, 95 % CI: -0.47-0.13). Logarithmic modeling indicated that group differences became non-significant at 16.2 months for flexion angle and 10.1 months for flexion moment. Walking speed was statistically non-significant at any timepoint.</p><p><strong>Significance: </strong>At ≥ 3 months post-ACLR, patients exhibited significantly reduced peak knee flexion angle and flexion moment compared to controls. These deficits normalized at approximately 16.2 and 10.1 months, respectively. Walking speed did not significantly differ at any postoperative timepoint. These findings suggest that early-phase rehabilitation should emphasize quadriceps strengthening and knee flexion restoration within the first 10-16 months to address persistent biomechanical deficits.</p>","PeriodicalId":94018,"journal":{"name":"Gait & posture","volume":" ","pages":"109972"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145058721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The association of acute stress and lower quarter EMG during a single leg balance dexterity task.","authors":"Ted W Gehrig, Robert I Dudley, Jo Armour Smith, Lida Gharibvand, Lee S Berk, Everett B Lohman","doi":"10.1016/j.gaitpost.2025.109973","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2025.109973","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>There is a well-established connection between psychosocial stress and low back pain, however studies demonstrating a connection between motor control and acute stress are lacking.</p><p><strong>Research question: </strong>What is the potential interaction of acute stress (the Feigned Annoyance and Frustration Test, or the FAF Test) with lower quarter motor control and stance stability during a standing lower-extremity dexterity task in individuals with and without low back pain?</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This prospective cohort study included 30 individuals with low back pain (15 men and 15 women) with an equal number of sex-matched controls for a total sample of 60 participants. Participants were fitted with surface electromyography sensors over the trunk and lower extremities. The lower extremity dexterity task was performed on 2 in-ground force plates while center of pressure data was collected. Participants were exposed to the FAF Test and the lower extremity dexterity task was repeated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Stress resulted in decreased muscle activation for muscles of the trunk and gluteals, as well as decreased total excursion and velocity of the center of pressure.</p><p><strong>Significance: </strong>Acute stress appears to alter trunk control during a standing lower extremity dexterity task, with more pronounced changes apparent in participants with low back pain. These findings provide novel insight into the influence of stress on trunk control and balance stability.</p>","PeriodicalId":94018,"journal":{"name":"Gait & posture","volume":" ","pages":"109973"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145058724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Depressive symptoms, balance, and gait in older adults: Mediation and moderation analysis.","authors":"Firuzan Fırat Ozer, Sibel Akın, Tuba Soysal, Bilge Müge Gökçekuyu, Nurdan Şentürk Durmuş, Neziha Özlem Deveci, Zuhal Bilgili","doi":"10.1016/j.gaitpost.2025.109977","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2025.109977","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to investigate the relationship between depressive symptoms and balance/gait in older adults while accounting for potential mediators and moderators, including cognitive function, nutritional status, and fear of falling.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective cross-sectional study included 566 community-dwelling older adults aged 65 and above who underwent a comprehensive geriatric assessment at a geriatric outpatient clinic. Balance and gait were assessed using the Tinetti Assessment Battery (TAB), depressive symptoms were measured with the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), and cognitive function was evaluated using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Mediation and moderation analyses were conducted to assess the direct and indirect effects of depression on balance and gait.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Advanced age, female sex, fear of falling, lower MMSE and Mini-Nutritional Assessment (MNA) scores, and higher GDS scores were independent risk factors for impaired balance and gait. Mediation analysis revealed that MNA (36.8 %), fear of falling (17 %), and MMSE (15.5 %) partially mediated the relationship between depressive symptoms and balance/gait impairment. However, moderation analysis indicated that none of the examined factors significantly altered the strength of this relationship.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Depressive symptoms were independently associated with impaired balance and gait in older adults, with nutritional status, cognitive function, and fear of falling acting as partial mediators. These findings highlight the need for a multidimensional approach in assessing and managing mobility impairments in depressed older adults. Addressing nutritional deficiencies, cognitive decline, and fear of falling may serve as potential intervention targets to mitigate the negative impact of depression on balance and gait.</p>","PeriodicalId":94018,"journal":{"name":"Gait & posture","volume":" ","pages":"109977"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145056558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reliability and minimal detectable change for inertial measurement units - Derived stability, symmetry, and smoothness indexes of gait in people with multiple sclerosis.","authors":"Fulvio Dal Farra, Stefano Filippo Castiglia, Andrea Turolla, Paolo Pillastrini, Mariano Serrao, Ugo Nocentini, Paolo Brasiliano, Giuseppe Vannozzi, Marco Tramontano","doi":"10.1016/j.gaitpost.2025.109975","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2025.109975","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) experience loss of gait stability, smoothness, and symmetry, which affects quality of life and requires accurate evaluation for effective rehabilitation. Inertial measurement units (IMUs) offer a promising approach to monitor gait quality by quantifying indices reflecting stability, symmetry, and smoothness whose minimal detectable changes (MDCs) are not defined in people with MS (PwMS).</p><p><strong>Research question: </strong>to assess the within-day test-retest reliability and MDCs of IMUs - derived gait stability, symmetry, and smoothness metrics in PwMS during the 10 m walking test (10MWT).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>58 PwMS wore five IMUs and performed the10MWT twice with a 10 min rest between each trial. Log dimensionless jerk (LDLJ) and improved Harmonic Ratio (iHR) were calculated for each gait trial based on the signals from the pelvis - mounted IMU, normalized Root Mean Square (nRMS) were calculated also from the head and sternum-mounted IMUs. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were calculated between the results of the two 10MWT to assess test -retest reliability, and minimal detectable change scores were calculated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Reliability of the investigated parameters ranged from moderate to excellent values, with ICC ranging from 0.64 to 0.98. MDC values ranged from 0.09 to 0.53 for the nRMS, from 7.54 to 11.36 for the iHR and from 0.15 to 0.20 for the LDLJ.</p><p><strong>Significance: </strong>This study showed moderate to excellent reliability for the investigated indexes when calculated based on 10MWT, with the LDLJ showing the highest reliability, thus providing a reliable smoothness metric in pwMS. Also, nRMS showed good reliability, but caution is warranted with iHR due to its lower reliability and higher MDCs.</p>","PeriodicalId":94018,"journal":{"name":"Gait & posture","volume":" ","pages":"109975"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145058728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the role of heel pad thickness in lower limb biomechanics and plantar pressure during running.","authors":"Hyun Kyung Kim, Ali Karimi Azandariani, Megan Gordon, Seyed Ali Mirjalili","doi":"10.1016/j.gaitpost.2025.09.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2025.09.005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>While the plantar fat pad is known for its role in shock absorption and plantar force distribution during weight-bearing activities, its impact on running biomechanics is not well understood.</p><p><strong>Research question: </strong>Does plantar fat pad thickness affect lower limb biomechanics and plantar pressure distribution during running in healthy adults?</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional observational study involved fourteen participants (18-50 years) who ran at their preferred speed on a 10-meter walkway while lower limb kinematics and ground reaction forces were recorded using a motion capture system. Plantar pressure and force on the right foot were measured using a pressure platform. Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the right foot was performed with participants in a supine position with the ankle in a neutral position to assess plantar fat pad thickness. The collected measures included fat pad thickness, peak plantar pressure, peak plantar force, and lower limb joint kinetics and kinematics during running.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Correlation analysis revealed a moderate negative correlation (R²=0.446) between heel fat pad thickness and peak plantarflexion torque during the stance phase of running. Additionally, a thicker plantar fat pad was associated with increased peak plantar pressure (R²=0.422) and peak force (R²=0.031, R²=0.432) under the mid-forefoot region.</p><p><strong>Significance: </strong>A thicker heel fat pad was found to reduce peak plantarflexion torque, while a thicker overall plantar fat pad was associated with increased peak plantar pressure and force under the mid-forefoot. These results suggest that variations in plantar fat pad thickness may influence ankle biomechanics and plantar pressure distribution, potentially affecting running mechanics.</p>","PeriodicalId":94018,"journal":{"name":"Gait & posture","volume":" ","pages":"109971"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145031583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to \"Obesity as a moderator of lumbar spine posture change during pregnancy\" [Gait Posture 122 (2025) 320-325].","authors":"Robert D Catena, Shenghai Dai, Brett T Allaire, Amy Occhino, Jacob J Banks, Dennis E Anderson","doi":"10.1016/j.gaitpost.2025.09.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gaitpost.2025.09.002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":94018,"journal":{"name":"Gait & posture","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145008661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gait asymmetries in children and adolescents with mild leg length discrepancy.","authors":"Florian Dobler, Jana Ender, Harald Lengnick, Nathalie Alexander","doi":"10.1016/j.gaitpost.2025.08.078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2025.08.078","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Leg length discrepancy (LLD) is a common orthopedic condition, yet its clinical significance remains debated. While severe LLD is typically managed surgically, the impact of mild LLD (< 2 cm) on gait asymmetry in children is not well understood.</p><p><strong>Research question: </strong>This study aims to assess the relationship between mild LLD (< 2 cm) and gait asymmetries in children and adolescents and to compare these asymmetries to those observed in typically developing children (TDC).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Gait data from 475 patients (13.1 ± 2.3 years) were analyzed retrospectively. Kinematic and kinetic data were collected using 3D motion analysis during barefoot level walking. Patients were categorized into four LLD groups (1-4 mm, 5-9 mm, 10-14 mm, 15-20 mm). Differences in gait asymmetries and relationships to LLD magnitude were analyzed using statistical parametric mapping ANOVA and regression. Differences in spatial-temporal parameters were analyzed using one-way ANOVA. Clinical relevance of asymmetries was judged using normal asymmetry ranges of 40 TDC.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Increased LLD was associated with greater pelvic obliquity, hip adduction, and internal hip rotation on the longer leg side, as well as increased hip flexion, knee flexion, ankle dorsiflexion, and delayed heel rise. These gait asymmetries became clinically relevant compared to TDC at LLD ≥ 1 cm. Kinetic asymmetry differences were negligible.</p><p><strong>Significance: </strong>Mild LLD < 1 cm does not significantly affect gait, while LLD ≥ 1 cm induces clinically relevant asymmetries, particularly in pelvic obliquity. These findings support the use of non-operative interventions, such as shoe lifts, for LLD exceeding 1 cm to mitigate gait asymmetries.</p>","PeriodicalId":94018,"journal":{"name":"Gait & posture","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145002197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Movement fluency metrics during multi-phase sit-to-walk and reach-to-grasp: Test-retest reliability and agreement between laboratory-based and portable 3D motion analysis systems.","authors":"Jacob Wells, Elizabeth Chandler, Allan Clark, Canan Yüksel, Merve Kizilay, David Payne, Nicola Hancock, Louise Gilbert, Valerie M Pomeroy","doi":"10.1016/j.gaitpost.2025.08.084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2025.08.084","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>International consensus recommends use of kinematic metrics of movement during standardized functional tasks after stroke to ascertain whether rehabilitation is driving behavioral restitution or compensation. Quality of human movement can be characterized by fluency metrics including smoothness and hesitation. Before using these metrics in stroke rehabilitation it is important to find whether 'reference values', from healthy adults, are repeatable.</p><p><strong>Research question: </strong>Do kinematic metrics of smoothness and hesitation have test-retest reliability during standardized functional tasks performed by healthy adults?</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>a correlational agreement study. Testing sessions separated by 1-4 weeks. Participants, 75 adults reporting no neurological or musculoskeletal diagnosis, performed standardized multi-phase sit-to-walk and reach-to-grasp with kinematic data collected simultaneously by optokinetic and video-based 3D motion analysis systems. Smoothness was derived using the Spectral Arc Length method. Hesitation was the maximum decrease in thorax forward velocity as percentage of peak value. Analysis used the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) with 95 % confidence intervals [95 % CI]. The clinically acceptable level of test-retest reliability was set as, ICC 0.75 [lower 95 % CI 0.70 or above].</p><p><strong>Findings: </strong>of the 75 participants, 72 completed both sessions. Neither smoothness nor hesitation kinematic metrics reached clinically acceptable test-retest reliability for either motion analysis system. Intra-participant variability was observed within sessions, e.g., mean coefficients of variation for sit-to-walk hesitation ranged from 13 % to 22 %.</p><p><strong>Significance: </strong>Test-retest reliability of smoothness and hesitation kinematic metrics was clinically unacceptable for multi-phase tasks. Intra-participant within-session variation was observed. This intra-participant variation could hamper establishment of reference values for use in stroke rehabilitation.</p>","PeriodicalId":94018,"journal":{"name":"Gait & posture","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145002219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rocker shoe apex settings do not induce anticipatory changes in foot progression angle before the onset of the second rocker.","authors":"R R Kurnianto, J M Hijmans, C Greve, H Houdijk","doi":"10.1016/j.gaitpost.2025.09.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2025.09.001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Rocker shoes are commonly prescribed to treat different types of foot pathology. It is clinically recommended to align the rocker axis perpendicular to the gait progression line to prevent foot progression angle (FPA) adjustments, which may increase lower limb joint load and reduce gait efficiency.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>This study investigated the relationship between rocker shoe apex angle (AA) and apex position (AP) and FPA during second and third rocker in normal gait.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Rocker shoes with nine combinations of AP (54 %, 64 %, 74 % of shoe length) and AA (60°, 90°, 120°) were tested in ten healthy young adults. FPA was measured using 3D motion capture and analyzed with one-dimensional statistical parametric mapping. Secondary outcomes included center of pressure (COP) trajectories, foot floor angle, and ankle dorsiflexion angle.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>No significant effect of AP or AA on FPA was found during the second rocker. A main effect of AA was observed in the third rocker (52.4-57.5 % gait cycle; p = 0.039), and an AP-AA interaction occurred near toe-off (62.2-70.3 %; p = 0.026). COP trajectory was significantly affected by AA (p < 0.001) and AP (p = 0.01).</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Contrary to clinical assumptions, individuals did not make anticipatory adjustments in FPA before the onset of the second rocker to align the rocker axis with the line of progression, which prompted small changes of FPA in the third rocker. Therefore, clinicians should not refrain from manipulating AA in fear of unwanted FPA adaptations.</p>","PeriodicalId":94018,"journal":{"name":"Gait & posture","volume":" ","pages":"109967"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145056548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}