European journal of sport science最新文献

{"title":"Modelling Female Breast Motion During Running: Implications of Breast Support on the Spine","authors":"Chris Mills,&nbsp;Timothy A. Exell,&nbsp;Melissa E. A. Jones,&nbsp;Joanna Wakefield-Scurr","doi":"10.1002/ejsc.12290","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsc.12290","url":null,"abstract":"<p>During running, it is difficult to control breast motion and change torso motion or vice versa within empirical data collection. This study investigated how different levels of breast support (and consequently breast motion) influence torso motion, breast forces, lumbar and thoracic spinal moments during running, using a computer simulation model. A subject-specific female full body musculoskeletal model with an articulated thoracolumbar spine and sliding joints between the breasts and torso to enable breast motion was customised for this study. One female (bra size 34DD) had 59 markers attached to anatomical locations and ran over three force platforms at a self-selected speed (3.15–3.40 m/s) in three breast support conditions (no bra, everyday bra and sports bra). An ‘extreme’ bra condition was simulated during the modelling process by eliminating all breast motion relative to the torso. Two categories of simulations were run, investigating 1) how different breast support garments affect torso motion, breast and spinal moments; and 2) how changes in torso motion affect breast and spinal moments. Key findings suggest that peak lumbar and thoracic spine moments demonstrate changes (&gt; 0.05 Nm/kg) between bra conditions due to changes in running gait kinematics. Additionally, eliminating breast motion relative to the torso, but using the same input running gait kinematics, increased (&gt; 0.05 Nm/kg) lumbar joint moments. Therefore, it is possible that bras aimed at preventing relative motion between the torso and breasts may increase internal loading within the spine.</p>","PeriodicalId":93999,"journal":{"name":"European journal of sport science","volume":"25 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ejsc.12290","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143770477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of a 12-week High-Intensity Interval Training With Spirulina Supplementation on Insulin Resistance-Mediated by Apo-A, -B, and -J in Men With Obesity HIIT With Spirulina on Apolipoproteins","authors":"Seyed Morteza Tayebi,&nbsp;Parisa Bagherian,&nbsp;Minoo Bassami,&nbsp;Aref Basereh,&nbsp;Somayeh Ahmadabadi","doi":"10.1002/ejsc.12285","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsc.12285","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Obesity is a significant public health issue associated with an elevated risk of chronic diseases. Discovering appropriate exercise interventions combined with beneficial herbal supplements has always been investigated. Hence, our study aimed to assess the impact of 12 weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and spirulina supplementation on the apolipoproteins, insulin resistance, and body composition of men with obesity.</p><p>Forty-four men with obesity (height: 168.42 ± 2.63 cm, body mass: 93.24 ± 2.23 kg; BMI: 32.89 ± 1.23 kg/m²; age: 25–40 years) were divided into four groups: control group (CG, <i>n</i> = 11), spirulina group (SG, <i>n</i> = 11), high-intensity interval training group (HIITG, <i>n</i> = 11), and SG + HIIT group (<i>n</i> = 11). The intervention involved the daily administration of either spirulina or a placebo and HIIT three times a week for the training groups. Anthropometric indices, HOMA-IR, insulin, and apolipoproteins (Apo-A, Apo-B, and Apo-J) were measured before and after the 12-week intervention.</p><p>Post-intervention analysis indicated differences between the CG and the three interventional groups for percent body fat (%BF), insulin, HOMA-IR, and apolipoproteins levels (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). Spirulina supplementation with HIIT increased Apo-A while causing decreases in Apo-B and Apo-J levels and improved body composition (weight, %fat), BMI, and HOMA-IR (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05).</p><p>It can be concluded that the combined intervention of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and spirulina supplementation has a significant impact on mitigating obesity, managing weight, and reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":93999,"journal":{"name":"European journal of sport science","volume":"25 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ejsc.12285","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143690006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex Differences in Double Poling Performance: The Role of Upper-Body Strength and Endurance in Youth Elite Cross-Country Skiers and Biathletes","authors":"Carl-Maximilian Wagner,&nbsp;John Owen Osborne,&nbsp;Øyvind Sandbakk,&nbsp;Stephan Schiemann,&nbsp;Daniel Röhrs,&nbsp;Tobias Schmidt,&nbsp;Michael Keiner","doi":"10.1002/ejsc.12253","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ejsc.12253","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The study aimed to investigate sex differences in double poling (DP) ergometer performance among youth elite cross-country skiers and biathletes and determine if these sex differences may be explained by upper-body strength and endurance capacities. Thirteen female and nine male youth elite cross-country skiers and biathletes (age: 16.7 ± 1.7 years; VO_2max: 60.7 ± 6.3 mL·kg⁻¹ min⁻¹), matched for relative performance, completed a test battery evaluating upper-body strength and power along with various endurance parameters on a DP ergometer. Testing included one-repetition maximum (1RM) in upper-body exercises, maximal oxygen uptake (VO_2max) running test, and DP ergometer incremental test to exhaustion and sprint tests to determine peak oxygen uptake (VO_2peak-DP), maximal lactate accumulation rate (<i>v</i>La_max), and power. Body mass and body composition were measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis. The findings demonstrated that the absolute differences in maximal strength, peak, and mean DP power outputs from both sprint and incremental tests to exhaustion (29%–38% difference), as well as maximal and peak oxygen uptake (29%–31%) between male and female athletes, were considerably reduced (2%–12%) following normalization to fat-free mass (FFM). Correlations of absolute and FFM normalized VO_2max, VO_2peak-DP with peak and mean power output from both sprint and incremental test to exhaustion during DP ergometry were significant (<i>r</i>_<i>xy</i> = 0.69–0.87) and remained consistent after correction for sex (<i>r</i>_<i>xy-z</i> = 0.61–0.84). These findings suggest that sex performance differences are primarily attributable to absolute differences in maximal aerobic power, maximal strength, and FFM.</p>","PeriodicalId":93999,"journal":{"name":"European journal of sport science","volume":"25 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11922680/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143665631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrolysed Collagen Supplementation Enhances Patellar Tendon Adaptations to 12 Weeks’ Resistance Training in Middle-Aged Men","authors":"Christopher D. Nulty,&nbsp;Kieran Phelan,&nbsp;Robert M. Erskine","doi":"10.1002/ejsc.12281","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsc.12281","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Resistance exercise (RE) with hydrolysed collagen (HC) supplementation increases collagen synthesis in young and middle-aged populations, and further enhances tendon adaptations to chronic RE in young athletes. However, it is unknown if middle-aged tendon can benefit from chronic RE with HC supplementation. We investigated the effects of 12-weeks’ RE, combined with HC supplementation, on changes in patellar tendon (PT) properties in <i>middle-aged men</i>. In a double-blind design, 20 recreationally active men (age, 47 ± 5 years) were randomly assigned to a placebo (PLA, <i>n</i> = 11) or collagen (COL, <i>n</i> = 9) group. Both cohorts completed progressive lower-limb RE twice weekly for 12 weeks and were supplemented post-RE with COL (30 g HC and 50 mg vitamin C) or PLA (30.5 g maltodextrin and 50 mg vitamin C). The following were assessed before and after the 12-week intervention: barbell back squat 10-repetition maximum (10-RM); vastus lateralis (VL) muscle thickness and PT cross-sectional area (CSA at 25%, 50% and 75% tendon length) using ultrasonography; isometric knee extension maximum voluntary torque (MVT) and peak rate of torque development (pRTD), PT stiffness (<i>k</i>) and Young’s modulus (<i>ℰ</i>) using ultrasonography and isokinetic dynamometry. MVT_, pRTD, 10-RM and VL thickness all increased post-training (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05), but there were no group × time interactions (<i>p</i> &gt; 0.05). Mean PT CSA increased more in COL (+6.8 ± 5.4 mm²) than PLA (+1.2 ± 2.1 mm², group × time <i>p</i> = 0.027). Similarly, <i>k</i> and <i>ℰ</i> increased more in COL (<i>k</i>, +661 ± 331 N/mm and <i>ℰ,</i> +0.21 ± 0.13 GPa) than PLA (<i>k,</i> +247 ± 305 N/mm, group × time, <i>p</i> = 0.009 and <i>ℰ,</i> +0.09 ± 0.13 GPa, group × time, <i>p</i> = 0.018). In conclusion, 12-weeks’ RE with 30 g HC supplementation augmented gains in PT CSA, stiffness and Young’s modulus in <i>middle-aged</i> men.</p>","PeriodicalId":93999,"journal":{"name":"European journal of sport science","volume":"25 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ejsc.12281","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143638995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a Standardized Protocol to Measure the (An)aerobic Capacity on a Roller Ergometer Among Wheelchair Athletes","authors":"Rowie J. F. Janssen,&nbsp;Riemer J. K. Vegter,&nbsp;Han Houdijk,&nbsp;Lucas H.V. van der Woude,&nbsp;Sonja de Groot","doi":"10.1002/ejsc.12275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsc.12275","url":null,"abstract":"<p>To evaluate and update about previous regression equations to derive standardized and individualized resistance settings for wheelchair-specific anaerobic and aerobic capacity tests in wheelchair athletes. An isometric strength test, a sprint test, a Wingate anaerobic test (WAnT), and an aerobic graded exercise test (GXT) were performed by 43 wheelchair athletes on a computerized roller ergometer. Using previously developed regression equations, measured strength predicted anaerobic power and determined the individual's WAnT resistance. Subsequently, measured anaerobic power predicted aerobic power and determined the individual's GXT resistances. The WAnT was considered valid when peak rim velocity stayed below 3 m·s⁻¹ and the GXT when the test duration was between 8 and 12 min. After testing, individual test results were used to construct new regression equations to improve predictions for anaerobic and aerobic power. The strength test turned out to be nonstatic for the five strongest athletes. Consequently, their WAnT resistance was underestimated, resulting in the highest peak rim velocities. The GXT had durations below 8 min for seven athletes. The sprint test was feasible for every athlete and showed a better prediction for anaerobic power (<i>R</i>² = 0.84). The updated regression equation to predict aerobic power from anaerobic power resulted in an <i>R</i>² of 0.78. For future testing in wheelchair athletes, it is advised to use the newly developed athlete-specific regression equations to predict (an) aerobic power and to set adequate WAnT and GXT resistances. These standardized and individualized settings will lead to interathlete and intra-athlete comparable measures, used for athlete monitoring or to set training guidelines.</p>","PeriodicalId":93999,"journal":{"name":"European journal of sport science","volume":"25 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ejsc.12275","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143633045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison Between Shoulder Flexed and Extended Positions in Elbow Flexion Resistance Training on Regional Hypertrophy and Maximum Strength: Preacher versus Bayesian Cable Curls","authors":"Parsa Attarieh,&nbsp;João Pedro Nunes,&nbsp;Saeed Khani,&nbsp;Saman Negahdar,&nbsp;Amirali Goli,&nbsp;Hamed Nazarirad,&nbsp;Shahriar Nazarirad,&nbsp;Shima Mojtahedi,&nbsp;Kazunori Nosaka,&nbsp;Rahman Soori","doi":"10.1002/ejsc.12279","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsc.12279","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In the present study, the effects of resistance training on regional hypertrophy and maximum strength of the elbow flexor muscles were compared between elbow flexion exercises performed with different shoulder joint angles (∼50° of flexion vs. extension) while matched for resistance profiles. In a within-subject design, 15 young men (25.6 ± 2.1 y; 77.3 ± 6.8 kg; 175.1 ± 5.7 cm) underwent a resistance training program twice a week for 10 weeks (3–5 sets, 8–12RM), and their arms were dominant-side balanced, randomly assigned to one of the two conditions according to elbow flexion exercises: unilateral cable curl with shoulder flexed (Preacher curl; PREA) or unilateral cable curl with shoulder extended (Bayesian curl; BAYE). B-mode ultrasound imaging was used to measure changes in muscle thickness of the biceps brachii and brachialis at proximal, mid, and distal arm regions, and one-repetition maximum tests were completed in each respective trained exercise before and after training. Both conditions showed significant increases in muscle thickness (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05) with no significant differences between them (<i>p</i> &gt; 0.05) across the biceps brachii proximal, mid, and distal regions (relative change [Hedges' g effect size]; PREA: 6%[0.51], 7%[0.49], 7%[0.53]; BAYE: 9%[0.73], 9%[0.62], 9%[0.62]) and brachialis (PREA: 10%[0.72]; BAYE: 8%[0.65]). Similarly, significant improvements in maximum strength were observed (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05), with equivalent results between conditions (PREA: 28%[0.85], BAYE: 37%[1.22]; equivalence testing, <i>p</i>-values = 0.061, 0.637). In conclusion, the shoulder joint angle does not seem to affect muscle hypertrophy and maximum strength gains after different elbow flexion exercises matched for resistance profiles.</p>","PeriodicalId":93999,"journal":{"name":"European journal of sport science","volume":"25 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ejsc.12279","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143612547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sports Dietitians Evaluation of Food Provision for Athletes at the Tokyo 2020 Olympic and Paralympic Games","authors":"Fiona E. Pelly,&nbsp;Angela Dufour,&nbsp;Gary Slater","doi":"10.1002/ejsc.12276","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsc.12276","url":null,"abstract":"<p>International expert review by sports dietitians/nutritionists of the food provision for the Summer and Winter Olympic and Paralympic games (OPG) has occurred since 2008, with inconsistent ratings between events. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to describe outcomes of an evaluation of food provision for the 2020 Tokyo OPG on three separate occasions: Phases 1 and 2 on paper reviews pre COVID-19 (2019) and an onsite (Phase 3) review (2021). A secondary aim was to compare level of experience of sports dietitians/nutritionists for overall rating of the menu. A previously developed survey for review of food provision at past OPG was adapted to include questions relevant to the 2020 Tokyo OPG main dining hall menu, other food outlets, venues and satellite villages. Food provision in the main dining hall on site rated significantly better overall (<i>p</i> = 0.037) and for specific aspects of the menu on site than proposed in 2019. This may be attributed to a long lead in time, fewer numbers attending due to COVID-19, less time spent in the dining hall and a high turnover of food. However, comments suggested less flexibility to modify the menu during the event. Satellite operations and venues were rated ‘good’ for food safety but ‘poor’ for performance, dietary and cultural needs. There was a negative correlation between expert overall rating and years of experience (<i>p</i> = 0.008). Monitoring of food provision at OPG by sports nutrition experts is essential to ensure delivery of suitable food for athletes' health and performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":93999,"journal":{"name":"European journal of sport science","volume":"25 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ejsc.12276","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143554398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Introducing the Novel Deceleration Threshold Method: Comparative Reliability to Previous Sprint Deceleration Analysis Methods in Team-Sport Athletes","authors":"Millicent A. West,&nbsp;Heidi R. Compton,&nbsp;Ben J. Dascombe,&nbsp;Josh L. Secomb","doi":"10.1002/ejsc.12278","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsc.12278","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Pre-planned deceleration assessments are vital for profiling team sport athletes as they provide a measure of the athletes' ability to implement effective performance and protection strategies to tolerate the substantial mechanical forces. Although task requirements of these linear assessments are generally consistent, current research employs low sampling technology, which limits the ability to define the deceleration start point and subsequently the reliability. Therefore, this study compared the intra- and inter-day reliability of three deceleration assessment analysis methods: set distance, peak velocity, and the novel deceleration threshold, using a motorized linear encoder device. Ten female and 10 male subjects performed three maximal effort 30 m sprint deceleration trials over two testing days. Each trial was filtered and analyzed using a customized code to calculate key deceleration metrics: distance-to-stop (DTS), time-to-stop (TTS), and average deceleration (DEC_ave) for each analysis method. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) using two-way fixed effect models, coefficients of variation (CV%), and standard errors of measurement (SEM) were calculated to determine the intra-day reliability across all three trials of the first testing day, and inter-day reliability using the: best, average of best two, and average of all trials. The deceleration threshold method using the average of the best two trials from each testing day, exhibited excellent inter-day reliability for the key metrics (TTS: ICC = 0.93, CV% = 6.4; DTS: ICC = 0.97, CV% = 5.3; DEC_ave: ICC = 0.92, CV% = 7.1). To optimize reliability and sensitivity of detecting a meaningful change in sprint deceleration performance practitioners should consider using the average of two best trials analyzed with the deceleration threshold.</p>","PeriodicalId":93999,"journal":{"name":"European journal of sport science","volume":"25 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ejsc.12278","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143554278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Isoenergetic Pre-Exercise Meals Varying in Carbohydrate Similarly Affect Resistance Training Volume Performance Compared to Placebo: A Crossover Trial","authors":"Andrew King,&nbsp;Ivan Jukic,&nbsp;Colby A. Sousa,&nbsp;Caryn Zinn,&nbsp;Eric R. Helms","doi":"10.1002/ejsc.12274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsc.12274","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Carbohydrate is an important fuel during moderate- to high-intensity exercise. We hypothesised that pre-exercise carbohydrate ingestion would improve resistance training (RT) volume performance. In a crossover design, sixteen resistance-trained participants (male = 13 and female = 3) performed 3 sets of back squats, bench press, prone row, and shoulder press to repetition fatigue at 80% of 1-repetition maximum (∼90 min). Two hours prior, in randomised order, participants ingested high carbohydrate (HCHO; 1.2 g/kg body mass), low carbohydrate (LCHO; 0.3 g/kg body mass), or a low-calorie placebo (PLA), taste- and texture-matched liquid breakfasts. Linear mixed models were used to analyse volume performance, subjective appetite ratings, and blood glucose and lactate. There were no significant differences between conditions for repetitions completed per session (<i>p</i> = 0.318) or exercise (<i>p</i> = 0.973). Pre-exercise and postexercise hunger was similar between conditions (<i>p</i> = 0.155). Satiation was greater in HCHO and LCHO versus PLA postbreakfast (<i>p</i> = 0.007 and <i>p</i> = 0.002, respectively) and pre-exercise (<i>p</i> = 0.001 and <i>p</i> = 0.002). Fullness was greater in HCHO and LCHO versus PLA postbreakfast (<i>p</i> = 0.001 and <i>p</i> = 0.001, respectively) and pre-exercise (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001 and <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). Blood lactate was greater mid- (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001) and postexercise (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.0001) and was similar between conditions (<i>p</i> = 0.897). Blood glucose significantly increased 30 min after breakfast in HCHO versus LCHO and PLA (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001) and was similar between conditions postexercise (<i>p</i> = 1.000). The macronutrient or energy composition of a pre-exercise meal does not enhance upper-body-dominant RT volume.</p>","PeriodicalId":93999,"journal":{"name":"European journal of sport science","volume":"25 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ejsc.12274","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143534048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does a Single Exercise Session Reduce the Reactivity to Acute Psychosocial Stress in Children?","authors":"Manuel Hanke,&nbsp;Anja Schwarz,&nbsp;Vera Nina Looser,&nbsp;Markus Gerber,&nbsp;Sebastian Ludyga","doi":"10.1002/ejsc.12273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsc.12273","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Physical exercise has the potential to influence stress reactivity, but experimental data in children are lacking. The main objective of this randomized cross-over study was to investigate the effect of a moderately-intense exercise bout on children's physiological and psychological reactions to a subsequent acute psychosocial stressor. On two separate laboratory appointments, 114 children (62 female) aged between 10 and 13 years completed the Trier Social Stress Test for Children (TSST-C) and a nonstressful control task, respectively. Fifty-seven participants engaged in an exercise bout prior to the conditions and were matched (based on sex, age, and everyday moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity) to a control group, who did not engage in a physically demanding task. Stress reactivity was assessed using saliva cortisol and heart rate (calculated area under the response curve) and self-reported anxiety (post minus pre score). Repeated measures analyses of variance revealed main effects of condition, indicating higher stress reactivity in the TSST-C compared to control for cortisol, heart rate, and anxiety. There were no significant interactions of group and condition. However, a three-way interaction involving chronic stress indicated favorable cortisol reactivity patterns after acute exercise compared to the resting condition, but only for participants with higher levels of chronic stress. While results indicate no generalizable effect of acute exercise on children's physiological and psychological reactivity to acute psychosocial stress, acute exercise seems to transiently counteract chronic stress-induced hyperreactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.</p>","PeriodicalId":93999,"journal":{"name":"European journal of sport science","volume":"25 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ejsc.12273","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143513536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}