European journal of sport science最新文献

{"title":"From Sprint to Endurance: Performance Level and Pacing Profile of International Level Para-Cyclists From C Division","authors":"Bryan Le Toquin,&nbsp;Mélanie Baconnais,&nbsp;Imad Hamri,&nbsp;Nicolas Forstmann,&nbsp;Thierry Weissland,&nbsp;Jean-François Toussaint,&nbsp;Julien Schipman","doi":"10.1002/ejsc.12277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsc.12277","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We investigated how para-cycling sport classes in the C division influence performance levels and pacing profiles in track and road races compared to able-bodied cyclists. For track races, we analyzed data from seven UCI World Para-Cycling Track Championships and UCI World Track Championships (2014–2023) in the male's 1 km time trial and female's 500 m time trial events. Principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering were applied to 125 m splits to identify performance patterns among para-cyclists. For road races, we examined data from individual time trials in 16 UCI World Para-Cycling Cups and Championships (2014–2023) to compare mean speeds and pacing profiles across sport classes. Para-cyclists in the C division performed significantly worse than able-bodied cyclists in both male's 1 km and female's 500 m track time trials (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). The analysis revealed a statistically significant variation in performance across sport classes for both track and road events (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). However, when comparing adjacent classes, specifically M/WC1–C2 and M/WC3–C4, no significant differences were observed on the track (<i>p</i> &gt; 0.05). Regarding pacing profiles, male MC2 and female WC5 athletes exhibited a pacing pattern characterized by a faster finish (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.01). In the individual time trial, MC3 had a lower mean speed in the second and third laps than in the first lap (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.01), whereas MC4 and MC5 showed no significant mean speed differences across the three laps (<i>p</i> ≥ 0.05). This study demonstrates that performance levels and pacing profiles are sport-class specific and event dependent.</p>","PeriodicalId":93999,"journal":{"name":"European journal of sport science","volume":"25 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ejsc.12277","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143809665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Different Training Intensity Distributions on Endurance Capacity in Breast and Prostate Cancer Survivors: A Randomized Controlled Trial","authors":"Nikolai Bauer,&nbsp;Justine Schneider,&nbsp;Kathrin Schlüter,&nbsp;Joachim Wiskemann,&nbsp;Friederike Rosenberger","doi":"10.1002/ejsc.12287","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsc.12287","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study aimed to compare the effects of isocaloric polarized and threshold training intensity distribution on endurance capacity in breast and prostate cancer survivors. A total of 28 breast and 27 prostate cancer survivors were randomly assigned to a polarized (POL, <i>n</i> = 27 (13 women), age 60 ± 8 years, peak oxygen uptake (VO_2peak) 23 mL·min⁻¹ kg⁻¹), or threshold training group (ThT, <i>n</i> = 28 (15 women), age 59 ± 10 years, VO_2peak 23 mL·min⁻¹ kg⁻¹) who completed two sessions per week on a cycle ergometer over 12 weeks. Exercise duration was adapted to obtain equivalent energy expenditure in both groups. Cardiopulmonary exercise and verification tests were performed to determine endurance capacity (VO_2peak, peak power output (PPO), ventilatory threshold (VT₁), blood lactate thresholds (LT₁ and IAT)), and maximal exhaustion. POL did not achieve the planned polarized intensity distribution and rather performed a pyramidal training. Pyramidal and threshold training significantly (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001) improved endurance capacity regarding VO_2peak (0.09 and 0.12 L·min⁻¹), PPO (27 and 17W), power output at VT₁ (11 and 13W), oxygen uptake at VT₁ (0.09 and 0.11 L·min⁻¹), power output at LT₁ (7 and 12W), and power output at IAT (12 and 14W). No difference was found between groups, but ThT required significantly (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001) less time than pyramidal training to achieve the described improvements (59 ± 1 min/week vs. 76 ± 11 min/week). Comparison of isocaloric training intensity distributions revealed no significant differences between groups (Pyramidal: 170 ± 43 kJ/session, ThT: 175 ± 35 kJ/session, <i>p</i> = 0.10). Pyramidal and isocaloric threshold training resulted in comparable effects on endurance capacity in cancer survivors, with ThT requiring significantly less time for these effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":93999,"journal":{"name":"European journal of sport science","volume":"25 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ejsc.12287","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143793598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effects of Circadian Rhythms and Exercise Preconditioning on Cardiac Troponin T Levels Following Graded Exercise","authors":"Jinlei Nie,&nbsp;Ruoyu Zhang,&nbsp;Haifeng Zhang,&nbsp;Qingde Shi,&nbsp;Keith George,&nbsp;Zhaowei Kong","doi":"10.1002/ejsc.12294","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsc.12294","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study explored the impact of circadian rhythms on the circulating cardiac troponin T (cTnT) response to a graded exercise test (GXT) and examined whether an initial GXT influenced the cTnT response to a subsequent GXT performed 7–9 days later. Twenty-one healthy young males (age: 20.6 ± 2.2 years, body mass index: 22.2 ± 2.6 kg/m², V̇O_2max: 31.8 ± 8.7 mL.kg⁻¹.min⁻¹) participated in three trials: an initial GXT (GXT1), a resting control trial (CON) and a second GXT (GXT2), separated by at least 72 h. The serum cTnT levels were measured pre-exercise, 4 h post-exercise or during the control. In GXT1, the cTnT levels did not show significant changes (median [range], pre: 3.80 [3.00–10.59] ng.L⁻¹, post: 4.22 [3.00–9.08] ng.L⁻¹, <i>p</i> &gt; 0.05). During CON, the cTnT levels decreased significantly from morning to early afternoon (3.52 [3.00–10.84] vs. 3.00 [3.00–7.57] ng.L⁻¹, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.05), reflecting a circadian rhythm. Interestingly, GXT1 appeared to prevent this circadian decline. Furthermore, in GXT2, the cTnT levels significantly decreased post-exercise (4.13 [3.00–15.48] vs. 3.24 [3.00–12.96] ng.L⁻¹, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.05), suggesting a possible “late exercise preconditioning” effect from GXT1. These findings suggest that GXT can interact with circadian rhythms, altering cTnT dynamics, and that prior exercise may induce prolonged cardioprotective effects. This study highlights the importance of accounting for circadian variability and late preconditioning effects in future research on exercise-induced cTnT release.</p>","PeriodicalId":93999,"journal":{"name":"European journal of sport science","volume":"25 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ejsc.12294","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143784311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex Differences in Upper- and Lower-Limb Muscle Strength in Children and Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis","authors":"James L. Nuzzo,&nbsp;Matheus D. Pinto","doi":"10.1002/ejsc.12282","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsc.12282","url":null,"abstract":"<p>On average, adult men are physically stronger than adult women. The magnitude of this difference depends on the muscle tested, with larger sex differences observed in upper- than lower-limb muscles. Whether body region-specific sex differences in strength exist in children is unclear. The purpose of the current meta-analysis was to determine whether sex differences in muscle strength in children and adolescents differ between upper- and lower-limb muscles. Data were extracted from studies of participants aged ≤ 17 years who completed tests of maximal isometric or isokinetic strength of upper-limb muscles (e.g., elbow flexors and elbow extensors) or lower-limb muscles (e.g., knee extensors and ankle dorsiflexors). Participants were partitioned into three age groups: 5–10 years old, 11–13 years old, and 14–17 years old. The analysis included 299 effects from 34 studies. The total sample was 6634 (3497 boys and 3137 girls). Effect sizes of sex differences in upper- and lower-limb strength were <i>g</i> = 0.65 (95% confidence intervals (CI) [0.46, 0.84]) and 0.34 (95% CI [0.19, 0.50]) in 5–10-year-olds; <i>g</i> = 0.73 (95% CI [0.56, 0.91]) and 0.43 (95% CI [0.27, 0.59]) in 11–13-year olds; and <i>g</i> = 1.84 (95% CI [1.64, 2.03]) and 1.18 (95% CI [1.00, 1.37]) in 14–17-year-olds. Upper- and lower-limb strength were 17% and 8% greater in boys than girls when 5–10 years old, 18% and 10% greater when 11–13 years old, and 50% and 30% greater when 14–17 years old. Thus, boys are stronger than girls on average. This sex difference exists before puberty, increases markedly with male puberty, and is more pronounced in upper- than lower-limb muscles throughout development.</p>","PeriodicalId":93999,"journal":{"name":"European journal of sport science","volume":"25 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ejsc.12282","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143778184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Commuter Cycling on Physical Activity, Cardiometabolic Health and Body Composition","authors":"B. James Novis,&nbsp;Elaine A. Hargreaves,&nbsp;Tim Jowett,&nbsp;Nancy J. Rehrer","doi":"10.1002/ejsc.12289","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsc.12289","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The aim of this study was to evaluate effects of a 10-week commuter cycling intervention on physical activity (PA), cardiometabolic health and body composition. A randomised controlled trial was conducted in healthy males and females (<i>n</i> = 26, BMI ≤ 30, ≥ 20 years ≤ 55 years). The intervention group (CYC) cycle commuted (148 ± 38 min.wk⁻¹). The control group (CON) received public transport or petrol vouchers. <span></span><math></math>O_2max increased in CYC (10.5 ± 16.2%), decreased in CON (−2.8 ± 12.3%) (<i>p</i> = 0.03). HR_rest decreased in CYC (−5.4 ± 6.8%), increased in CON (1.7 ± 9.5%) (<i>p</i> = 0.02) as did diastolic blood pressure (−1.2 ± 7.5%, 11.9 ± 16.5%, respectively, <i>p</i> = 0.02). Weekly logbooks indicated no group difference in total PA (Group <i>p</i> = 0.15) or change over time (<i>p</i> = 0.18). CYC conducted more moderate and vigorous PA combined (<i>p</i> = 0.008). No changes in body mass were observed (CYC: wk0 78.5 ± 9.0, wk10 78.7 ± 9.0, CON: wk0 69.8 ± 6.7, wk10 70.3 ± 6.7 (<i>p</i> = 0.17), or difference between groups (<i>p</i> = 0.61). Body fat (sum of 4 skinfolds) was maintained similarly in both groups (<i>p</i> = 0.95). Body fat (DXA) was 29.4 ± 9. 7% before and 29.5 ± 9.8% after in CYC (<i>p</i> = 0.97). The intervention did not alter C-reactive protein, HDL, LDL, or total cholesterol, fasting glucose, insulin or HOMA-IR (<i>p &gt; 0.05)</i>. In conclusion, some cardiovascular benefits can occur with commuter cycling even if total PA and body composition are not altered. The increase in more intensive PA is likely responsible for the enhanced cardiovascular fitness.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Trial Registration</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The study was registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZTCR:12617000123347)</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":93999,"journal":{"name":"European journal of sport science","volume":"25 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ejsc.12289","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143770398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction to “Effects of Root Extract of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) on Perception of Recovery and Muscle Strength in Female Athletes”","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/ejsc.12292","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsc.12292","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Coope, O. C., Salguero, A. R., Spurr, T., Calvente, A. P., Aina Domenech Farre, Fisas, E. J., Lloyd, B., Gooderick, J., Sangrà, M. A., &amp; Roman-Viñas, B. (2025). Effects of Root Extract of Ashwagandha (<i>Withania somnifera</i>) on Perception of Recovery and Muscle Strength in Female Athletes. <i>European Journal of Sport Science</i>, <i>25</i>(3). https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsc.12265.</p><p>There is an error of reporting in Table 3. The numbers are the same as those provided in Table 4 in the mean difference column. The updated tables are provided below.</p><p>The authors apologise sincerely for overlooking these errors.</p>","PeriodicalId":93999,"journal":{"name":"European journal of sport science","volume":"25 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ejsc.12292","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143770482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Utility of the Respiratory Compensation Point for Estimating Critical Power: Insights From Normoxia and Hypoxia","authors":"Simon Marwood,&nbsp;Len Parker Simpson,&nbsp;Daryl P. Wilkerson,&nbsp;Andrew M. Jones,&nbsp;Richie P. Goulding","doi":"10.1002/ejsc.12291","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsc.12291","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We examined the validity of the respiratory compensation point (RCP) in estimating critical power (CP) by determining the relative agreement between them following an acute intervention, hypoxia, which reduces RCP and CP. RCP and CP were determined in normoxia (N: FiO₂ = 0.21) and hypoxia (H: FiO₂ = 0.13) with RCP converted to a power output (W) via linear regression of the V̇O₂–time relationship with correction for the mean response time. RCP and CP were lower in hypoxia compared to normoxia (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001), but there was no difference between CP and RCP in N or H (N: 174 ± 26 (CP) vs. 178 ± 30 (RCP) W; H: 133 ± 19 (CP) vs. 139 ± 22 (RCP) W, <i>p</i> = 0.53). In both N (<i>r</i> = 0.32, <i>p</i> = 0.31) and H (<i>r</i> = 0.00, <i>p</i> = 0.99), RCP was not correlated with CP. Moreover, the 95% limits of agreement (LOA) were unacceptably wide (N: 3 ± 64 W; H: 7 ± 57 W). There was no correlation between the change in RCP and the change in CP caused by hypoxia (W: <i>r</i> = 0.32), with similarly poor 95% LOA (W: −3 ± 62 W). The weak correlations and wide LOA within and between conditions suggest little practical values in using RCP to estimate CP.</p>","PeriodicalId":93999,"journal":{"name":"European journal of sport science","volume":"25 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ejsc.12291","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143770483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modelling Female Breast Motion During Running: Implications of Breast Support on the Spine","authors":"Chris Mills,&nbsp;Timothy A. Exell,&nbsp;Melissa E. A. Jones,&nbsp;Joanna Wakefield-Scurr","doi":"10.1002/ejsc.12290","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsc.12290","url":null,"abstract":"<p>During running, it is difficult to control breast motion and change torso motion or vice versa within empirical data collection. This study investigated how different levels of breast support (and consequently breast motion) influence torso motion, breast forces, lumbar and thoracic spinal moments during running, using a computer simulation model. A subject-specific female full body musculoskeletal model with an articulated thoracolumbar spine and sliding joints between the breasts and torso to enable breast motion was customised for this study. One female (bra size 34DD) had 59 markers attached to anatomical locations and ran over three force platforms at a self-selected speed (3.15–3.40 m/s) in three breast support conditions (no bra, everyday bra and sports bra). An ‘extreme’ bra condition was simulated during the modelling process by eliminating all breast motion relative to the torso. Two categories of simulations were run, investigating 1) how different breast support garments affect torso motion, breast and spinal moments; and 2) how changes in torso motion affect breast and spinal moments. Key findings suggest that peak lumbar and thoracic spine moments demonstrate changes (&gt; 0.05 Nm/kg) between bra conditions due to changes in running gait kinematics. Additionally, eliminating breast motion relative to the torso, but using the same input running gait kinematics, increased (&gt; 0.05 Nm/kg) lumbar joint moments. Therefore, it is possible that bras aimed at preventing relative motion between the torso and breasts may increase internal loading within the spine.</p>","PeriodicalId":93999,"journal":{"name":"European journal of sport science","volume":"25 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ejsc.12290","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143770477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of a 12-week High-Intensity Interval Training With Spirulina Supplementation on Insulin Resistance-Mediated by Apo-A, -B, and -J in Men With Obesity HIIT With Spirulina on Apolipoproteins","authors":"Seyed Morteza Tayebi,&nbsp;Parisa Bagherian,&nbsp;Minoo Bassami,&nbsp;Aref Basereh,&nbsp;Somayeh Ahmadabadi","doi":"10.1002/ejsc.12285","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsc.12285","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Obesity is a significant public health issue associated with an elevated risk of chronic diseases. Discovering appropriate exercise interventions combined with beneficial herbal supplements has always been investigated. Hence, our study aimed to assess the impact of 12 weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and spirulina supplementation on the apolipoproteins, insulin resistance, and body composition of men with obesity.</p><p>Forty-four men with obesity (height: 168.42 ± 2.63 cm, body mass: 93.24 ± 2.23 kg; BMI: 32.89 ± 1.23 kg/m²; age: 25–40 years) were divided into four groups: control group (CG, <i>n</i> = 11), spirulina group (SG, <i>n</i> = 11), high-intensity interval training group (HIITG, <i>n</i> = 11), and SG + HIIT group (<i>n</i> = 11). The intervention involved the daily administration of either spirulina or a placebo and HIIT three times a week for the training groups. Anthropometric indices, HOMA-IR, insulin, and apolipoproteins (Apo-A, Apo-B, and Apo-J) were measured before and after the 12-week intervention.</p><p>Post-intervention analysis indicated differences between the CG and the three interventional groups for percent body fat (%BF), insulin, HOMA-IR, and apolipoproteins levels (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). Spirulina supplementation with HIIT increased Apo-A while causing decreases in Apo-B and Apo-J levels and improved body composition (weight, %fat), BMI, and HOMA-IR (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05).</p><p>It can be concluded that the combined intervention of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and spirulina supplementation has a significant impact on mitigating obesity, managing weight, and reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":93999,"journal":{"name":"European journal of sport science","volume":"25 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ejsc.12285","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143690006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex Differences in Double Poling Performance: The Role of Upper-Body Strength and Endurance in Youth Elite Cross-Country Skiers and Biathletes","authors":"Carl-Maximilian Wagner,&nbsp;John Owen Osborne,&nbsp;Øyvind Sandbakk,&nbsp;Stephan Schiemann,&nbsp;Daniel Röhrs,&nbsp;Tobias Schmidt,&nbsp;Michael Keiner","doi":"10.1002/ejsc.12253","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ejsc.12253","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The study aimed to investigate sex differences in double poling (DP) ergometer performance among youth elite cross-country skiers and biathletes and determine if these sex differences may be explained by upper-body strength and endurance capacities. Thirteen female and nine male youth elite cross-country skiers and biathletes (age: 16.7 ± 1.7 years; VO_2max: 60.7 ± 6.3 mL·kg⁻¹ min⁻¹), matched for relative performance, completed a test battery evaluating upper-body strength and power along with various endurance parameters on a DP ergometer. Testing included one-repetition maximum (1RM) in upper-body exercises, maximal oxygen uptake (VO_2max) running test, and DP ergometer incremental test to exhaustion and sprint tests to determine peak oxygen uptake (VO_2peak-DP), maximal lactate accumulation rate (<i>v</i>La_max), and power. Body mass and body composition were measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis. The findings demonstrated that the absolute differences in maximal strength, peak, and mean DP power outputs from both sprint and incremental tests to exhaustion (29%–38% difference), as well as maximal and peak oxygen uptake (29%–31%) between male and female athletes, were considerably reduced (2%–12%) following normalization to fat-free mass (FFM). Correlations of absolute and FFM normalized VO_2max, VO_2peak-DP with peak and mean power output from both sprint and incremental test to exhaustion during DP ergometry were significant (<i>r</i>_<i>xy</i> = 0.69–0.87) and remained consistent after correction for sex (<i>r</i>_<i>xy-z</i> = 0.61–0.84). These findings suggest that sex performance differences are primarily attributable to absolute differences in maximal aerobic power, maximal strength, and FFM.</p>","PeriodicalId":93999,"journal":{"name":"European journal of sport science","volume":"25 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11922680/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143665631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}