European journal of sport science最新文献

{"title":"Sex differences in the acute effect of caffeine on repeated sprint performance: A randomized controlled trial","authors":"Alberto Pérez-López,&nbsp;Laura Garriga-Alonso,&nbsp;Juan Jesús Montalvo-Alonso,&nbsp;Marta del Val-Manzano,&nbsp;David Valades,&nbsp;Helena Vila,&nbsp;Carmen Ferragut","doi":"10.1002/ejsc.12233","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ejsc.12233","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study aimed to examine sex differences in acute caffeine intake on repeated sprint performance. Fifty-two resistance-trained individuals (age: 24.6 ± 4.5 years and sex (female/male): 26/26) participated in a randomized, triple-blind, cross-over, and placebo-controlled study. Participants ingested 3 mg/kg caffeine or placebo and, after 60 min, performed 4 Wingate tests (Wt), consisting of a 30 s all-out lower-body sprint against an individualized resisted load, with 90 s rest periods between sprints. Mean (W_mean) and peak (W_peak) power showed an interaction between sprint and supplement (<i>P</i> = 0.038, <i>η</i>_<i>p</i>² = 0.095 and <i>P</i> &lt; 0.001, <i>η</i>_<i>p</i>² = 0.157, respectively), but only W_peak reported a supplement and sex interaction (<i>P</i> = 0.049 and <i>η</i>_<i>p</i>² = 0.166). Caffeine increased W_mean in Wt3 (3.5%, <i>P</i> = 0.004, and <i>g</i> = 1.059) and Wt4 (3.9%, <i>P</i> = 0.012, and <i>g</i> = 1.091) compared to placebo. Whereas, for W_peak, caffeine increased W_peak in the Wt1 (2.9%, <i>P</i> = 0.050 and <i>g</i> = 1.01) and Wt2 (3.2%, <i>P</i> = 0.050, and <i>g</i> = 1.01) in males and in Wt3 (5.2%, <i>P</i> = 0.008, and <i>g</i> = 1.79) and Wt4 (8.1%, <i>P</i> = 0.004, and <i>g</i> = 2.27) in female participants compared to placebo. No statistically significant sex differences were found in time to reach W_peak, fatigue index. Acute caffeine intake stimulated a similar ergogenic effect on repeated sprint performance in men and women, except in peak power output, where caffeine increased performance during the first sprints in males and the last sprints in female participants.</p>","PeriodicalId":93999,"journal":{"name":"European journal of sport science","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11680550/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142815353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Runners with a high body mass index and previous running-related problems is a high-risk population for sustaining a new running-related injury: A 18-month cohort study","authors":"Ida Lindman MD, PhD,&nbsp;Josefin Abrahamson PT, PhD,&nbsp;Rasmus O. Nielsen PT, PhD","doi":"10.1002/ejsc.12206","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ejsc.12206","url":null,"abstract":"<p>High body mass index (BMI) and a previous running-related injury (RRI) have been highlighted as two risk factors for sustaining an RRI. However, a critical gap exists in the knowledge of whether runners with both elevated BMI and a previous RRI constitute a particularly vulnerable subgroup in terms of susceptibility to new RRIs. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate if those with high BMI and a concomitant history of running-related problems in the past 3 months were more prone to sustain a new RRI compared with runners with normal BMI and without previous running-related problems. This study was part of the “Garmin-RUNSAFE Running Health Study,” an 18-month cohort study. The runners completed a baseline questionnaire containing questions regarding demographic data and previous running-related problems and were asked to continuously track their running activities. The exposure were dichotomized into “no previous running-related problem” or “previous running-related problem,” and each group was further categorized into four subgroups depending on BMI. Time-to-event analysis was used to estimate the cumulative incidence risk difference (cIRD). The results highlight those with a BMI &gt;30 kg/m² <i>with</i> a previous running-related problem to face the highest injury risk of 71%, whereas those with a BMI between 19 and 25 kg/m² <i>without</i> a previous running-related problem had the lowest injury risk of 43% corresponding to a cIRD of 28% [95% CI: 19%; 36%]. This result highlights those with high BMI and previous running-related problems as a high-risk subpopulation that would benefit from interventions of preventing running-related injuries.</p>","PeriodicalId":93999,"journal":{"name":"European journal of sport science","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11680559/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142808921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a 3D active movement extent discrimination apparatus for testing proprioception at the ankle joint with inversion movements made in plantarflexion","authors":"Yilin Zhao,&nbsp;Tongzhou Zhang,&nbsp;Shuhui Wang,&nbsp;Roger Adams,&nbsp;Gordon Waddington,&nbsp;Jia Han","doi":"10.1002/ejsc.12238","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ejsc.12238","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Proprioception plays an important role in joint stability, and ankle sprains usually happen involving plantarflexion, internal rotation, and inversion. However, ankle 3D movement proprioception has never been measured in weight-bearing. Accordingly, the active 3-dimensional movement extent discrimination apparatus (AMEDA-3D) was developed and its reliability and validity were investigated. A total of 58 subjects volunteered for this trial, with 12 subjects with chronic ankle instability (CAI) and 12 healthy controls in the test–retest reliability study. There were 17 subjects with CAI and 17 healthy controls in the validity study. An intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Minimum Detectable Change at the 90% confidence interval (MDC₉₀) were computed. AMEDA-3D scores were analysed by independent samples <i>t</i>-tests, and Youden's index was used to calculate the optimal AMEDA-3D cut-off for discriminating individuals with CAI. Pearson's correlation analysis was used to explore the relationship between AMEDA-3D scores and Y Balance Test (YBT), Time In Balance Test (TIB), and Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool (CAIT) scores. The main results were as follows: (1) The ICC_(3,1) value of AMEDA-3D scores was 0.817 (95% CI = 0.452–0.945) in CAI subjects. (2) The AMEDA-3D proprioceptive area under the curve score used to discriminate CAI subjects from healthy controls was 0.778, with a sensitivity of 94% and a specificity of 82%. (3) AMEDA-3D proprioceptive scores were moderately correlated with CAIT scores (<i>r</i> = 0.58 and <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001), YBT (<i>r</i> = 0.47 and <i>p</i> = 0.005), and TIB (<i>r</i> = 0.68 and <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). Our findings suggest that the AMEDA-3D tool shows good reliability and validity for clinical assessment of proprioceptive deficits associated with CAI. Improved ankle 3D motor proprioception may positively impact subjects' balance control, self-rated symptoms, and function.</p>","PeriodicalId":93999,"journal":{"name":"European journal of sport science","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11680189/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142831467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Active motor-cognitive recovery supports reactive agility performance in trained athletes","authors":"Thorben Hülsdünker,&nbsp;Joe Koster,&nbsp;Andreas Mierau","doi":"10.1002/ejsc.12231","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ejsc.12231","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Active breaks are suggested to support recovery and performance in sports. Previous research in ball and team sports focused on motor performance such as repetitive sprinting or change of direction. This does not account for the interaction between motor and cognitive task demands in sports. Therefore, this study is the first to investigate the effectiveness of an active motor-cognitive break to support reactive agility performance. Twenty (7 female and 13 male) healthy trained young adults (mean age: 26 years) performed an active or passive 5 min break following a fatiguing protocol of six 100 m reactive agility runs with an intermittent break of 40 s. Prior to the experiment (pre), after fatigue (post), and following the rest condition (retention), a reactive agility test was performed using the SKILLCOURT technology. In addition, lactate, heartrate, and physical exertion were recorded. Active rest contained two motor-cognitive training tasks on the SKILLCOURT combining low to moderate physical intensity with conflict inhibition and decision-making. During passive rest, participants remained seated. When comparing post and retention agility tests, results indicate significantly stronger performance gains following the active when compared to the passive break condition (<i>p</i> = 0.02 and <i>η</i>_<i>p</i>² = 0.24). This was not associated with any differences in physiological parameters such as lactate, heart rate, or RPE (<i>p</i> ≥ 0.25). The results suggest that active motor-cognitive breaks support recovery and improve sport-related reactive agility performance. Performance gains in the active break are likely attributable to cognitive performance effects rather than physiological recovery, which may benefit athletes especially in ball and team sports.</p>","PeriodicalId":93999,"journal":{"name":"European journal of sport science","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11680191/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142796265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex-based differences in swimming performance in 10-years-old-and-under athletes in short course national competition","authors":"Gregory A. Brown,&nbsp;Brandon S. Shaw,&nbsp;Ina Shaw","doi":"10.1002/ejsc.12237","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ejsc.12237","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The need for sex-segregated youth swimming is debated. A previous report indicates that male swimmers aged 10-and-under are 1%–2% faster than females in long course freestyle, butterfly, backstroke, and individual medley (IM), but not breaststroke events. Another report indicates that at age 10 males are 1%–2.5% faster than females in long course freestyle events. However, there are no evaluations for short course competitions. Therefore, the top eight performances for both sexes from the National Club Swimming Association Age Group Championships (a short course meet) for the years 2016–2023 in the 10-and-under age group were analyzed. Males were 1.16%–2.63% faster (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05; effect sizes 0.376–0.596) than females in the 50 yards (yd; 45.7 m), 100 yd (91.4 m), and 200 yd (182.9 m) freestyle, 100 yd backstroke, 50 yd breaststroke, 100 yd butterfly, and 100 and 200 yd IM. There were no significant sex-based differences in the 500 yd (457.2 m) freestyle, 50 yd backstroke, 100 yd breaststroke, or 50 yd butterfly. The individual fastest time for a female was faster than for a male in the 50, 100, and 500 yd freestyle, 50 and 100 yd backstroke, 50 and 100 yd butterfly, and 100 yd IM. Although in eight out of 12 events the individual fastest times were from females, in eight out of 12 events the average male times were significantly faster. The present data suggest that although some exceptional individual 10-and-under female swimmers do exist, their performance is not representative of the typical sex-based differences in swimming performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":93999,"journal":{"name":"European journal of sport science","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11681613/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142793054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A microcycle of high-intensity short-interval sessions induces improvements in indicators of endurance performance compared to regular training","authors":"Guro Strøm Solli,&nbsp;Ingvill Odden,&nbsp;Vetle Sælen,&nbsp;Joar Hansen,&nbsp;Knut Sindre Mølmen,&nbsp;Bent R. Rønnestad","doi":"10.1002/ejsc.12223","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ejsc.12223","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a microcycle of high-intensity interval training (HIT) sessions with multiple short work intervals followed by an active recovery period, compared to a similar duration of regular training, on determinants and indicators of endurance performance in well-trained cyclists. The participants in the BLOCK group performed a 6-day HIT microcycle including five HIT sessions (5 × 8.75-min 30/15 s short intervals) followed by a 6-day active recovery period with reduced training load, while the regular training group (REG) performed 12 days of their regular training, including four HIT sessions. Physiological testing was performed before and after the training periods. From pre- to post- intervention, BLOCK demonstrated significantly larger improvements than REG in mean power output (PO) during the last min of the maximal oxygen uptake (VO_2max) test (PO_VO2max) (3.7 vs. 0.7%, <i>p</i> = 0.009, and effect size (ES) = 1.00) and mean PO during the 10-s sprint (2.8 vs. 1.9%, <i>p</i> = 0.028, and ES = 0.63). No significant differences between BLOCK and REG were observed for VO_2max, PO at 4 mmol·L⁻¹ [blood lactate] (PO_4mmol), 15-min maximal mean power output (PO_15-min), and gross efficiency (<i>p</i> = 0.156–0.919). However, there was a tendency for larger improvements in the performance index (calculated from the main performance indicators PO_VO2max, PO_4mmol, and PO_15-min) in BLOCK compared to REG (2.9% vs. 1.2%, <i>p</i> = 0.079, and ES = 0.71). A 6-day high-intensity short-interval microcycle followed by a 6-day active recovery period induces improvements in endurance performance indicators compared to regular training, demonstrating its potential as an efficient strategy for endurance training in well-trained cyclists.</p>","PeriodicalId":93999,"journal":{"name":"European journal of sport science","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11680548/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142786963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of leg symmetry in muscle oxygen saturation during submaximal to maximal cycling exercise","authors":"Carlos Sendra-Pérez,&nbsp;Jose I. Priego-Quesada,&nbsp;Juan M. Murias,&nbsp;Felipe P. Carpes,&nbsp;Rosario Salvador-Palmer,&nbsp;Alberto Encarnación-Martínez","doi":"10.1002/ejsc.12230","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ejsc.12230","url":null,"abstract":"<p>It is unclear whether physiological responses, such as muscle oxygen saturation (SmO₂), can be considered symmetrical during cycling. This knowledge has important practical implications for both training and performance assessment. The aim of this study was to determine whether oxygenation profiles in the three active muscles of both legs were symmetrical during cycling at different intensities. Twenty-six trained cyclists and triathletes completed a graded exercise test (GXT) and an 8-min functional threshold power estimation test (8MTT) on a cycle ergometer over two nonconsecutive days. SmO₂ was bilaterally assessed using NIRS technology in the vastus lateralis, gastrocnemius medialis, and tibialis anterior. Symmetry was compared between legs in both tests, and reliability and agreement between the measurements were quantified. The main results were that SmO₂ in the three muscles assessed did not differ between legs during the GXT and 8MTT (<i>p</i> &gt; 0.05). Reliability of the measures was poor to good in the vastus lateralis (ICC = 0.83–0.37), moderate to excellent in the tibialis anterior (ICC = 0.92–0.73), and poor to good for the gastrocnemius medialis (ICC = 0.80–0.24). Overall, the group variability in SmO₂ showed a narrower distribution at lower intensities, with data dispersion increasing at higher intensities. In conclusion, the SmO₂ was similar and showed symmetrical responses in both the preferred and nonpreferred limb in different muscles assessed during cycling at different intensities within a range of 10%–20%. Although individual physiological differences that might be relevant in some clinical/performance settings should not be disregarded, these findings indicate that measuring a single lower limb provides an accurate approximation of the responses in both lower limbs.</p>","PeriodicalId":93999,"journal":{"name":"European journal of sport science","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11680555/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142782224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ankle proprioception and functional performance in patients with Achilles tendinopathy","authors":"Tongzhou Zhang,&nbsp;Yilin Zhao,&nbsp;Shuhui Wang,&nbsp;Lijiang Luan,&nbsp;Roger Adams,&nbsp;Charlotte Ganderton,&nbsp;Peter Malliaras,&nbsp;Jia Han","doi":"10.1002/ejsc.12228","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ejsc.12228","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The purpose of this study was to investigate differences in ankle plantar flexion proprioception and lower extremity function between Achilles tendinopathy (AT) patients and healthy controls. 17 patients with midportion AT (age 22.0 ± 3.0, 7 females, and 10 males) and 17 healthy controls (age 21.5 ± 2.1, 7 females, and 10 males) were recruited. The following tests were performed randomly: the ankle plantar flexion active movement extent discrimination assessment (AMEDA), weight-bearing lunge test (WBLT), single leg hop test, figure-of-eight hop test, Y Balance Test (YBT), and lower extremity functional test (LEFT). Group comparisons were made between the AT and healthy groups, and receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves were used to analyze the ability of tests to differentiate between participants with and without AT. Results showed that the AT group performed significantly worse in the ankle proprioception test (<i>p</i> = 0.016), single leg hop test (<i>p</i> = 0.001), figure-of-eight hop test (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001), unilateral LEFT (<i>p</i> = 0.001), and LEFT injury risk score (<i>p</i> = 0.001) than healthy controls. No significant between group difference was found in WBLT and YBT. Diagnostic analysis showed that the AMEDA (<i>p</i> = 0.018), single leg hop test (<i>p</i> = 0.003), figure-of-eight hop test (<i>p</i> = 0.002), and LEFT (<i>p</i> = 0.001) could differentiate between patients with AT and the healthy individuals. The current study demonstrated that ankle proprioception and functional performance involving explosive jump are impaired in patients with AT, suggesting poorer dynamic neuromuscular function and a higher risk of lower limb injury in this population, and furthermore, these tests should be considered in the assessment for AT.</p>","PeriodicalId":93999,"journal":{"name":"European journal of sport science","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11680549/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142775820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comparison of role-related physical fitness between British Army trainees and trained soldiers","authors":"Carla Rue,&nbsp;Sarah Needham-Beck,&nbsp;Tessa Maroni,&nbsp;Andrew Siddall,&nbsp;Kimberly Ashdown,&nbsp;Ben Lee,&nbsp;Faye Walker,&nbsp;Joshua Osofa,&nbsp;Julianne Doherty,&nbsp;Christopher Vine,&nbsp;Sophie Wardle,&nbsp;Julie Greeves,&nbsp;Paul Saunders,&nbsp;Anne Fieldhouse,&nbsp;Sam Blacker,&nbsp;Stephen Myers","doi":"10.1002/ejsc.12227","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ejsc.12227","url":null,"abstract":"<p>British Army basic training (BT) and initial trade training (ITT) enable personnel to develop role-related physical capability to perform in-service job-roles. The study aimed to compare physical performance of trainees (completing ITT) and trained soldiers, on a series of gym-based fitness tests and representative military tasks. A total of 316 British Army personnel [68 trainees (63 men: 22 ± 3 years, 71.6 ± 8.4 kg and 1.74 ± 0.07 m) and 248 trained soldiers (225 men: 27 ± 6 years, 78.7 ± 12.7 kg and 1.76 ± 0.08 m)] completed two sessions. Session 1; body mass, stature, age and gym-based tests (2 km run, broad jump, seated medicine ball throw, hex bar deadlift, 100 m shuttle sprints, pull-ups and mid-thigh pull). Session 2; representative military tasks (loaded carriage [stage 1, 4 km, 35–40 kg and 4.8 km h⁻¹ fixed pace and stage 2, 2 km, 20–25 kg and individual best-effort speed], tactical movement, casualty drag, stretcher carry, vertical lift, repeated carry and incremental lift). Independent sample <i>t</i>-tests were employed to examine group differences. Compared to trainees, trained soldiers were older (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001), heavier (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001) and scored higher on broad jump (<i>p</i> = 0.024), medicine ball throw (<i>p</i> = 0.007) and mid-thigh pull (<i>p</i> = 0.048), but were slower on 2 km run (<i>p</i> = 0.047), loaded carriage (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.019), tactical movement (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001) and casualty drag (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). Overall, trainees achieve higher scores on aerobic/anaerobic tests, whereas trained soldiers outperform trainees in strength/power-based tests. Although a cross-sectional comparison does not provide strong evidence, the results may indicate that cardiovascular fitness is developed during BT, whereas muscle strength/power develops post BT/ITT. These findings would need confirming by a longitudinal study and could inform the development/management of role-related fitness during BT, ITT and through career.</p>","PeriodicalId":93999,"journal":{"name":"European journal of sport science","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11680188/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142775893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Systemic hypoxia has a larger effect on reducing the external load at lower exercise intensity during heart rate clamped cycling","authors":"Siu Nam Li,&nbsp;Peter Peeling,&nbsp;Brendan R. Scott,&nbsp;Jeremiah J. Peiffer,&nbsp;Alex Shaykevich,&nbsp;Olivier Girard","doi":"10.1002/ejsc.12204","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ejsc.12204","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The effects of acute hypoxic exposure on mechanical output and internal responses during cycling with heart rate (HR) clamped at lactate thresholds 1 and 2 (LT1 and LT2, respectively) were investigated. On separate days, 12 trained males cycled for 15 min at a clamped HR corresponding to LT1 and LT2 under normoxic or hypoxic conditions (simulated altitude of ∼3500 m and inspired oxygen fraction of 13.6%). Power output (PO), arterial oxygen saturation, ventilatory and perceptual responses were measured every 3 min, with metabolic response assessed pre- and post-exercise. At LT1, PO was consistently lower in hypoxia compared to normoxia (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.01). At LT2, PO was not different between normoxia and hypoxia at 3 and 6 min (both <i>p</i> &gt; 0.42) but was significantly lower in hypoxia at 9, 12 and 15 min (all <i>p</i> &lt; 0.04). Overall, hypoxia induced a greater decrease in PO at LT1 (−33.3% ± 11.3%) than at LT2 (−18.0 ± 14.7%) compared to normoxia. Ventilatory, perceptual and metabolic responses were influenced by exercise intensity (all <i>p</i> &lt; 0.01) but not environmental conditions (all <i>p</i> &gt; 0.17). A simulated altitude of ∼3500 m is more effective in reducing cycling PO at LT1 than LT2 during HR clamped cycling while maintaining other internal loads. Therefore, normobaric hypoxia provides a greater benefit via a larger decrease in the mechanical constraints of exercise at lower exercise intensities.</p>","PeriodicalId":93999,"journal":{"name":"European journal of sport science","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11680552/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142775377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}