European journal of sport science最新文献

{"title":"Get in the Virtual Hole! Examination of Gaze and Performance of Experts, Athletes, and Novices While Putting in Virtual Reality and in the Real-World","authors":"Jayke B. Bennett,&nbsp;David L. Neumann,&nbsp;Matthew J. Stainer","doi":"10.1002/ejsc.70049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsc.70049","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Virtual reality (VR) offers opportunities to train and assess visuomotor skills and sports performance in controlled, reproducible contexts, supporting innovation in research and training. However, VR imposes unique sensory demands that may disrupt movement coordination, task performance, and potential skill learning. This study used putting performance assessment and eye-tracking to examine visuomotor coordination and performance in VR versus the real world, and whether effects varied by task expertise and athlete skill. Novice undergraduates (<i>n</i> = 44), national/international athletes in sports other than golf (<i>n</i> = 14), and expert golfers (<i>n</i> = 5) completed 30 putts in both settings while eye-gaze and putting outcomes were measured. Novices were divided into low performing (LPN) and high performing (HPN) based on real-world performance, while athletes and experts were not. More putts were holed in the real-world than VR across expertise groups, while experts holed many more putts in the real-world than athletes, HPN, and LPN, while athletes and HPN holed more putts than LPN. There were no differences between groups in VR holed putts. Putting radial error (RE) was much lower for experts, and moderately lower for athletes and HPN than LPN in the real-world. Experts had moderately lower RE than HPN in VR. Quiet Eye (QE), the final fixation prior to movement execution, predicted reduced RE for experts in the real-world but not in VR. Visuomotor co-ordination in VR may be disrupted. VR training environments may need adjustment to address visuomotor differences and should be designed to deliver feedback consistent with real-world performance expectations.</p>","PeriodicalId":93999,"journal":{"name":"European journal of sport science","volume":"25 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ejsc.70049","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144918749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effect of Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage on Lower Limb Side Cut Biomechanics and Task Achievement in Male and Female Team Sport Athletes","authors":"Chelsea L. Oxendale,&nbsp;Jamie Highton,&nbsp;Craig Twist,&nbsp;Grace Smith","doi":"10.1002/ejsc.70051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsc.70051","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The effect of exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) on three-dimensional side cut biomechanics and task achievement were assessed in 16 team sport athletes (eight males and eight females) who completed 45° side cuts before and 48 h after multidirectional running. Angular displacement and joint moments of the hip and knee, and GRF impulse (IGRF) during five successful trials of a 45° side cut, were collected using a 3D motion capture system and force platform at both timepoints. At 48 h, participants had more knee internal rotation (<i>p</i> = 0.009), knee abduction ROM (<i>p</i> = 0.002), lower peak knee extensor moment (<i>p</i> = 0.001) and a higher hip-knee extensor ratio moment (<i>p</i> = 0.020). Large increases in IGRF at 48 h in females (<i>d</i>; ± 95% CI: 1.4; ± 1.4, <i>p</i> = 0.037) suggest a less effective deceleration capacity. Whilst EIMD had no effect on side cut task achievement and sagittal kinematics, EIMD caused participants to shift the extensor demands away from the knee and towards the hip to decelerate the body. Practitioners should be mindful of potential increases in frontal and transverse motions at the knee for athletes with EIMD, which might have implications for strategies to reduce injury risk.</p>","PeriodicalId":93999,"journal":{"name":"European journal of sport science","volume":"25 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ejsc.70051","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144918751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental Induction of State Rumination in Youth Soccer Players on the Pitch: How Can We Evaluate an Effect of Rumination on Soccer-Specific Performance?","authors":"Alena Michel-Kröhler,&nbsp;Stefan Berti","doi":"10.1002/ejsc.70021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsc.70021","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Based on the goal progress theory, we examined whether cueing an unresolved goal triggers state rumination in athletes and consequently leads to performance deterioration. However, experimental approaches are usually conducted in the laboratory and only rarely in the field. Therefore, the aim of this proof-of-concept study was to verify whether the findings obtained in previous experimental studies could be transferred and confirmed in the field. For this purpose, the study was applied during regular training sessions. Fifty soccer players (<i>f</i> = 17, <i>m</i> = 33, age range: 14–18 years; <i>M</i>_age = 16.38) were divided into three different conditions—one experimental condition in which a goal-related rumination was induced and two control conditions in which a comparable goal-related induction or a neutral task was performed. Before and after the inductions during athletic practice, soccer players performed a sport-specific test to examine potential changes in athletes' performance as a function of condition and answered questions related to their state rumination. Different mixed ANOVAs were performed to examine (1) whether we could significantly elicit rumination in soccer players and (2) whether the application of the experimental procedure had an impact on performance in the subsequent sport-specific test. Two main findings were identified: First, the experimental procedure generally transfers well to the field. Second, however, the expected effects of state rumination on performance in the sport-specific test were not obtained. Reasons for the lack of clear effects and approaches for future research are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":93999,"journal":{"name":"European journal of sport science","volume":"25 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ejsc.70021","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144905625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Resistance Training Beyond Momentary Failure: The Effects of Past-Failure Partials Versus Initial Partials on Calf Muscle Hypertrophy Among a Resistance-Trained Cohort","authors":"Stian Larsen,&nbsp;Nordis Ø. Sandberg,&nbsp;Brad J. Schoenfeld,&nbsp;Andrea B. Fredriksen,&nbsp;Benjamin S. Kristiansen,&nbsp;Milo Wolf,&nbsp;Roland van den Tillaar,&nbsp;Paul A. Swinton,&nbsp;Hallvard N. Falch","doi":"10.1002/ejsc.70030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsc.70030","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study compared calf training with initial partial repetitions versus full range-of-motion (ROM) repetitions followed by past-failure partials on gastrocnemius hypertrophy. Twenty-three participants (men: <i>n</i> = 16 and women: <i>n</i> = 7) performed four sets of unilateral Smith machine calf raises to momentary failure twice a week for 8 weeks. One leg was trained using initial partials to their individualized maximum dorsiflexion ROM. The contralateral leg was trained with a full ROM and continued with past-failure partials after failure in peak plantarflexion. Medial gastrocnemius muscle thickness was measured with ultrasonography both baseline and postintervention. A Bayesian framework was used to estimate the average treatment effect (ATE) using credible intervals and Bayes factors (BFs). The ATE posterior distribution indicated a greater increase in muscle hypertrophy for the initial partial condition (0.40 [95% CrI: −0.06 to 0.85 mm]; <i>p</i> (&gt; 0) = 0.958), with a BF of 1.2 suggesting “anecdotal” evidence in favor of an effect. Within-condition analyses using standardized mean difference estimates indicated that the interventions were likely to produce medium to large improvements. These findings suggest that both initial partials and past-failure partials are viable strategies for achieving gastrocnemius hypertrophy. Although the average change favored initial partials, the estimated difference was uncertain, and the Bayes factor provided only anecdotal support for a differential effect.</p>","PeriodicalId":93999,"journal":{"name":"European journal of sport science","volume":"25 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ejsc.70030","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144894189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction to Serum metabolomic adaptations following a 12-week high-intensity interval training combined to citrulline supplementation in obese older adults","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/ejsc.12168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsc.12168","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Layale Youssef, Sylvère Durand, Fanny Aprahamian, Deborah Lefevre, Mélanie Bourgin, Maria Chiara Maiuri, Maude Dulac, Guy Hajj-Boutros, Vincent Marcangeli, Fanny Buckinx, Eva Peyrusqué, José A. Morais, Pierrette Gaudreau, Gilles Gouspillou, Guido Kroemer, Mylène Aubertin-Leheudre &amp; Philippe Noirez, <i>European Journal of Sport Science</i>, 2023; 23; 2157–2169. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2023.2213185.</p><p>The order of the reference citations has been corrected throughout the republished article.</p><p>We apologize for this error.</p>","PeriodicalId":93999,"journal":{"name":"European journal of sport science","volume":"25 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ejsc.12168","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144891786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Development and Validation of a Questionnaire That Assesses Female Athletes’ and Coaches’ Knowledge of the Menstrual Cycle","authors":"Katharina Fischer,&nbsp;Elisabeth Maria Kirschbaum,&nbsp;Lucie Nikoleizig,&nbsp;Franziska Lautenbach,&nbsp;Kerry McGawley,&nbsp;Anne-Marie Elbe","doi":"10.1002/ejsc.70019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsc.70019","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this study, a menstrual cycle knowledge questionnaire (MCKQ) for female athletes and coaches was developed and validated. Items for an initial questionnaire (Pre-MCKQ) were generated from existing questionnaires and supplemented by three experienced gynaecologists. The 21-item Pre-MCKQ was piloted on a sample of 325 recreational female athletes, 27 female coaches and 19 male coaches. Each item's difficulty and item–total correlation scores were assessed, and the final MCKQ was reduced to 12 items. Eighteen experts rated the 12-item MCKQ for relevance (<i>M</i> = 5.4 and SD = 0.8) and clarity (<i>M</i> = 5.4, SD = 1.0) using a 6-point Likert scale. The 12-item MCKQ was then completed by 562 elite female athletes and 170 coaches (55 female, 114 male and 1 other). Test–retest reliability was assessed with a separate cohort of sport science students (<i>n</i> = 64). The mean difficulty index was 57%, and the mean item–total correlation was <i>r</i> = 0.36. Cronbach's alpha of 0.73 indicates that the questionnaire is reliable and test–retest reliability was strong. Knowledge test scores differed significantly among female athletes, female coaches and male coaches (<i>F</i> (2,728) = 8.59, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.01 and <i>ηp</i>^<i>2</i> = 0.02, respectively), demonstrating construct validity. Additionally, participants who rated their knowledge of the menstrual cycle as higher scored significantly better than those with lower self-ratings (<i>F</i> (5,726) = 38.45, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.01, <i>ηp</i>^<i>2</i> = 0.21). In conclusion, the 12-item MCKQ appears to be a valid and reliable tool to assess the menstrual cycle knowledge of female athletes and coaches.</p>","PeriodicalId":93999,"journal":{"name":"European journal of sport science","volume":"25 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ejsc.70019","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144892504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Solo Versus Tandem Cycling Performance: The Whole Is Less Than the Sum of the Parts","authors":"Albert Smit,&nbsp;Julia Boschker,&nbsp;Stephan van der Zwaard,&nbsp;Ina Janssen,&nbsp;Thomas W. J. Janssen,&nbsp;Mathijs J. Hofmijster","doi":"10.1002/ejsc.70032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsc.70032","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Tandem cycling is a Paralympic discipline where two cyclists share one bicycle and requires synchronization and shared effort. In this study, we investigated how individual performance on a solo bicycle compares to tandem cycling. Twelve trained cyclists, that were unfamiliar with tandem cycling, completed a submaximal cycling test, a 30 s Wingate test, and a 10 min time trial under solo and tandem conditions. Performance metrics included gross efficiency, maximal power output, mean power output, heart rate, and cadence. The results showed that mean power output during the 10 min time trial was significantly lower on a tandem than on a solo bicycle (257 ± 66 W vs. 282 ± 80 W and <i>p</i> = 0.004), whereas cadence was higher (102.0 ± 7.7 rpm vs. 93.6 ± 4.7 rpm and <i>p</i> = 0.002). Gross efficiency, maximal power output, mean power output over 30 s, and heart rate over 10 min did not differ significantly between solo and tandem cycling. These findings suggest that although tandem cycling influences cadence and power, it does not reduce efficiency or short-duration maximal performance. Given the differences in power output and cadence, coaches and athletes should carefully interpret solo cycling performance metrics when applied to tandem racing and training, especially in novice tandem cyclists. Future research should investigate the role of power output matching and tandem experience, and further explore the interaction between pilot and stoker to optimize performance outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":93999,"journal":{"name":"European journal of sport science","volume":"25 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ejsc.70032","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144888524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Machine Learning in Rugby Union: Predicting and Identifying Key Performance Indicators for Professional Rugby Union Players in Match Play Based Workload","authors":"Xiangyu Ren,&nbsp;Simon Boisbluche,&nbsp;Kilian Philippe,&nbsp;Mathieu Demy,&nbsp;Sami Äyrämö,&nbsp;Ilkka Rautiainen,&nbsp;Shuzhe Ding,&nbsp;Jacques Prioux","doi":"10.1002/ejsc.70042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsc.70042","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Rugby union is an intermittent high-intensity contact sport requiring the analysis of various training and match metrics. Time-motion analysis and video analysis have enhanced the understanding of the interplay between these two factors. However, limited studies have investigated the effect of workload on key performance indicators (KPIs) during matches. In this study, data collected from the global positioning system (GPS) were used to calculate cumulative workload values over 7, 14, and 21 days prior to each game. After dimensionality reduction through principal component analysis (PCA), these workload values were employed as features, with game KPIs as target variables. Modeling was conducted using linear regression (LR), support vector regression (SVR), random forest regression (RFR), and light gradient boosting machine (LightGBM) for regression tasks. The superiority of the model was assessed by coefficient of determination (<span></span><math></math>), root mean square error (<span></span><math></math>), and correlation coefficient (<span></span><math></math>). The findings revealed that although individual GPS metrics exhibited weak correlations with KPIs, machine learning (ML) models particularly RFR, successfully captured complex interactions and nonlinear relationships. These models achieved significantly improved predictive performance, with <span></span><math></math> values ranging from 0.40 to 0.72 for certain KPIs. Using SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) analysis and partial dependence plots, this study enhanced the interpretability of ML models by identifying the influence of GPS features on KPIs and exploring their underlying mechanisms. These findings offer actionable insights for workload management, emphasizing critical factors that affect player performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":93999,"journal":{"name":"European journal of sport science","volume":"25 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ejsc.70042","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144891665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stability of Hold and Postural Control During Static Hold Assessment Can Provide Valuable Information for Biathlon Standing Shooting but Aiming Strategy Should Be Acknowledged","authors":"Miika Köykkä,&nbsp;Marko S. Laaksonen,&nbsp;Keijo Ruotsalainen,&nbsp;Vesa Linnamo","doi":"10.1002/ejsc.70045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsc.70045","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study investigated stability of hold and postural control in a static holding task and a biathlon standing shooting task, and shooting performance, examining the associations between these tasks and potential differences between biathletes employing a hold-based (HBS) or timing-based (TBS) aiming strategy. Twenty-two biathletes completed a static holding test in the standing shooting posture (Holding) and a biathlon standing shooting test (Shooting) using dry shots. Postural control was evaluated using force platforms, and stability of hold was assessed using a Vicon motion capture system (Holding) and a Noptel training device (Shooting). Of the stability of hold measures, links between the tasks were observed in aiming point vertical standard deviation (<i>R</i> = 0.78) and vertical mean velocity (<i>R</i> = 0.74) in HBS and in vertical mean velocity (<i>R</i> = 0.62) in TBS (all <i>P</i> &lt; 0.05). Regardless of aiming strategy, most postural control measures in Holding correlated with their counterparts in Shooting (<i>R</i> = 0.48 to 0.94 and <i>P</i> &lt; 0.05) and shooting performance (hit point distance from the centre of the target) correlated with stability of hold measured during Holding (<i>R</i> = 0.74 and <i>P</i> &lt; 0.001). Among the postural control measures, shooting performance was only clearly linked to front leg postural control measured during Holding in TBS (<i>R</i> = 0.87 and <i>P</i> &lt; 0.003). These findings suggest that static holding ability and postural control are important in biathlon standing shooting regardless of aiming strategy but aiming dynamics during Holding align more closely with the practices of HBS during their shooting.</p>","PeriodicalId":93999,"journal":{"name":"European journal of sport science","volume":"25 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ejsc.70045","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144888235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lower Prevalence of Disordered Eating Behaviours Among Norwegian Female Athletes Compared to Non-Athletes: A Cross-Sectional Survey Using the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire","authors":"Mimmi M. S. Vedenpää,&nbsp;Edvard H. Sagelv,&nbsp;Monica Klungland Torstveit,&nbsp;Kristin Benjaminsen Borch,&nbsp;John Owen Osborne","doi":"10.1002/ejsc.70043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsc.70043","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The purpose of this study was to report and compare the prevalence of disordered eating behaviours (DEBs) among Norwegian female athletes of different competition levels and sport types, and non-athletes of different physical activity levels. A total of 565 females (athletes: <i>n</i> = 189; non-athletes: <i>n</i> = 376) completed the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire 6.0 (EDE-Q). Athletes were categorised as recreational (<i>n</i> = 72), national (<i>n</i> = 94), or elite (<i>n</i> = 23), while non-athlete females were sedentary (<i>n</i> = 111) or physically active but non-competitive (exercisers: <i>n</i> = 265). A global EDE-Q score of &gt; 2.5 was considered as increased risk of an eating disorder. Data were modelled using linear or logistic regression, adjusted for body mass index (BMI), age category, and education level. Global EDE-Q score was lower among recreational (mean [95% confidence interval]): (1.73 [1.31, 2.14]; <i>p</i> = 0.003; <i>d</i> = 0.50) and national-level athletes (1.89 [1.52,2.26]; <i>p</i> = 0.024; <i>d =</i> 0.39) compared to exercisers (2.47 [2.19,2.75]), with recreational athletes also scoring lower than sedentary females (2.43 [2.09,2.78]; <i>p</i> = 0.022; <i>d</i> = 0.47). Leanness focused sports had higher restraint (<i>p</i> = 0.046; <i>d =</i> 0.30) and eating concern (<i>p</i> = 0.025; <i>d</i> = 0.35) subscale scores compared to non-leanness focused sports. Recreational- or national-level athletes scored on average lower DEB symptoms using EDE-Q, compared to sedentary and physical-active non-athletes. No EDE-Q difference was found between competition levels. Leanness focused sport athletes were more concerned about eating behaviours and had higher restraint than athletes from non-leanness focused sports. These findings suggest that sport participation may be associated with lower or higher disordered eating symptoms, depending on competitive level and type of sport, highlighting the complexity of these relationships in physically active females.</p>","PeriodicalId":93999,"journal":{"name":"European journal of sport science","volume":"25 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ejsc.70043","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144870015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}