European journal of sport science最新文献

{"title":"Effect of Class, Sex, and Final Rank on the Time Distribution Across Terrains During Para Cross-Country Skiing Races","authors":"Julia K. Baumgart,&nbsp;Jan Kocbach,&nbsp;Maleen Podolski,&nbsp;Øyvind Sandbakk,&nbsp;Anna Cecilia Severin","doi":"10.1002/ejsc.12259","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsc.12259","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Para cross-country (XC) skiers compete in race courses with different terrains (uphill, downhill, and undulated) across several classes in three categories (visually, standing, and sitting impaired). The objectives were to investigate (1) the distribution of distance and relative race time spent in different terrains (%RT_Terr) across different races, and (2) the association of class with %RT_Terr while adjusting for sex and final rank. Sixty-eight Para XC skiers were tracked with GNSS sensors during middle- and long-distance races at two World Championships. Linear mixed models were used to investigate the association of class with %RT_Terr while adjusting for sex and final rank. The relative distance covered in each terrain (uphill: 17%–42%, downhill: 27%–46%, and undulated: 12%–56%) and corresponding %RT_Terr (uphill: 20%–58%, downhill: 16%–30%, and undulated: 12%–57%) varied across races. Nevertheless, individual %RT_Terr was relatively consistent among the Para cross-country skiers within each race. There was no significant effect of class on %RT_Terr for sitting and standing skiers, indicating that the differences between classes are similar or smaller than those between individual skiers within a class. In contrast, there was a significant effect of class on %RT_Terr for the visually impaired skiers (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.019). Furthermore, lower ranked skiers spent ∼0.1–0.25%pt more time in the uphill terrain per rank (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001 for all categories) and ∼0.05–0.25%pt less time in the downhill terrain per rank (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.01). Finally, women skiers spent significantly more of their %RT_Terr in the uphill terrain (∼1.3–2.3%pt, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.04) and less in the downhill terrain (∼1.0–2%pt, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.01). Given the small sample size within most classes, our findings need to be interpreted with caution.</p>","PeriodicalId":93999,"journal":{"name":"European journal of sport science","volume":"25 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ejsc.12259","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143497268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tackle Characteristics Resulting in Potential Head Injuries in Elite Men's Rugby League: A Video Analysis Study of 746 Tackles","authors":"James Woodward,&nbsp;Ben Jones,&nbsp;Gemma Phillips,&nbsp;Kevin Till,&nbsp;Sharief Hendricks,&nbsp;Ross Tucker,&nbsp;Chris Bleakley,&nbsp;Gregory Tierney","doi":"10.1002/ejsc.12270","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsc.12270","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Contact with the head should be avoided during a rugby league tackle, given the inherent risks of head injuries. This study aimed to characterise a sample of tackles, retrospectively identified as resulting in a potential head injury by the Rugby Football League (RFL) match review panel.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Design</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Retrospective video analysis study.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>746 tackles, identified by the RFL match review panel from the men's 2018 and 2019 Super League seasons, were analysed. Video clips were coded using an adapted analysis framework, characterising tackle stage, head contact, affected player, offending player/surface, offending body part/surface and tackle sanctioning. Data were reported as frequencies and percentages.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The majority of tackles resulting in a potential head injury occurred in the initial tackle contact stage (<i>n</i> = 590, 79.2%). The ball-carrier was most frequently affected (<i>n</i> = 372, 49.9%) compared to initial tacklers (<i>n</i> = 213, 28.6%). The initial tackler was the most frequently impacting player (<i>n</i> = 268, 36.0%), with the majority of potential head injuries occurring from direct head contact by the arm (<i>n</i> = 230, 34.1%), shoulder (<i>n</i> = 170, 25.2%) and head/neck (<i>n</i> = 145, 21.5%) of the impacting player. Head contact was present in 90.6% (<i>n</i> = 675) of the tackles resulting in a potential head injury. Of the sample of tackles, 16.1% (<i>n</i> = 109) of direct head contact events received a sanction from on-field match officials.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The initial tackle contact between the ball-carrier and initial tackler remains the area of focus for research into potential head injuries in elite-level men's rugby league, to improve awareness and understanding of the mechanisms of injury.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":93999,"journal":{"name":"European journal of sport science","volume":"25 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ejsc.12270","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143489770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predicting Sprint Potential: A Machine Learning Model Based on Blood Metabolite Profiles in Young Male Athletes","authors":"Jingfeng Chen,&nbsp;Yuhang Qian,&nbsp;Yuansheng Xu","doi":"10.1002/ejsc.12272","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsc.12272","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study aims to utilize male blood metabolite signatures for (i) distinguishing between healthy individuals and athletes, thereby optimizing the athlete screening process; and (ii) predicting athletic performance in 100, 200, and 400 m sprints, enhancing precompetition preparation and intervention strategies. Initially, we employed nontargeted metabolomics to analyze the blood metabolome of healthy individuals (<i>n</i> = 10) and athletes (<i>n</i> = 10), identifying differential expressed metabolites (DEMs) potentially related to athletic performance through differential analysis, consensus clustering, WGCNA, and UMAP analysis. Subsequently, using LASSO-Cox analysis, we refined our selection to two core DEMs: HMDB0012085 (Sphingomyelin (d18:0/14:0)) and HMDB0009224 (Phosphatidylethanolamine(20:0/18:1(9Z))) associated with athletic performance. We then applied targeted metabolomics to measure the levels of these DEMs in a larger cohort, including healthy individuals (<i>n</i> = 50) and athletes (<i>n</i> = 100), revealing a significant increase in the levels of HMDB0012085 and HMDB0009224 in athletes compared to healthy individuals. Utilizing 13 machine learning classification methods, we demonstrated that the levels of HMDB0012085 and HMDB0009224 in blood effectively differentiate between healthy individuals and athletes. Notably, HMDB0012085 exhibits greater feature importance across multiple algorithms compared to HMDB0009224. Specifically, in decision trees (94.1 vs. 5.9), random forests (60.7 vs. 39.3), gradient boosting trees (91.5 vs. 8.5), CatBoost (61.7 vs. 38.3), ExtraTrees (64.7 vs. 35.3), and XGBoost (74.5 vs. 25.5). Finally, we found a significant negative correlation between the levels of HMDB0012085 and HMDB0009224 in whole blood and sprint times for 100, 200, and 400 m races. In conclusion, HMDB0012085 and HMDB0009224 in whole blood hold promise as biomarkers for predicting athletic potential in males.</p>","PeriodicalId":93999,"journal":{"name":"European journal of sport science","volume":"25 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ejsc.12272","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143481529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Muscle soreness but not neuromuscular fatigue responses following downhill running differ according to the number of exercise bouts","authors":"Bastien Bontemps,&nbsp;Julien Louis,&nbsp;Daniel J. Owens,&nbsp;Stella Miríc,&nbsp;Fabrice Vercruyssen,&nbsp;Mathieu Gruet,&nbsp;Robert M. Erskine","doi":"10.1002/ejsc.12240","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsc.12240","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Repeated sessions of eccentric-biased exercise promote strength gains through neuromuscular adaptation. However, it remains unclear whether increasing the number of these sessions can mitigate the extent of neuromuscular fatigue and exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) in response to a standardised eccentric-biased bout. Twelve healthy untrained adults (five females and seven males; 25.1 ± 4.9 years; and <span></span><math></math>: 49.4 ± 6.2 mL kg⁻¹ min⁻¹) completed two blocks of five downhill running (DR) sessions on a motorised treadmill at a speed equivalent to 60%–65% <span></span><math></math> for 15–30 min. Knee extensor maximal voluntary isometric torque (MVT), electrically evoked measures of neuromuscular fatigue (peripheral and central components), and lower-limb perceived muscle soreness (PMS) and perceived load (RPE × session duration) were assessed before and immediately after a 15 min standardised DR bout at baseline and after 5 and 10 DR sessions. MVT decreased following a standardised DR bout (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.01) similarly at all three time points (−14%, −11% and −9%; <i>p</i> &gt; 0.05). The same observations were found for all peripheral and central neuromuscular fatigue indicators after 0, 5 and 10 DR sessions. <i>Quadriceps</i> (but not <i>plantar flexor</i> or <i>gluteus</i>) PMS was lower after 10 DR sessions (8.7 ± 8.5 mm) compared to baseline (29.6 ± 22.2 mm and <i>p</i> = 0.01), but no difference was observed after 5 DR sessions (15.4 ± 11.9 mm and <i>p</i> = 0.08). Ten repeated sessions of eccentric-biased exercise led to a reduction in <i>quadriceps femoris</i> PMS following a standardised DR bout but neither 5 nor 10 sessions altered the central or peripheral fatigue responses to the same standardised DR bout. These findings suggest distinct physiological adaptations to repeated eccentric-biased exercise regarding EIMD and neuromuscular fatigue.</p>","PeriodicalId":93999,"journal":{"name":"European journal of sport science","volume":"25 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ejsc.12240","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143475766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Daily Social Media Use on Smartphones Before Training on Attack Efficiency and Repeated Vertical Jump Ability in Young Male Volleyball Players: A Randomized and Crossover Trial","authors":"Carlos Freitas-Junior,&nbsp;Fabio Nakamura,&nbsp;Yago Costa,&nbsp;Gilmário Batista,&nbsp;Leonardo Fortes","doi":"10.1002/ejsc.12258","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsc.12258","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This investigation observed the repeated effect of using social media on smartphones immediately before training sessions on attack efficiency (AE) and repeat-vertical jumping ability (RVJA) in young volleyball athletes. A crossover study involved 14 volleyball athletes (17.57 ± 0.65 years of age). For three weeks, the athletes participated in their training routines under two experimental conditions: using social media (SMA) and watching documentaries (DOC), both for 30 min before the training sessions. Before and after the three weeks, the athletes had their AE and RVJA evaluated. The AE test consisted of performing 6 attacks, with the total score obtained by adding the product of the score and the speed of each attempt. RVJA was assessed using the intermittent vertical jump test of four sets of 15 s (IJT₆₀), with the average heights of the best series of 15 s (H_peak) and the total time (H_mean) used for analysis. The visual analog scale revealed an increase in subjective mental fatigue for both conditions (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05), with SMA having higher levels compared to DOC (<i>p</i> = 0.02). There were improvements in AE for DOC compared to SMA (<i>p</i> = 0.03). No differences were found between the experimental conditions for Hpeak and Hmean. The results demonstrated that using social media on smartphones immediately before training sessions caused mental fatigue and impaired AE in young volleyball athletes.</p>","PeriodicalId":93999,"journal":{"name":"European journal of sport science","volume":"25 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ejsc.12258","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143466144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing the number of players and training bout durations in soccer small-sided games: Effects on mood balance and technical performance","authors":"Zouhaier Farhani,&nbsp;Hatem Ghouili,&nbsp;Wissem Dhahbi,&nbsp;Achraf Ammar,&nbsp;Mohamed Ben Aissa,&nbsp;Mohamed Mansour Bouzouraa,&nbsp;Khaled Trabelsi,&nbsp;Noomen Guelmami,&nbsp;Nizar Souissi,&nbsp;Ismail Dergaa,&nbsp;Anissa Bouassida,&nbsp;Lamia Ben Ezzeddine","doi":"10.1002/ejsc.12208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsc.12208","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study aimed to determine the effects of different bout durations (1 × 12 min, 2 × 6 min and 3 × 4 min) of three-a-side (3vs3) and four-a-side (4vs4) small sided games (SSGs) with goalkeepers, on the profile of mood state (POMS) scores, and technical performance (percentage of successful passes, percentage of successful tackles, percentage of successful duels, and percentage of ball loss) in soccer players. Methods: Sixteen semiprofessional male soccer players participated in the study (age: 20.7 ± 0.7 years, height: 179.5 ± 6.1 cm, body mass: 67.2 ± 4.9 kg, body fat: 10.7 ± 0.7%). In randomized counterbalanced order, participants completed the six different conditioned SSGs (2 playing-formats × 3 bout-durations). POMS scores and technical performance data were collected during each bout of SSGs. Results: The data demonstrated that the continuous-bout-duration (1 × 12 min) of 4vs4 and 3vs3 SSGs was characterized by a significant decrease in total mood disturbance (TMD) compared to 2 × 6 min and 3 × 4 min (4vs4:<i>p</i> &lt; 0.01; 3vs3:<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). Continuous bout duration showed a greater (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05) percentage of successful passes compared to 2 × 6 min (4vs4; <i>d</i> = 2.57 [very large] and 3vs3: <i>d</i> = 1.79 [large]) and 3 × 4 min (4vs4: <i>d</i> = 2.14 [very large] and 3vs3; <i>d</i> = 1.73 [large]). The percentage of successful tackles was only greater (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05) for 1 × 12 min in 4vs4 (2 × 6 min; <i>d</i> = 0.83 [moderate] and 3 × 4 min: <i>d</i> = 0.86 [moderate]) and successful duels in 3vs3 (2 × 6 min; <i>d</i> = 1.41 [large] and 3 × 4 min; <i>d</i> = 1.43 [large]). Conclusion: The bout durations in four- and three-a-side soccer games seem to influence behavioral and technical performance of the players. Therefore, coaches should consider longer continuous bouts when planning SSGs-based training to significantly decrease TMD and enhance technical-tactical performance in soccer SSGs.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":93999,"journal":{"name":"European journal of sport science","volume":"25 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ejsc.12208","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143438827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Perceived motivational climate, doping attitudes, and doping temptation among elite adolescent athletes: The moderating role of perfectionism","authors":"Jan Åge Kristensen,&nbsp;Maria Kavussanu,&nbsp;Yngvar Ommundsen","doi":"10.1002/ejsc.12244","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsc.12244","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A sports culture that emphasizes normative success, as evident in a performance motivational climate, may encourage athletes to use prohibited performance-enhancing substances. Athletes with perfectionistic tendencies are believed to be particularly tempted to doping when finding themselves in such sporting environments. In this study, we examined whether perceived motivational climate was related to doping temptation directly and indirectly via doping attitudes and whether perfectionism moderated this indirect relationship. The sample comprised 420 adolescent athletes aged 16–18 years (mean age = 16.94 and standard deviation = 0.81) recruited from five Norwegian sport academy high schools. Regression analysis revealed that athletes' perceptions of a performance climate were positively related to their temptation to dope both directly and indirectly via doping attitudes, and that this indirect relationship was stronger among athletes who were moderate or high in their perfectionistic concerns. No direct or indirect relationships were found between mastery climate and doping temptation, nor did perfectionistic strivings moderate the indirect relationship between mastery climate and doping temptation via doping attitudes. Taken together, our findings suggest that athletes who perceive their sport environment as performance-oriented and believe that the benefits of using prohibited substances outweigh the drawbacks are more tempted to dope. Moreover, this tendency is particularly notable among athletes who are moderately or strongly concerned about making mistakes (i.e., have perfectionistic concerns).</p>","PeriodicalId":93999,"journal":{"name":"European journal of sport science","volume":"25 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ejsc.12244","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143431673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effect of Proximity-To-Failure on Perceptual Responses to Resistance Training","authors":"Martin C. Refalo,&nbsp;Eric R. Helms,&nbsp;D. Lee Hamilton,&nbsp;Jackson J. Fyfe","doi":"10.1002/ejsc.12266","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsc.12266","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Perceptual responses may influence how much pleasure or displeasure an individual experiences during or following resistance training (RT). Resistance-trained males (<i>n</i> = 12) and females (<i>n</i> = 6) completed an 8-week intervention involving two RT sessions per week. The lower limbs of each participant were randomised to perform the leg press and leg extension exercises either to (i) momentary muscular failure (FAIL) or (ii) a perceived 2-RIR and 1-RIR, respectively, for the entire intervention. In weeks one, four, and eight, post-set ratings of perceived discomfort (RPD), and post-session ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and general feelings via feeling scale (FS) were measured. Data were analysed with Bayesian mixed-effect models. When averaged over all time points measured, results showed slightly greater RPD for FAIL [5.1 (HDI: 4.2–6.0); <i>pd</i> = 100%] versus RIR [4.1 (HDI: 3.2–5.1); <i>pd</i> = 100%], greater RPE for FAIL [5.4 (HDI: 4.6–6.3); <i>pd</i> = 100%] versus RIR [4.3 (HDI: 3.5–5.1); <i>pd</i> = 100%], and more positive general feelings for RIR [1.2 (HDI: 0.7–1.8); <i>pd</i> = 100%] versus FAIL [0.3 (HDI: −0.3 to 0.8); <i>pd</i> = 86%]. Overall, assessing perceptual responses may help inform RIR prescription to promote desired outcomes whilst limiting negative feelings that may compromise long-term adherence.</p>","PeriodicalId":93999,"journal":{"name":"European journal of sport science","volume":"25 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ejsc.12266","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143431688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex Differences in Grip Strength From Birth to Age 16: A Meta-Analysis","authors":"James L. Nuzzo","doi":"10.1002/ejsc.12268","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsc.12268","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In 1985, Thomas and French published results of a meta-analysis that examined sex differences in grip strength in children 5 years of age and older. Their analysis included results from only four studies, and no update has been published. The purpose of the current study was to use meta-analysis to examine sex differences in grip strength from birth to age 16. The analysis included 808 effects from 169 studies conducted in 45 countries between 1961 and 2023. The total sample was 353,676 (178,588 boys, 175,088 girls). From birth to 16 years of age, grip strength was consistently greater in boys than girls. Between 3 and 10 years old, the effect size was small-to-moderate, with female grip strength equaling 90% of male grip strength (Hedges <i>g</i> = 0.33–0.46). At age 11, the effect size decreased slightly, likely due to girls reaching puberty before boys (<i>g</i> = 0.29, 95% confidence intervals (CI) [0.22, 0.35]). At age 13, the effect size increased markedly likely due to male puberty (<i>g</i> = 0.63, 95% CIs [0.55, 0.70]). By age 16, the sex difference in grip strength was substantial, with female grip strength equaling 65% of male grip strength (<i>g</i> = 2.07, 95% CIs [1.86, 2.27]). Secondary analyses revealed that the sex difference in grip strength is broadly similar between countries and has been mostly stable since the 1960s, except for a narrowing of the difference among 5–10-year-olds after 2010. Various biological factors explain why, on average, boys are stronger than girls from birth onward.</p>","PeriodicalId":93999,"journal":{"name":"European journal of sport science","volume":"25 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ejsc.12268","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143423761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Having the Heart to Exercise Control: Cardiac Interoception Influences Self-Paced Exercise Regulation","authors":"J. B. Butterworth,&nbsp;J. Dekerle,&nbsp;A. Greenhouse-Tucknott,&nbsp;H. D. Critchley,&nbsp;N. J. Smeeton","doi":"10.1002/ejsc.12263","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsc.12263","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The aim of this study was to examine the role of cardiac interoception on self-regulated (Experiment 1) and externally prescribed (Experiment 2) exercises. Cardiac interoception was assessed using heartbeat tracking and discrimination tasks in both experiments. Based on heartbeat discrimination performance, participants were partitioned into groups demonstrating GOOD and POOR cardiac interoceptive accuracy. In Experiment 1, 20 participants completed two self-regulated 20-min cycling tasks at two intensities (<i>light</i> rated physical exertion [RPE on Borg Scale = 10] vs. <i>hard-to-very hard</i>, RPE = 16). During self-regulated exercise, the POOR cardiac interoception group showed lower differences in their exercise work rates and physiological responses between <i>light</i> and <i>hard-to-very hard</i> intensity exercises. These differences were partly attributable to a higher work rate over the first 5 min of <i>light</i> intensity exercise and a higher initial rate of work in the first min of <i>hard-to-very hard</i> intensity exercise. In Experiment 2, 15 participants completed an externally prescribed, constant-load cycling task performed at 80% of the peak power output, to task failure. During externally prescribed exercise, GOOD and POOR groups did not differ in their time-to-task failure nor in their physiological and perceptual responses to the exercise. Together these findings demonstrate that individual differences in interoceptive accuracy influence the regulation of self-paced exercise but do not affect externally prescribed exercise tolerance under constant load.</p>","PeriodicalId":93999,"journal":{"name":"European journal of sport science","volume":"25 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ejsc.12263","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143423764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}