Zhongbin Fei, Jihua Zhang, Huanhuan Guo, Renjie Yang
{"title":"Optimizing Fire Suppression Strategies for Lithium-Ion Battery Thermal Runaway: A Comparative Study of Foam-Based Extinguishing Protocols","authors":"Zhongbin Fei, Jihua Zhang, Huanhuan Guo, Renjie Yang","doi":"10.1002/elsa.70019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/elsa.70019","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The rapid adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) has intensified the focus on lithium-ion battery (LIB) fire safety, particularly the risks posed by thermal runaway (TR). This study evaluates the performance of a novel foam-based fire extinguishing agent under two distinct application protocols: Protocol 1, employing intermittent short-duration sprays, and Protocol 2, involving an initial prolonged spray followed by intermittent applications. Within the two tested configuration–protocol pairs, the intermittent-spray protocol achieved 2.75 times greater extinguishing efficiency than the prolonged-spray protocol, while conserving resources and providing sustained cooling. Soft-pack LIBs, with their layered structure, facilitated deeper foam penetration, resulting in faster cooling (2.8°C/s) and effective smoke suppression. In contrast, hard-shell LIBs, characterized by their rigid design, exhibited slower cooling (1.10°C/s) and prolonged smoke dissipation due to limited foam diffusion. These findings emphasize the importance of tailoring suppression strategies to battery design and highlight the superior performance of intermittent foam application. This work provides a framework for optimizing fire safety protocols in large LIB storage systems with freely accessible battery packs and offers configuration-specific insights rather than a full protocol ranking.</p>","PeriodicalId":93746,"journal":{"name":"Electrochemical science advances","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/elsa.70019","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146136121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"High-Power Alkali-Free Direct Formate Fuel Cell Enabled by Optimized Ionomer Loading With a Cation-Exchange Membrane","authors":"Yiming Wang, Fahimah Abd Lah Halim, Madihah Miskan, Kakeru Fujiwara, Yugo Osaka, Akio Kodama, Takuya Tsujiguchi","doi":"10.1002/elsa.70017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/elsa.70017","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Direct formate fuel cells (DFFCs) provide a safe liquid-fuel pathway for renewable energy storage, yet achieving high performance under alkali-free conditions remains challenging due to limitations in ion transport and catalyst-layer structure. Here, for the first time, a cation-exchange membrane (CEM) was combined with cationic ionomers (CI) in both catalyst layers to establish a fully alkali-free configuration, and the effects of ionomer loading were systematically examined. Optimizing the anode ionomer content to ionomer-to-carbon (I/C) ratio of 0.83 produced a well-balanced liquid–catalyst–ionomer triple-phase boundary and improved reaction kinetics. Fuel-composition analysis revealed that Na<sup>+</sup> transport across the CEM accounted for only 20%–30% of the theoretical value, indicating that proton transport dominates charge compensation under alkali-free operation. At the cathode, reducing CI content enhanced oxygen transport by thinning the ionomer film and increasing access to catalytic sites, achieving a peak power density of 92 mW·cm<sup>−2</sup>—over twice that of previously reported alkali-free Na-ion-conducting DFFCs. Although lower ionomer loading increased HCOO<sup>−</sup> crossover and accelerated voltage decay, these results demonstrate that appropriate CI tuning in both electrodes effectively balances oxygen transport, crossover and ion conduction, thereby enabling substantially improved performance in alkali-free DFFCs without external alkali additives.</p>","PeriodicalId":93746,"journal":{"name":"Electrochemical science advances","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/elsa.70017","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146135776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Huize Xue, Milad Torabfam, Jingfei Peng, Hamza Javed, Ella Joasil, Omowunmi Sadik
{"title":"K-MODEL: Kinetic Modelling and Electrochemical Mechanism of Dimethylamine Borane Oxidation","authors":"Huize Xue, Milad Torabfam, Jingfei Peng, Hamza Javed, Ella Joasil, Omowunmi Sadik","doi":"10.1002/elsa.70016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/elsa.70016","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Here, we present K-MODEL (Kinetic Modelling framework for Electrochemical Mechanisms), a practical methodology that integrates electrochemical voltammetry, kinetic parameter extraction and simulation to unravel the electrochemical oxidation mechanism of dimethylamine borane (DMAB). DMAB is a key reducing agent used in hydrogen storage, pharmaceuticals, electroless plating and semiconductor fabrication, yet its reaction mechanism remains only partially understood. Determining kinetic and thermodynamic parameters is essential for understanding redox processes and optimizing electrochemical systems, but such data are often inconsistent or unavailable in literature. In this study, a combination of cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronoamperometry (CA) and hydrodynamic voltammetry (HDV), together with the self-developed open-source tool <i>Envismetrics</i>, was used to determine essential parameters including the diffusion coefficient (<span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mi>D</mi>\u0000 <annotation>$D$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>), standard rate constant (<span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>k</mi>\u0000 <mn>0</mn>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 <annotation>${{k}_0}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>) and formal potential (<span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>E</mi>\u0000 <mi>f</mi>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 <annotation>${{E}_f}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>). Simulations carried out using KISSA-1D software confirmed the experimental findings and identified a three-step continuous oxidation mechanism for DMAB. The formal potentials were determined as <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>−</mo>\u0000 <mn>0.84</mn>\u0000 <mspace></mspace>\u0000 <mi>V</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation>$ - 0.84;{mathrm{V}}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> (<span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>E</mi>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>f</mi>\u0000 <mn>1</mn>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 <annotation>${{E}_{{mathrm{f1}}}}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>), <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mn>0.12</mn>\u0000 <mspace></mspace>\u0000 <mi>V</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation>$0.12;{mathrm{V}}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> (<span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>E</mi>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <","PeriodicalId":93746,"journal":{"name":"Electrochemical science advances","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/elsa.70016","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146136574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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