Electrochemical science advances最新文献

{"title":"Investigating the electrowetting of silver-based gas-diffusion electrodes during oxygen reduction reaction with electrochemical and optical methods","authors":"Fabian Bienen,&nbsp;Melanie C. Paulisch,&nbsp;Thorben Mager,&nbsp;Jens Osiewacz,&nbsp;Manigah Nazari,&nbsp;Markus Osenberg,&nbsp;Barbara Ellendorff,&nbsp;Thomas Turek,&nbsp;Ulrich Nieken,&nbsp;Ingo Manke,&nbsp;K. Andreas Friedrich","doi":"10.1002/elsa.202100158","DOIUrl":"10.1002/elsa.202100158","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Porous gas-diffusion electrodes (GDEs) are widely used in electrochemical applications where a gaseous reactant is converted to a target product. Important applications for silver-based GDEs are the chlor-alkali and the CO₂ electrolysis processes in which silver catalyzes the oxygen- or carbon dioxide reduction reaction. The wetting of the porous GDEs is of utmost importance for the achieved performance of the electrode: a completely dry electrode will result in low current densities due to the reduced active surface area while on the other hand, a completely flooded electrode will deteriorate the access of the gaseous reactant. Therefore, we investigated silver-based GDEs for the oxygen reduction reaction with different amounts of the hydrophobic agent polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and analyzed the potential-induced wetting behavior (electrowetting). The electrolyte breakthrough was recorded by a digital microscope and subsequently evaluated via imaging analysis of the observed breached electrolyte droplets. In order to characterize the wetting state during transition to the steady-state, we applied electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements and retrieved the double-layer capacitance. Our results indicate that a higher overvoltage facilitates the breakthrough of electrolytes through the gas-diffusion electrode. Surprisingly, a faster breakthrough of electrolyte was observed for electrodes with higher PTFE content. Porometry measurements revealed that the GDE with low PTFE content has a monomodal pore size distribution, whereas electrodes with higher PTFE amount exhibit a bimodal pore size distribution. In GDEs with monomodal pore size distribution the time in which the double layer capacitance is leveling off correlates with the breakthrough time of the electrolyte. In summary, we emphasize that the wetting of GDEs is a complex interplay of the applied potential, electrode composition, and resulting porous structure which requires further advanced measurements and analysis considering the parameters affecting the wetting behavior as a whole.</p>","PeriodicalId":93746,"journal":{"name":"Electrochemical science advances","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/elsa.202100158","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45465263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adsorption of ionomer and ionic liquid on model Pt catalysts for polymer electrolyte fuel cells","authors":"Kensaku Kodama,&nbsp;Kenta Motobayashi","doi":"10.1002/elsa.202100183","DOIUrl":"10.1002/elsa.202100183","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The adsorption of the perfluoro-sulfonic acid polymer of Nafion and ionic liquid (IL) of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide on the surface of Pt was investigated via voltammetric analyses, using stepped Pt single-crystal electrodes with (111) terraces and (110) steps, and surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy (SEIRAS) analyses using a Pt polycrystalline electrode. Sulfonate anion in Nafion was adsorbed on the stepped Pt single-crystal electrodes and suppressed the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity by more than 50%, regardless of the terrace width. The IL molecules were preferentially adsorbed on the step sites through a simple IL coating procedure. The SEIRAS analysis indicated that the IL molecules were stable on the Pt surface throughout potential cycles, where the anionic moieties were in contact with the Pt surface and reoriented depending on the potential. The IL modification prior to Nafion coating mitigated ionomer adsorption on the Pt surface. However, the mitigation effect was not reflected in the ORR activity because water production led to IL desorption during the ORR activity measurement. Accordingly, IL modification is a promising method for improving the performance of Pt catalysts in polymer electrolyte fuel cells; however, further studies to prevent the leaching of IL are required for practical applications of this approach.</p>","PeriodicalId":93746,"journal":{"name":"Electrochemical science advances","volume":"3 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/elsa.202100183","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46890831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Polarography with non-mercury electrodes: A review","authors":"Ivan Švancara,&nbsp;Tomáš Mikysek,&nbsp;Milan Sýs","doi":"10.1002/elsa.202100205","DOIUrl":"10.1002/elsa.202100205","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This article reviews non-mercury configurations that have hitherto been reported in the literature as the working electrodes applicable in polarographic measurements. The individual types, namely gallium, liquid amalgams, dropping electrolyte, and carbon fluid electrodes, together with a carbon paste-based assembly or even solid disc electrodes with a periodically renewable surface, are presented, discussed, and critically assessed with respect to their potential employment in the present day's electrochemistry and electroanalysis.</p>","PeriodicalId":93746,"journal":{"name":"Electrochemical science advances","volume":"3 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/elsa.202100205","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46414231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design of tubular high-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells (HT-PEM-FCs): Development, challenges, and perspectives","authors":"María Catalina Bermúdez Agudelo,&nbsp;Manfred J. Hampe","doi":"10.1002/elsa.202100193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/elsa.202100193","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Fuel cells (FCs) have gained a prominent position in recent years within the scientific community and the energy market as an alternative to mitigate the inherent problems in the energy production based on fossil fuels such as the constant reduction of nonrenewable resources, greenhouse gas emissions, and climate change. The versatility of high temperature (HT) proton exchange membrane (PEM) FCs, together with their high efficiency and potentially better performance compared to their counterparts, makes them an excellent candidate to accelerate the transition to more environmental friendly energy sources and processes. In recent years, notable developments in this technology have been reported, focusing on the cell components in a planar arrangement, which is the predominant design for all PEM-FCs. Alternative designs are lagging, even though tubular and conical structures can eventually enhance the power density, decrease sealing areas, and reduce fabrication costs. A lack of information regarding the transition between geometries makes the development and evaluation process tedious and challenging for unconventional architectures. This manuscript describes the development of a novel HT-PEM-FC, pointing out the challenges faced during component manufacturing and the proposed tubular FC perspectives.</p>","PeriodicalId":93746,"journal":{"name":"Electrochemical science advances","volume":"3 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/elsa.202100193","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50141074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trade-off between energy density and fast-charge capability of lithium-ion batteries: A model-based design study of cells with thick electrodes","authors":"Michael Quarti,&nbsp;Andreas Bayer,&nbsp;Wolfgang G. Bessler","doi":"10.1002/elsa.202100161","DOIUrl":"10.1002/elsa.202100161","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Lithium-ion batteries exhibit a well-known trade-off between energy and power, which is problematic for electric vehicles which require both high energy during discharge (high driving range) and high power during charge (fast-charge capability). We use two commercial lithium-ion cells (high-energy [HE] and high-power) to parameterize and validate physicochemical pseudo-two-dimensional models. In a systematic virtual design study, we vary electrode thicknesses, cell temperature, and the type of charging protocol. We are able to show that low anode potentials during charge, inducing lithium plating and cell aging, can be effectively avoided either by using high temperatures or by using a constant-current/constant-potential/constant-voltage charge protocol which includes a constant anode potential phase. We introduce and quantify a specific charging power as the ratio of discharged energy (at slow discharge) and required charging time (at a fast charge). This value is shown to exhibit a distinct optimum with respect to electrode thickness. At 35°C, the optimum was achieved using an HE electrode design, yielding 23.8 Wh/(min L) volumetric charging power at 15.2 min charging time (10% to 80% state of charge) and 517 Wh/L discharge energy density. By analyzing the various overpotential contributions, we were able to show that electrolyte transport losses are dominantly responsible for the insufficient charge and discharge performance of cells with very thick electrodes.</p>","PeriodicalId":93746,"journal":{"name":"Electrochemical science advances","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/elsa.202100161","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46350883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electrochemical reduction of quinones in ethaline chosen as an example of deep eutectic solvent","authors":"Fangchen Zhen,&nbsp;Philippe Hapiot","doi":"10.1002/elsa.202100148","DOIUrl":"10.1002/elsa.202100148","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The electrochemical reduction of a series of substituted benzoquinone have been examined in ethaline chosen as an example of ionic deep eutectic solvent. Experiments show the importance of hydrogen-bonding interactions between the quinones or its intermediates and the solvent. The effects are notably visible on the values of reduction potentials that are much more positive in ethaline than in a molecular solvent like acetonitrile and by the small difference between the first and second reduction potentials. The amplitude of the stabilization increases with the donor character of the substituent. Concerning the second reduction, the peak currents are considerably smaller than those of the first reduction and almost disappear at high scan rates (above 50 V s⁻¹). This behavior could be explained considering a chemical step prior to the electron transfer that becomes the limiting step (CE mechanism). As a remarkable feature, the electron transfer kinetics remain fast despite the hydrogen-bonding interactions (<i>k_s</i> = 0.12–0.14 cm s⁻¹).</p>","PeriodicalId":93746,"journal":{"name":"Electrochemical science advances","volume":"3 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/elsa.202100148","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44105842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electrochemical hydrogen generation technology: Challenges in electrodes materials for a sustainable energy","authors":"Carlos V. M. Inocêncio,&nbsp;Yaovi Holade,&nbsp;Claudia Morais,&nbsp;K. Boniface Kokoh,&nbsp;Teko W. Napporn","doi":"10.1002/elsa.202100206","DOIUrl":"10.1002/elsa.202100206","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Foresee advanced and innovative strategies is a key approach and constitutes a cornerstone for accessing clean, affordable, and reliable energy to satisfy the world's increasing prosperity and economic growth. To this end, hydrogen energy technologies parade as promising sustainable solutions to the looming energy crisis at either the small or large industrial scale, which will enable to reduce significantly our dependence on conventional energy sources based on fossil fuels without increasing atmospheric CO₂ levels. Water electrolysis with renewable energy is one of the best solutions to produce hydrogen without CO_x (CO and CO₂) emissions. However, the practical realization of this elegant opportunity of paramount importance is facing several challenges, among which are: (i) the efficient design of cathode and anode catalytic materials exhibiting improved intrinsic and durable activity; (ii) the scale-up of the system for the large-scale hydrogen production through the electrochemical water splitting. This review puts these opportunities and challenges into a broad context, discusses the recent research and technological advances, and finally provides several pathways and guidelines that could inspire the development of groundbreaking electrochemical devices for hydrogen production. It also points out the materials design and preparation for the efficient electrochemical production of the molecular hydrogen in acidic and alkaline environments, from a simple electrolytic solution to the water splitting reaction, which is also considered in the process. Furthermore, the main technology keys for designing a reliable electrochemical system will be noticed.</p>","PeriodicalId":93746,"journal":{"name":"Electrochemical science advances","volume":"3 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/elsa.202100206","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46546736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ISFET-based sensors for (bio)chemical applications: A review","authors":"Shengli Cao,&nbsp;Peng Sun,&nbsp;Gang Xiao,&nbsp;Qiang Tang,&nbsp;Xinyue Sun,&nbsp;Hongyu Zhao,&nbsp;Shuang Zhao,&nbsp;Huibin Lu,&nbsp;Zhao Yue","doi":"10.1002/elsa.202100207","DOIUrl":"10.1002/elsa.202100207","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Ion-sensitive field effect transistor (ISFET) sensor is a hot topic these years, playing the combined roles of signal recognizer and converter for (bio)chemical analytes. In this review article, the basic concept, origination, and history of the ISFET sensor are presented. In addition, the common fabrication processes, the most-used working principle (potentiometric, amperometric, and impedancemetric), and the techniques of gate functionality (physical, chemical, and biological) are discussed introducing the afterward signal transfer processes from ISFET to the terminals through different types of circuits. At last, the development and recent progress (until 2021) of ions and biomolecules (DNA molecules, antibodies, enzymatic substrates, and cell-related secretions or metabolism) were introduced together with the outlook and facing obstacles (Debye screening, the wearability of ISFET, the multiplexed detections) before the commercialization of ISFET. This review article emphasizes the advantages of the developed ISFET sensors as miniaturization, low-cost, all-solid, highly sensitive, and easy operation for portable and multiplexed detections.</p>","PeriodicalId":93746,"journal":{"name":"Electrochemical science advances","volume":"3 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/elsa.202100207","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47525580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electrochemical interfaces in ionic liquids/deep eutectic solvents incorporated with water: A review","authors":"Shuai Liu,&nbsp;Zhuo Tan,&nbsp;Jiedu Wu,&nbsp;Bingwei Mao,&nbsp;Jiawei Yan","doi":"10.1002/elsa.202100199","DOIUrl":"10.1002/elsa.202100199","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Ionic Liquids (ILs) and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are promising candidate electrolytes in electrochemical fields due to their excellent properties. They can absorb water from the environment quickly, the existence of water in ILs/DESs benefits or harms their performance depending on the purpose of the applications. Therefore, studies on the effect of water on the properties of ILs/DESs have received much attention in recent years. This mini-review provides an overview of the structure of the electrochemical interface in ILs/DESs incorporated with water by summarizing the information acquired from a variety of characterization technologies and simulations. Both our understanding of the interfacial structure and our perspective on further research in the field are presented.</p>","PeriodicalId":93746,"journal":{"name":"Electrochemical science advances","volume":"3 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/elsa.202100199","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49118737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aqueous electrochemistry: The toolbox for life's emergence from redox disequilibria","authors":"Wolfgang Nitschke,&nbsp;Barbara Schoepp-Cothenet,&nbsp;Simon Duval,&nbsp;Kilian Zuchan,&nbsp;Orion Farr,&nbsp;Frauke Baymann,&nbsp;Francesco Panico,&nbsp;Alessandro Minguzzi,&nbsp;Elbert Branscomb,&nbsp;Michael J. Russell","doi":"10.1002/elsa.202100192","DOIUrl":"10.1002/elsa.202100192","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The second law of thermodynamics leaves no doubt that life on planet Earth and its inherent substantial decrease in entropy is fundamentally based on mechanisms converting environmental free energy into the spatial and temporal order of metabolic processes. This argument holds for present life as much as it does for its very beginnings some 4 billion years ago. In this contribution, we try to strip down free energy conversion in extant life (known as “bioenergetics” to the biologists) to its basic principles with the aim to potentially retrodict the nature of the pre-biotic precursor which drove life into existence. We demonstrate that these basic principles are deeply rooted in aqueous electrochemistry and strongly rely on inorganic redox compounds. The question of life's emergence, generally considered to fall into the realm of organic chemistry, should therefore rather be recognized as an electrochemical problem and its ultimate elucidation will need to strongly implicate the community of electrochemical scientists.</p>","PeriodicalId":93746,"journal":{"name":"Electrochemical science advances","volume":"3 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/elsa.202100192","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44384510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}