Electrochemical science advances最新文献

{"title":"Electron Transfer Reaction Studies of Usnic Acid and Its Biosynthetic Precursor Methylphloroacetophenone","authors":"Ana Carolina Mendes Hacke,&nbsp;Huynh Ngoc Dieu Vu,&nbsp;Bruce Hardy,&nbsp;Sabine Kuss,&nbsp;John L. Sorensen","doi":"10.1002/elsa.202400011","DOIUrl":"10.1002/elsa.202400011","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study aims to investigate the electrochemical properties of usnic acid (UA), a secondary metabolite commonly biosynthesized by a variety of lichen species, and its biosynthetic precursor methylphloroacetophenone (MPA). During cyclic and differential pulse voltammetry, well-defined anodic peaks were observed for UA and MPA in 0.04 M Britton–Robinson buffer solution (pH 5) containing 20% (v/v) acetonitrile. The absence of cathodic peaks during the reverse voltammetric scans revealed that both oxidation reactions are chemically irreversible. Scan rate studies demonstrate that UA oxidation is an adsorption-controlled process, whereas the oxidation of MPA molecules occurs as a diffusion-controlled process. For both molecules, the number of electrons transferred during the oxidation was calculated to be 3. Differential pulse voltammetry results demonstrate that the anodic peak for the two molecules is markedly influenced by the solution pH and the same numbers of protons and electrons are involved in the oxidation process of the molecules. Based on the evidence generated by the electrochemical studies, oxidation mechanisms are proposed for UA and MPA, which involves a two-step electron loss with a hydration reaction taking place in between. This study provides an understanding of the bioactivity mechanisms of these two natural products.</p>","PeriodicalId":93746,"journal":{"name":"Electrochemical science advances","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/elsa.202400011","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141656091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamics of potential-induced structural changes at the Ag(111)/alkaline interface","authors":"Yvonne Gründer,&nbsp;Elizabeth M. Cocklin,&nbsp;Paul Thompson,&nbsp;Christopher A. Lucas","doi":"10.1002/elsa.202400009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/elsa.202400009","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The dynamics of the structural changes in the electrochemical double layer at the interface between a Ag(111) electrode and 0.1 M KOH electrolyte have been probed using surface X-ray diffraction measurements. The X-ray measurements utilised a lock-in amplifier technique to obtain a time resolution down to the millisecond scale. Two potential step regions were explored in an attempt to separate the dynamics of the reversible adsorption/desorption of hydroxide species (OH_ad) and the subsequent cation (K⁺) ordering in the double layer. By probing different positions in reciprocal space, sensitive to different structural changes, the time-dependent response of the electrode surface was probed and time constants for the different associated processes were obtained.</p>","PeriodicalId":93746,"journal":{"name":"Electrochemical science advances","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/elsa.202400009","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143404707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Round-robin test of all-solid-state battery with sulfide electrolyte assembly in coin-type cell configuration","authors":"Alexander Beutl,&nbsp;Ander Orue,&nbsp;Pedro López-Aranguren,&nbsp;Andrea Itziar Pitillas Martinez,&nbsp;Maria Helena Braga,&nbsp;Ville Kekkonen,&nbsp;Artur Tron","doi":"10.1002/elsa.202400004","DOIUrl":"10.1002/elsa.202400004","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The replacement of conventional lithium-ion batteries with solid-state batteries is currently under investigation by many players both from academia and industry. Sulfide-based electrolytes are among the materials that are regarded as most promising, especially for application in the transport sector. The performance of anode, cathode, and solid electrolyte materials of this type of solid electrolyte is typically evaluated using manually assembled cells such as Swagelok cells, EL-CELLs, and in-house built pressure devices. Coin cells, however, are often disregarded. Though coin cells cannot accurately predict how a material will perform in an end-use application battery cell format, they are easy to assemble and can provide reproducible data compared to the other cell types, which make them an interesting option for testing the materials under conditions more relevant for their envisioned application. The coin cell preparation method presented in this work has been evaluated interlaboratory for reproducibility and, in addition, can be modified depending on the optimization parameters of the solid electrolyte, cathode material, bilayer comprised on cathode and solid electrolyte, lithium metal anode, and cell in general. Besides, an interlab round-robin test (RRT) is carried out between four laboratories, measuring defined electrochemical tests of sulfide solid-state batteries in coin cell configuration. This RRT for the preparation of coin cell solid-state batteries with sulfide solid electrolyte, lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxides cathode, and lithium metal anode is intended for academic researchers and provides guidelines of research in this field.</p>","PeriodicalId":93746,"journal":{"name":"Electrochemical science advances","volume":"4 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/elsa.202400004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140365718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Explainable AI for optimizing oxygen reduction on Pt monolayer core–shell catalysts","authors":"Noushin Omidvar,&nbsp;Shih-Han Wang,&nbsp;Yang Huang,&nbsp;Hemanth Somarajan Pillai,&nbsp;Andy Athawale,&nbsp;Siwen Wang,&nbsp;Luke E. K. Achenie,&nbsp;Hongliang Xin","doi":"10.1002/elsa.202300028","DOIUrl":"10.1002/elsa.202300028","url":null,"abstract":"<p>As a subfield of artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML) has emerged as a versatile tool in accelerating catalytic materials discovery because of its ability to find complex patterns in high-dimensional data. While the intricacy of cutting-edge ML models, such as deep learning, makes them powerful, it also renders decision-making processes challenging to explain. Recent advances in explainable AI technologies, which aim to make the inner workings of ML models understandable to humans, have considerably increased our capacity to gain insights from data. In this study, taking the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) on {111}-oriented Pt monolayer core–shell catalysts as an example, we show how the recently developed theory-infused neural network (TinNet) algorithm enables a rapid search for optimal site motifs with the chemisorption energy of hydroxyl (OH) as a single descriptor, revealing the underlying physical factors that govern the variations in site reactivity. By exploring a broad design space of Pt monolayer core–shell alloys (<span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>∼</mo>\u0000 <mn>17</mn>\u0000 <mo>,</mo>\u0000 <mn>000</mn>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation>$sim 17,000$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> candidates) that were generated from <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>∼</mo>\u0000 <mn>1500</mn>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation>$sim 1500$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> thermodynamically stable bulk structures in existing material databases, we identified novel alloy systems along with previously known catalysts in the goldilocks zone of reactivity properties. SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) analysis reveals the important role of adsorbate resonance energies that originate from <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>s</mi>\u0000 <mi>p</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation>$sp$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>-band interactions in chemical bonding at metal surfaces. Extracting physical insights into surface reactivity with explainable AI opens up new design pathways for optimizing catalytic performance beyond active sites.</p>","PeriodicalId":93746,"journal":{"name":"Electrochemical science advances","volume":"4 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/elsa.202300028","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140254085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploitation of carbon surface functionality toward additive-free formation of gold nanocuboids suitable for sensitive assay of N-acetylcysteine in pharmaceutical formulations","authors":"Eoghain Murphy,&nbsp;Saurav K. Guin,&nbsp;Alexandra Lapiy,&nbsp;Adalberto Camisasca,&nbsp;Silvia Giordani,&nbsp;Eithne Dempsey","doi":"10.1002/elsa.202300027","DOIUrl":"10.1002/elsa.202300027","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Chemical additive and physical template-free electrochemical methods to prepare carbon-supported nanostructures of catalyst metals represent an emerging technology. Formation of the metal nano/microstructures depends not only on the electrochemical method/parameters but also on the nature of the underlying carbon material. Here, we present a comparative evolution of unevenly distributed coral-like aggregates of nanocuboid-shaped gold nanostructures (AuNCBs) on the oxidised form of boron, nitrogen-doped carbon nanoonions (oxi-B,N-CNO) compared to evenly distributed bud-like aggregates of cubic shaped gold nanostructures on bare glassy carbon electrode under a similar electrochemical approach. The synthesis method provided the best availability of the surface active sites, whereas the shape of the structures showed a direct influence of both outer-sphere and inner-sphere electron transfer reactions. The higher sensitivity of AuNCBs@oxi-B,N-CNO compared to individual components and bare carbon/gold electrodes toward the inner-sphere oxidative reaction of <i>N</i>-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) was exploited in order to develop an electrochemical assay method with sensitivity and linear dynamic range of (4.70 ± 0.25) × 10⁻⁴ C<b>∙</b>cm⁻²<b>∙</b>mM⁻¹ and 0.2–2.5 mM, respectively in acetate buffer (pH 4.45). Furthermore, the sensor design was deployed in the quantitation of NAC in pharmaceutical preparations, resulting in 89%–106% recovery.</p>","PeriodicalId":93746,"journal":{"name":"Electrochemical science advances","volume":"4 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/elsa.202300027","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139962286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization of operational parameters using central composite design in the peroxi-alternating current-electrocoagulation process for the pollutant removal with determination of power consumption from industrial wastewater","authors":"Perumal Asaithambi,&nbsp;Wendesen Mekonin Desta,&nbsp;Mohammed Hussen,&nbsp;Mamuye Busier Yesuf,&nbsp;Dejene Beyene","doi":"10.1002/elsa.202300029","DOIUrl":"10.1002/elsa.202300029","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The utilization of electrochemical and advanced oxidation technologies for industrial wastewater (IW) treatment has grown in popularity during the last two decades. The effectiveness of several methods for treating IW, including hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), direct-current (DC) and alternating-current (AC)-electrocoagulation (EC), and the combination of H₂O₂ with DC/AC-EC (H₂O₂-DC/AC-EC) processes were all investigated. In comparison to the H₂O₂, DC/AC-EC, and H₂O₂-DC/AC-EC technologies, the results showed that the H₂O₂-AC-EC process produced 100% total colour and 100% chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency with a low power consumption of 4.4 kWhm⁻³. The H₂O₂/AC-EC technology was optimized for treating IW using a response surface methodology approach based on a central composite design using a five-factor level. Utilizing statistical and mathematical techniques, the optimum parameters were determined to minimize consumption of power (1.02 kWhm⁻³) and maximum COD elimination (75%). The experimental parameters comprised the following: H₂O₂ of 600 mg/L, current of 0.65 Amp, pH of 7.6, COD of 1600 mg/L, and treatment time (TT) of 1.26 h. When using a Fe/Fe electrode combination with the wastewater pH of 7, the COD removal efficiency was shown to be enhanced by increasing the TT, current and H₂O₂, and decreasing the COD concentration. The synergistic impact, quantified as the combined efficiency of eliminating % COD utilizing the H₂O₂, AC-EC, and H₂O₂/AC-EC procedures, was found to be 15.75%. Therefore, employing a hybrid H₂O₂-AC-EC approach is considerably more effective in treating IW.</p>","PeriodicalId":93746,"journal":{"name":"Electrochemical science advances","volume":"4 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/elsa.202300029","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139838891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Porous membranes integrated into electrochemical systems for bioanalysis","authors":"Kosuke Ino,&nbsp;Yoshinobu Utagawa,&nbsp;Kaoru Hiramoto,&nbsp;Hiroya Abe,&nbsp;Hitoshi Shiku","doi":"10.1002/elsa.202300026","DOIUrl":"10.1002/elsa.202300026","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Porous membranes have emerged as promising platforms for bioanalysis because of their unique properties including high surface area, selective permeability, and compatibility with electrochemical techniques. This minireview presents an overview of the development and applications of porous membrane-based electrochemical systems for bioanalysis. First, we discuss the existing fabrication methods for porous membranes. Next, we summarize electrochemical detection strategies for bioanalysis using porous membranes. Electrochemical biosensors and cell chips fabricated from porous membranes are discussed as well. Furthermore, porous micro-/nanoneedle devices for bioapplications are described. Finally, the utilization of scanning electrochemical microscopy for cell analysis on porous membranes and electrochemiluminescence sensors is demonstrated. Future perspectives of the described membrane detection strategies and devices are outlined in each section. This work can help enhance the performance of porous membrane-based electrochemical systems and expand the range of their potential applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":93746,"journal":{"name":"Electrochemical science advances","volume":"4 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/elsa.202300026","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139794090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electrochemical contributions: Tatyana Aleksandrovna Kryukova (1906–1987)","authors":"Evgeny Katz","doi":"10.1002/elsa.202400001","DOIUrl":"10.1002/elsa.202400001","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;Tatyana Alexandrovna Kryukova (Figure 1), a Russian scientist and electrochemist, made important contributions to electroanalytical chemistry (Figure 2), particularly working in close collaboration with Professor Aleksandr Naumovich Frumkin, who was the greatest Russian scientist in the area of electrochemistry. Kryukova is particularly remembered for developing the theory of polarographic maxima, which were observed as a sharp increase in the current produced upon polarographic measurements under some conditions (Figure 3). These current peaks originated from tangential movements (rotation) of a mercury droplet electrode, then stimulating diffusion in the depletion layer and current increase. Kryukova experimentally observed and theoretically explained the formation and then inhibition of these peaks upon adsorption of organic substances (mostly surfactants) on a mercury droplet electrode. It should be noted that for the first time, the effect of surfactants on polarographic measurements was reported in the 1920s in the laboratory of Professor Jaroslav Heyrovský (polarography inventor and Nobel Prize laureate in 1959), and the study of this effect was published in 1931. However, the study of the surfactant effect performed by Heyrovský was only fragmental. Then, the credit for a detailed explanation of the reasons for the polarographic maxima origin and a systematic study of this effect belongs to Kryukova.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In 1949, Kryukova discovered another very unusual phenomenon, later named as “Kryukova effect” (Figure 4). This effect was observed as a sudden decrease in the current at very negative potentials upon polarographic reduction of anionic species, for example, persulfate or dichromate anions, particularly when a very diluted supporting electrolyte was present in the analyte solution. This current minimum disappeared when the electrolyte concentration was increased. Later, in 1952, Frumkin and G. M. Florianovich (a graduate student at that time) theoretically explained the effect observed by Kryukova as the repulsion of redox anions from the negatively charged electrode surface, as predicted by the Frumkin theory of 1933. This is exactly why the effect was only observed for anionic redox species particularly with very negative potentials, providing a negative charge at the working electrode. As expected, the high concentration of the supporting electrolyte was screening the electrostatic interaction between the negative Hg droplet electrode and the negative redox-anions, then eliminating the current decrease.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;It should be noted that the electrochemical study of persulfate ions when the “Kryukova effect” was observed, had not only gained theoretical interest demonstrating a fundamental electrostatic effect at polarized electrodes, but it was also practically important as a part of the Russian uranium project because they were used as a reagent in the separation of uranium isotopes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Kryukova published many important research pa","PeriodicalId":93746,"journal":{"name":"Electrochemical science advances","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/elsa.202400001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139532283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electrochemical contributions: Ludwig Mond (1839−1909)","authors":"Evgeny Katz","doi":"10.1002/elsa.202400002","DOIUrl":"10.1002/elsa.202400002","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The general concept of fuel cells starts from the experiments of British physicist William Grove who published the first results on fuel cells in 1839. He used hydrogen and oxygen as a fuel and oxidizer, respectively, reacting on platinum catalytic electrodes and generating electric power. However, his research was considered only as scientific proof of the process reversed to the water electrolysis with no practical importance. Indeed, the cell invented by Grove produced a very small current and voltage over a short time. Obviously, after the concept demonstration, some engineering had to be done for improving the cell efficiency to make it feasible for practical use.</p><p>During the late 1880s, two British chemists, Ludwig Mond and his assistant Carl Langer (Figure 1), developed a fuel cell with a longer service life with improved geometry of the catalytic electrodes and flow channels (Figure 2). They used the known scientific concept from Grove's cell, but with the improved engineering. Their fuel cell generated 6 amps per square foot current density and 730 mV voltage. The cell operated with coal-derived gas as a fuel and air (actually oxygen in the air) as an oxidizer. The cell was filled with diluted sulfuric acid and included thin perforated platinum electrodes separated with a porous nonconducting membrane. The first engineered fuel cell was demonstrated and patented in 1889. Note that Ludwig Mond and Carl Langer were the first to introduce the term “fuel cell” which is commonly used now.</p><p>The author declares that he has no conflict of interest.</p>","PeriodicalId":93746,"journal":{"name":"Electrochemical science advances","volume":"4 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/elsa.202400002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139532914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electrochemical contributions: John Alfred Valentine Butler (1899–1977)","authors":"Evgeny Katz","doi":"10.1002/elsa.202400003","DOIUrl":"10.1002/elsa.202400003","url":null,"abstract":"<p>John Alfred Valentine Butler was the first to connect the kinetic electrochemistry built up in the second half of the twentieth century with the thermodynamic electrochemistry that dominated the first half. John Alfred Valentine Butler had, to his credit, not only the first exponential relation between current and potential (1924) but also (along with R.W. Gurney) the introduction of energy-level thinking into electrochemistry (1951).</p><p>However, Butler was not alone in this study and therefore it is necessary to give credit also to Max Volmer, a great German surface chemist, and his student (at that time) Erdey-Gruz. Butler's very early contribution in 1924 and the Erdey-Gruz and Volmer contribution in 1930 form the basis of phenomenological kinetic electrochemistry. The resulting famous Butler-Volmer equation is very important in electrochemistry.</p><p>The author declares no conflict of interest.</p>","PeriodicalId":93746,"journal":{"name":"Electrochemical science advances","volume":"4 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/elsa.202400003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139625114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}