Forces in mechanics最新文献

{"title":"Effect of plate skew angle and crack parameters on buckling of cracked CNT-reinforced composite skew plates","authors":"Mohammad Hossein Taheri ,&nbsp;Parham Memarzadeh","doi":"10.1016/j.finmec.2026.100349","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.finmec.2026.100349","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The present study is the first to investigate the effect of plate skew angle and crack parameters on the buckling of cracked CNT-reinforced composite skew plates. A MATLAB code, developed within the extended finite element method (XFEM), analyzes the buckling stability of various cracked CNT-reinforced composite skew plate models under different in-plane loading and boundary conditions. The analysis considers varying plate skew angles, crack lengths, and crack locations. The effect of single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) volume fraction and dispersion, modeled using the Eshelby-Mori-Tanaka homogenization scheme, on critical buckling is also examined. Results indicate that the buckling capacity of cracked CNT-reinforced composite skew plates is significantly affected by not only the skew angle and boundary conditions of the plate but also by the length and location of the crack. Moreover, the agglomeration of CNTs reduces the effective stiffness and buckling capacity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":93433,"journal":{"name":"Forces in mechanics","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 100349"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145926997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Submodeling of roller–raceway contacts of large wind turbine slewing bearings with significant structural deformation","authors":"Oliver Menck,&nbsp;Matthis Graßmann","doi":"10.1016/j.finmec.2026.100351","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.finmec.2026.100351","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Roller bearings are commonly designed by using non-Hertzian submodels to simulate the roller–raceway contacts. The paper aims to analyze how to accurately model the roller–raceway contacts of a large wind turbine slewing bearing with significant structural deformation. To this end, a global FE model of a rotor blade bearing inside a test rig is used. This global FE model uses simplified roller–raceway contact models, the results of which are then inserted into a more accurate analytical submodel based on Reusner. Various methods can be used to perform the global FE calculation and then to insert the result into the submodel. The paper analyzes which method is required in the global FE model and compares two submodels against each other. One of the submodels, which uses displacement as input, is from the literature, and the paper derives from it another one which uses load as input. The model using load as input is identified to be more suitable for the analyzed applications. Roller–raceway contacts in the global FE model do not appear to require much detail for accurate submodel simulations. The results of the paper can support engineers perform detailed rolling contact fatigue life calculations of roller bearings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":93433,"journal":{"name":"Forces in mechanics","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 100351"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145978024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insight of thermal transport in Maxwell fluid flow on a porous contracting flat surface inside a porous material with non-uniform heat source/sink: Multiple solutions and stability treatment","authors":"Amit Kumar Pandey ,&nbsp;Prakash Goswami ,&nbsp;Sohita Rajput ,&nbsp;Krishnendu Bhattacharyya ,&nbsp;Ali J. Chamkha ,&nbsp;Dhananjay Yadav","doi":"10.1016/j.finmec.2026.100352","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.finmec.2026.100352","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The thermal behaviour of viscoelastic fluids, particularly those described by the Maxwell model capable of capturing stress-relaxation effects, exhibits several intriguing and practically relevant characteristics. Likewise, flow induced by a contracting surface presents distinctive and non-classical boundary layer features. Motivated by these aspects, the present theoretical study investigates heat transfer in Maxwell fluid flow over a porous contracting flat surface embedded in a porous medium, incorporating a temperature-dependent and spatially-dependent non-uniform heat source/sink. The governing partial differential equations are reduced to self-similar ordinary differential equations using appropriate similarity transformations, and the resulting nonlinear system is solved with high accuracy using the shooting method along with fourth-order Runge–Kutta (RK-4) technique and Secant method. For sufficiently strong suction, dual solutions of the transformed equations are obtained, and a stability assessment confirms that the upper branch solutions are stable, while the lower branch solutions are unstable. The comprehensive analysis uncovers several notable physical insights. The analysis shows that viscoelasticity of Maxwell fluids plays a key stabilizing role: increasing the Deborah number weakens vorticity production, lowers the suction required to maintain an attached boundary layer, and broadens the parameter range in which similarity solutions exist. Permeability of the porous medium also strongly influences boundary layer behaviour; higher resistance suppresses vorticity generated by sheet contraction, enhancing skin friction and heat transfer in the upper branch but diminishing both in the lower branch. Both temperature- and space-dependent heat sources reduce heat transfer rates, while their sink counterparts enhance cooling, though spatial heat generation/absorption produces a far more pronounced thermal response. Suction strengthens and compresses the boundary layer in the stable upper branch but weakens the flow in the unstable lower branch. Overall, the study clarifies how elasticity, permeability, heat generation mechanisms, and mass transfer collectively shape the dual solution structure of Maxwell fluid boundary layers, offering detailed insights relevant to thermal control in viscoelastic–porous systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":93433,"journal":{"name":"Forces in mechanics","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 100352"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146078568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance analysis of the multiwalled carbon nanotubes electroless coating over 7075-T6 aluminum specimens subjected to variable amplitude loading cases","authors":"Mustafa M. Kadhim ,&nbsp;Ahmed W. Hussein ,&nbsp;Sara K. Naif","doi":"10.1016/j.finmec.2026.100358","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.finmec.2026.100358","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The designs and improvements in the damage tolerance field for engineering constructions subjected to variable amplitude loading are crucial research topic in the modern technology. In the present work, the combined impact for nickel-multiwalled carbon nanotubes coating with the variable amplitude loading on the fatigue crack growth performance has been investigated in the 7075-T6 aluminum specimens. Electroless plating technique was used to coat the adopted aluminum specimens. Six conditions of the variable amplitude loading were applied individually on the coated and un-coated aluminum specimens. Multifunctional fatigue equipment integrated with high magnification camera and a computer software was utilized to applying the fatigue loading conditions and measuring crack lengths. FESEM and EDXRF techniques were adopted to examine the topography, modification in composition of chemicals and quality of the nano-coated specimens' surfaces. Numerical modeling used an effective algorithm contains Fortran and ABAQUS software has been utilized in order to validate the measured results. The extracted results indicated that there is an enhancement of 62.2 % in the full width failure of the nano-coated specimens in comparison with the un-coated specimens. A single overload condition led to a significant retardation in crack growth and it rates (reach to 27,300 delayed cycles) as compared with constant amplitude and other loading. Utilizing the nano-coating over aluminum specimens resulted in decrease the intensity of the retardation of crack growth rates in comparison with that in un-coated specimens for all loading conditions. The behavior similarity of the crack propagation and its path are the main findings of the results' validations that extracted from numerical modeling and fatigue testing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":93433,"journal":{"name":"Forces in mechanics","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 100358"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147397058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Progressive study of water pressure-induced damage in hollow glass microsphere/epoxy resin composite materials based on the theory of elastic strain energy","authors":"Jingze Wang ,&nbsp;Wenyan Tang ,&nbsp;Hongyuan Sun ,&nbsp;Weicheng Cui ,&nbsp;Jiawang Chen ,&nbsp;Bo Gao ,&nbsp;Linlin Kang","doi":"10.1016/j.finmec.2025.100348","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.finmec.2025.100348","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The application of hollow glass microsphere/epoxy resin (HGMs/ER) composites is critical for deep-sea submersibles. This study proposes a progressive damage theory for HGMs/ER composites under hydrostatic pressure, based on elastic strain energy derived from self-consistent theory. We determined the ultimate strain energy limit of the HGMs and established their strain energy density distribution and probability distribution functions. The model predicted a chain fracture threshold pressure of 128.0 MPa for the composite material (density: 0.68 g/cm³). Below this threshold, water absorption remained low (e.g., 0.63% at 115 MPa), whereas above it, the water absorption rate increased exponentially with pressure, reaching 1.67% at 165 MPa. This sharp increase was quantitatively linked via an established absorption model to the volume fraction of fractured HGMs. Theoretical predictions of water absorption rates showed excellent agreement with experimental data, providing rigorous validation of the proposed progressive damage theory. These findings provide quantitative failure-prediction criteria and optimization guidelines for deep-sea buoyancy materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":93433,"journal":{"name":"Forces in mechanics","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 100348"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145978023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact dynamics of mechanical metamaterials: A short review and perspective","authors":"Chuanqing Chen ,&nbsp;Yulong He ,&nbsp;Yuli Chen ,&nbsp;Guoxing Lu ,&nbsp;Ming-Hui Lu ,&nbsp;Xin Li","doi":"10.1016/j.finmec.2025.100335","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.finmec.2025.100335","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mechanical metamaterials, with their unique properties, have been increasingly investigated as lightweight, high‑strength impact‑resistant solutions for aerospace, military, transportation, and biomedical applications. In this paper, recent advanced studies in mechanical metamaterials under impact loads are briefly reviewed. On the basis of structural form, four primary types of metamaterials are categorized: mass-spring system, rod/beam-based, plate/shell-based and other specialized types of metamaterials. Additionally, their intended energy-absorption mechanisms and loading-rate‑dependent mechanical responses are discussed. Finally, potential future research directions are proposed, including studies of strain rate and inertial effects, stress wave propagation, localized impact, size effect and multi-scale effect, multifunctional design and AI-assisted on-demand design. This paper highlights key strategies and areas for innovation in the development of next-generation impact-resistant mechanical metamaterials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":93433,"journal":{"name":"Forces in mechanics","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100335"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145266600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The conversion between thermal snap-through and bifurcation instabilities of metal foam sandwich beams by refined first-order shear theory","authors":"Ying-long Zhao ,&nbsp;Chao Fu ,&nbsp;Hong-yao Zeng ,&nbsp;Qiang Lyu ,&nbsp;Neng-hui Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.finmec.2025.100331","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.finmec.2025.100331","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The bending, vibration, and buckling of metal foam structures under thermal loads have consistently attracted significant interest in various engineering applications. However, most theoretical models rely on numerical results, which obscure connections between the system parameters and the system response, and the thermal instability type of metal foam structures has not been clarified. This paper aims to investigates the instability type of metal foam sandwich beams under various temperature fields. The analysis incorporates three models for porosity distribution and two scenarios for temperature fields. Firstly, a nonlinear governing equation for metal foam sandwich beams under uniform and linear temperature fields is formulated by using refined first-order shear theory, Von Karman geometric nonlinearity, and the concept of physical neutral plane. Secondly, an analytical solution to the nonlinear integral-differential boundary value problem for metal foam sandwich beams is obtained by using the Nayfeh’s semi-inverse solution method. Finally, the instability type, post-buckling paths, and corresponding mechanism of metal foam sandwich beams are predicted by the analytical solution and free energy evaluation, respectively. The results indicate that the clamped-supported (C<img>C) metal foam sandwich beam will experience bifurcation instability; however, the instability type of the simply-supported (S-S) metal foam sandwich beam transitions from bifurcation instability to snap-through as the pore distribution and temperature fields vary. Furthermore, the buckling resistance of metal foam sandwich beams can be substantially improved through meticulous optimization of material parameters. These findings are anticipated to provide novel insights and valuable references for the design and regulation of metal foam structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":93433,"journal":{"name":"Forces in mechanics","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100331"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145105828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Failure mode analysis of cylindrical sandwich shells with truss core considering shell/core debonding under bending/compressive loading","authors":"Mohammad Javad Zarei ,&nbsp;Shahabeddin Hatami ,&nbsp;Mojtaba Gorji Azandariani ,&nbsp;Mohammad Gholami","doi":"10.1016/j.finmec.2025.100339","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.finmec.2025.100339","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The gap in the literature lies in the limited understanding of the mechanical behavior of cylindrical sandwich shells with truss cores (CSSTC), particularly under uniaxial compression and bending loads, and the critical role of shell/core debonding. This study presents a novel finite element-based investigation into the failure mechanisms of cylindrical sandwich shells with truss cores (CSSTCs), emphasizing shell/core debonding under combined bending and compressive loads. Unlike previous studies that commonly assume perfect bonding, this research introduces an innovative adhesive layer between the face sheets and the core, modeled using a cohesive surface contact approach to capture debonding initiation and progression. The novelty of this work lies in systematically evaluating how adhesive stiffness influences critical loads, buckling behavior, and overall structural integrity, offering a realistic simulation of partial bonding conditions. This study numerically investigates the bending and compressive failure modes of cylindrical sandwich shells with truss cores (CSSTCs), considering shell/core debonding. Finite element simulations using ABAQUS software were conducted to analyze buckling modes and critical damage forces. Key factors such as element shape and meshing techniques were evaluated to ensure accurate modeling. A novel method was developed to enhance critical load capacity by integrating an innovative adhesive layer between the cylindrical shells (CSs) and the core, aiming to achieve structural robustness comparable to fully bonded configurations. Aluminum was used as the core and face sheet material in the detailed modeling of sandwich structures. The study employed cohesive surface contact to simulate debonding in the numerical models. Mesh convergence analysis demonstrated the significant influence of mesh orientation and element shape on modeling accuracy and convergence rates. Numerical results revealed buckling modes and critical loads for cylindrical shells and sandwich structures under various loading conditions. Furthermore, the study examined the effect of adhesive stiffness on critical moments during pure bending, highlighting its crucial role in structural performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":93433,"journal":{"name":"Forces in mechanics","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100339"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145528684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A large-deformation mechanical-thermal-chemical coupling model for thermal barrier coatings incorporating strain gradient effects","authors":"Xuefei Ma ,&nbsp;Qianqian Zhou ,&nbsp;Li Yang ,&nbsp;Yichun Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.finmec.2025.100338","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.finmec.2025.100338","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The growth of the thermally grown oxide (TGO), formed during the oxidation of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) in advanced gas turbine engines, exhibits a pronounced size effect as the thickness approaches its grain size. Addressing the gap in current coupling theories for capturing scale-dependent oxidation behavior, this study further develops an enhanced theoretical framework that integrates large deformation mechanical-thermal-chemical coupling, incorporating strain gradient effects. By utilizing the Green strain as an independent field variable, numerical solutions were obtained using a mixed finite element method. The growth kinetics of the TGO are investigated under isothermal conditions. Numerical results indicate that the strain gradient effect increases the compressive stress within the TGO growth region by 77.8 % and promotes a more uniform stress distribution with increasing scale parameters. Consequently, the growth rate and non-uniform expansion of the TGO are substantially mitigated, as the stress-induced inhibition effect is more effectively utilized. With suppressed non-uniform expansion of the TGO, the susceptibility of the coating to surface wrinkling diminishes with larger scale parameters. This research is instrumental in elucidating the oxidation dynamics of TBCs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":93433,"journal":{"name":"Forces in mechanics","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100338"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145424848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation on crack initiation life of helical gears in wind turbine gearbox based on temperature field","authors":"Yong Yue ,&nbsp;Xin Jin ,&nbsp;Meilin Jiang ,&nbsp;An Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.finmec.2025.100342","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.finmec.2025.100342","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Gearboxes are critical mechanical components commonly used for wind turbines. This study develops a damage-coupled model to predict the crack initiation life of wind turbine gears, explicitly incorporating the effects of temperature fields and residual stress. The findings reveal distinct failure mechanisms across the gear tooth. At the tooth root, life is governed by tensile bending stress, with the critical location shifting along the normalized profile under the Smith-Watson-Topper (SWT) criterion, while its minimum <strong>value</strong> remains largely unaffected. For the meshed tooth flanks, the region near a normalized profile of 0.28 is most prone to cracking. The temperature field significantly alters the life distribution, severely reducing the minimum life by over 45% near the pitch circle while causing a slight improvement at the gear ends. Furthermore, a critical subsurface life minimum at 0.4-0.6 mm depth is identified at the pitch circle. Although thermal loads reduce the minimum life at the root and pitch circle by over 42.89% and 24.91%, respectively, they do not alter the fundamental life distribution trends, which are primarily mechanical-stress-driven. The residual compressive stress extends the crack initiation life, while the residual tensile stress shortens it, with minimal impact on the distribution profile.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":93433,"journal":{"name":"Forces in mechanics","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100342"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145693163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}